贸易自由化、企业异质化与外向型经济
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- 英文论文题名：Liberalization,Heterogeneity and Outward-looking Economy
- 论文作者：颜银根
- 英文论文作者：Yan Yingen
- 年：2014
- 作者机构：河南大学黄河文明与可持续发展研究中心;南京大学商学院应用经济学博士后流动站;
- 论文关键词：贸易自由化 ; 企业异质性 ; 外向型经济 ; 自我选择效应
- 英文论文关键词：Liberalization ; Heterogeneity ; Outward-looking economy ; Self-select effect
- 会议召开时间：2014-08-01
- 会议录名称：黄河文明与可持续发展（第九辑）
- 英文会议录名称：Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development
- 语种：中文
- 分类号：F740;F271
- 学会代码：HHWM
- 学会名称：河南大学黄河文明与可持续发展研究中心
- 页数：13
- 文件大小：737k
- 原文格式：O
摘要
本文在新经济地理自由资本模型的基础上纳入了异质性企业贸易理论,从而建立了包含贸易自由化、企业异质性以及外向型经济的空间一般均衡模型。本文研究发现:(1)企业生产效率的差异形成"自我选择效应",即生产效率最高的企业可能选择对外直接投资,生产效率次之的企业选择国际贸易,而生产效率最低的企业选择供应本地市场,因此可能出现贸易与外商直接投资同时大幅增长的情形;(2)在国内外市场进入成本存在差异时,新经济地理学Krugman(1991)所述的完全核心-边缘结构可能并不存在,转而代之的是不完全集聚的核心-边缘结构;(3)大国无论是贸易自由化还是企业异质化,都能有效地促进贸易以及外商直接投资额的增加。
In this paper,we added heterogeneous firm trade theory into footloose capital model of new economic geography,thus we build a general equation spatial model which contains liberalization,heterogeneity and outward-looking economy.We found those conclusions.First,difference of firm's productivity induce "self-selection effect",which means the most productivity firms will choose direct invest,while productivity firms will choose export,and the lower productivity firms will choose serving local market.Thus,both trade and FDI will increase greatly.Second,the completely coreperiphery structure that Krugman(1991) mentioned will not appear if there is some difference between foreign and home marker entrance cost.In fact,incompletely coreperiphery will appear.Third,both liberalization and heterogeneity could enlarge trade and FDI.
In this paper,we added heterogeneous firm trade theory into footloose capital model of new economic geography,thus we build a general equation spatial model which contains liberalization,heterogeneity and outward-looking economy.We found those conclusions.First,difference of firm's productivity induce "self-selection effect",which means the most productivity firms will choose direct invest,while productivity firms will choose export,and the lower productivity firms will choose serving local market.Thus,both trade and FDI will increase greatly.Second,the completely coreperiphery structure that Krugman(1991) mentioned will not appear if there is some difference between foreign and home marker entrance cost.In fact,incompletely coreperiphery will appear.Third,both liberalization and heterogeneity could enlarge trade and FDI.
引文
[1]Baldwin,Richard E."Heterogeneous Firms and Trade:Testable and Untestable Properties of the Melitz Model."SSRN eLibrary,2005.
[2]Baldwin,Richard;Forslid,Rikard;Martin,Philippe;Ottaviano,Gianmarco and Robert-Nicoud,Frederic.Economic Geography and Public Policy.PrincetonPrinceton University Press,2003.
[3]Baldwin,Richard E.and Okubo,Toshihiro."Heterogeneous Firms,Agglomeration and Economic Geography:Spatial Selection and Sorting."Journal of Economic Geography,2006,6(3),pp.323-46.
[4]Baldwin,Richard and Okubo,Toshihiro."International Trade,Offshoring and Heterogeneous Firms."National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series,2011,No.16660.
[5]Cabral,Luis M.B.and Mata,Jose."On the Evolution of the Firm Size Distribution:Facts and Theory."The American Economic Review,2003,93(4),pp.1075-90.
[6]Dixit,Avinash K.and Stiglitz,Joseph E."Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity."The American Economic Review,1977,67(3),pp.297-308.
[7]Forslid,Rikard."Agglomeration with Human and Physical Capital;An Analytically Solvable Case,"C.E.P.R.Discussion Papers,1999.
[8]Helpman,Elhanan;Melitz,Marc J.and Yeaple,Stephen R."Export Versus FDI with Heterogeneous Firms."The American Economic Review,2004,94(1),pp.300-16.
[9]Krugman,Paul."Increasing Returns and Economic Geography."The Journal of Political Economy,1991,99(3),pp.483-99.
[10]Martin,Philippe and I.P.Ottaviano,Gianmarco."Growing Locations:Industry Location in a Model of Endogenous Growth."European Economic Review,1999,43(2),pp.281-302.
[11]Martin,Philippe and Rogers,Carol Ann."Industrial Location and Public Infrastructure."Journal of International Economics,1995,39(3-4),pp.335-51.
[12]Melitz,Marc J."The Impact of Trade on Intra-Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity."Econometrica,2003,71(6),pp.1695-725.
[13]Picard,Pierre M.and Zeng,Dao-Zhi."Agricultural Sector and Industrial Agglomeration."Journal of Development Economics,2005,77(1),pp.75-106.
[14]Samuelson,Paul A."The Transfer Problem and Transport Costs:The Terms of Trade when Impediments are Absent."The Economic Journal,1952,62(246),pp.278-304.
