近代第一部成文宪法——英国1653年《政府约法》述评
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- 论文作者：王思杰
- 年：2015
- 作者机构：华东政法大学;
- 论文关键词：成文宪法 ; 政府约法 ; 克伦威尔 ; 英国宪政
- 会议召开时间：2015-10-24
- 会议录名称：全国外国法制史研究会学术丛书——《大宪章》800年
- 语种：中文
- 分类号：D956.1;DD911
- 学会代码：WFZS
- 会议名称：全国外国法制史研究会第二十八届年会
- 会议地点：中国广西南宁
- 主办单位：全国外国法制史研究会
- 学会名称：全国外国法制史研究会
- 页数：19
- 文件大小：808k
- 原文格式：O
- 会议级别：全国
摘要
长期以来,英国一直被认为是不成文宪法的典型国家,但鲜为人知的是,人类近代史上第一部国家颁布的成文宪法就出现在英国,即1653年《政府约法》(Instrument ofGovernment)。《政府约法》产生于英国资产阶级革命时代,是克伦威尔护国公政体的宪法。它继受了英国革命时期多部法律文件,结合了平均派与新贵族派的观点而成。它在现代国家的统一性及其主权完整性方面,在民主选举程序与国家权力分立方面,在公民权利和法治原则的阐述方面,都对后世人类的立宪及法治发展起到过积极的推动作用。
引文
(1)J.C.Johari,New Comparative Government,Lotus Press Publishers&Distributors,2006,p.167.
(1)Austin Woolrych,Commonwealth to Protectorate,Oxford University Press,1982,p.352.
(2)Ronald H.Fritze and William B.Robison,Historical Dictionary of Stuart England,1603-1689,Greenwood Publishing Group,1996,p.228.
(1)"May 1649:An Act Declaring and Constituting the People of England to be a Commonwealth and Free-State",in C.H.Firth and R.S.Rait eds.,Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum,1642-1660,published by His MajestyS Stationery Office,London,1911,p.122.
(2)"The Instrument of Government",in BCW-Project website.http://bcw-project.org/church-and-state/the-protectorate/instrument-of-government,Retrieved on 2015-05-19.
(1)《谦卑请愿书》甚至比《政府约法》还要短命。颁布仅一年后,克伦威尔去世,随后斯图亚特王朝迅速复辟,《谦卑请愿书》也即归于废止。此后,英国再未进行制定成文宪法的尝试,而是以陆续颁布的宪法性文件的方式构建自己的宪政体系,最终成为不成文宪法的代表性国家。
(2)"Instrument of Government(England 1653)",in Encyclopaedia Britannica.http://global,britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/240140/Instrument-of-Government,Retrieved on2015-05-19.
(1)Nicholas Tyacke,Aspects of English Protestantism c.1530-1700,Manchester University Press,2001,p.69.
(1)David Plant:“The Levellers",in British Civil Wars and Commonwealth website.http://bcw-project.org/church-and-state/sects-and-factions/levellers,Retrieved on 2015-05-19.
(2)[美]乔治·H.萨拜因:《政治学说史》(下卷),[美]托马斯·L.索尔森修订,邓正来译,世纪出版集团·上海人民出版社2010年版,第169页。
(3)Lindsey German and John Rees,A People's History of London,Verso Books,2012,p.54.
(1)Samuel Rawson Gardiner,The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution,Clarendon Press,1906,p.405.
(2)Joad Raymond:"Framing liberty:Marvell's First Anniversary and the Instrument of Government",Huntington Library Quarterly,Vol.62,2001,p.322.
(1)Austin Woolrych,Commonwealth to Protectorate,Weidenfeld&Nicolson History,2000,pp.362-363.
(2)Wilbur Cortez Abbott,The Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell;With an Introduction,Notes and an Account of His Life VolumeⅢThe Protectorate 1653-1655,Oxford University Press,1989,p.439.
(3)Some Memento's for the Officers and Souldiers of the Army,from some.Sober Christians,1654,p.3.
(1)"The Instrument of Government",in BCW-Project website,http://bcw-project.org/church-and-state/the-protectorate/instrument-of-govemment,Retrieved on 2015-05-19.
(1)亨利·劳伦斯(Henry Lawrence,1600~1664),英国清教徒政治家。毕业于剑桥大学伊曼纽尔学院,后成为国会议员,代表赫特福德郡(Hertfordshire)和卡那封郡(Carnarvonshire)。他从1654年起担任国务理事会议长,直至1659年,在国会颇具资历与威望。See D.Brunton and D.H.Pennington,Members of the Long Parliament,George Allen&Unwin,1954.
(1)Joad Raymond,Framing liberty:Marvell's First Anniversary and the Instrument of Government,Huntington Library Quarterly,Vol.62,2001,p.321.
(1)See Sally Mitchell,Victorian Britain:An Encyclopedia,Routledge,2011,p.547.
(1)Brian Z.Tamanaha,On The Rule of Law:History,Politics,Theory,Cambridge University Press,2004,p.47.
(2)Joad Raymond,Framing liberty:Marvell's First Anniversary and the Instrument of Government,Huntington Library Quarterly,Vol.62,2001,p.321.
(1)事实上,18世纪美国立宪运动与17世纪英国平均派的宪政主张间的承继关系,已经被英美学界所广泛承认。参见[美]乔治·H.萨拜因:《政治学说史》(下卷),[美]托马斯·L.索尔森修订,邓正来译,世纪出版集团·上海人民