(1)数据来源:中国国家统计局网站。
(1)值得一提的是,在新经济地理学的研究中贸易自由化(冰山运输成本)始终是重要的变量。冰山运输成本的纳入是新经济地理学区别于其他传统理论的关键所在,正是因为冰山运输成本的纳入才使得新经济地理学成为真正的“空间经济学”。
(1)为研究方便,F国与H国相对应的变量采用上标*,两国累积变量采用上标~w表示,农业部门和工业部门对应的变量分别用上标~A和上标~M表示,下文不再赘述。
(2)有关农产品“冰山交易成本”的放松可参见Picard and Zeng(2005)。
(3)尽管新经济地理学的多数研究是建立在国家初始规模相同的基础之上,但国家初始规模存在差异更加具有现实意义。因此,在本文研究中我们采用了非对称规模的假设。
(1)Baldwin and Okubo(2006)新新经济地理学的研究中较早使用了这一假设。Cabral and Mata(2003)在对葡萄牙企业规模分布进行研究时发现,企业生产效率近似于服从ParetoI型分布。采用2000—2007年中国工业企业数据研究,我们同样发现中国企业的生产效率服从ParetoI型的分布。
(2)在Melitz(2003)模型中,一些不能盈利的企业在长期均衡时会退出市场,从而企业在经营与关闭之间存在着某个特定生产效率的临界值。
(3)这里我们采用了与Melitz(2003)相似的方法,并没有考虑企业的折现,而是通过死亡率来实现贴现。详见Baldwin(2005)。
(1)需要注意的是,这里的a_i是一个相对量而不是绝对量。前文中假定农产品边际投入为1单位,此处工业品的边际投入实际上是工业品相对于农产品边际投入的劳动力。
[2]Baldwin,Richard;Forslid,Rikard;Martin,Philippe;Ottaviano,Gianmarco and Robert-Nicoud,Frederic.Economic Geography and Public Policy.PrincetonPrinceton University Press,2003.
[3]Baldwin,Richard E.and Okubo,Toshihiro."Heterogeneous Firms,Agglomeration and Economic Geography:Spatial Selection and Sorting."Journal of Economic Geography,2006,6(3),pp.323-46.
[4]Baldwin,Richard and Okubo,Toshihiro."International Trade,Offshoring and Heterogeneous Firms."National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series,2011,No.16660.
[5]Cabral,Luis M.B.and Mata,Jose."On the Evolution of the Firm Size Distribution:Facts and Theory."The American Economic Review,2003,93(4),pp.1075-90.
[6]Dixit,Avinash K.and Stiglitz,Joseph E."Monopolistic Competition and Optimum Product Diversity."The American Economic Review,1977,67(3),pp.297-308.
[7]Forslid,Rikard."Agglomeration with Human and Physical Capital;An Analytically Solvable Case,"C.E.P.R.Discussion Papers,1999.
[8]Helpman,Elhanan;Melitz,Marc J.and Yeaple,Stephen R."Export Versus FDI with Heterogeneous Firms."The American Economic Review,2004,94(1),pp.300-16.
[9]Krugman,Paul."Increasing Returns and Economic Geography."The Journal of Political Economy,1991,99(3),pp.483-99.
[10]Martin,Philippe and I.P.Ottaviano,Gianmarco."Growing Locations:Industry Location in a Model of Endogenous Growth."European Economic Review,1999,43(2),pp.281-302.
[11]Martin,Philippe and Rogers,Carol Ann."Industrial Location and Public Infrastructure."Journal of International Economics,1995,39(3-4),pp.335-51.
[12]Melitz,Marc J."The Impact of Trade on Intra-Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity."Econometrica,2003,71(6),pp.1695-725.
[13]Picard,Pierre M.and Zeng,Dao-Zhi."Agricultural Sector and Industrial Agglomeration."Journal of Development Economics,2005,77(1),pp.75-106.
[14]Samuelson,Paul A."The Transfer Problem and Transport Costs:The Terms of Trade when Impediments are Absent."The Economic Journal,1952,62(246),pp.278-304.
(1)数据来源:中国国家统计局网站。
(1)值得一提的是,在新经济地理学的研究中贸易自由化(冰山运输成本)始终是重要的变量。冰山运输成本的纳入是新经济地理学区别于其他传统理论的关键所在,正是因为冰山运输成本的纳入才使得新经济地理学成为真正的“空间经济学”。
(1)为研究方便,F国与H国相对应的变量采用上标*,两国累积变量采用上标~w表示,农业部门和工业部门对应的变量分别用上标~A和上标~M表示,下文不再赘述。
(2)有关农产品“冰山交易成本”的放松可参见Picard and Zeng(2005)。
(3)尽管新经济地理学的多数研究是建立在国家初始规模相同的基础之上,但国家初始规模存在差异更加具有现实意义。因此,在本文研究中我们采用了非对称规模的假设。
(1)Baldwin and Okubo(2006)新新经济地理学的研究中较早使用了这一假设。Cabral and Mata(2003)在对葡萄牙企业规模分布进行研究时发现,企业生产效率近似于服从ParetoI型分布。采用2000—2007年中国工业企业数据研究,我们同样发现中国企业的生产效率服从ParetoI型的分布。
(2)在Melitz(2003)模型中,一些不能盈利的企业在长期均衡时会退出市场,从而企业在经营与关闭之间存在着某个特定生产效率的临界值。
(3)这里我们采用了与Melitz(2003)相似的方法,并没有考虑企业的折现,而是通过死亡率来实现贴现。详见Baldwin(2005)。
(1)需要注意的是,这里的a_i是一个相对量而不是绝对量。前文中假定农产品边际投入为1单位,此处工业品的边际投入实际上是工业品相对于农产品边际投入的劳动力。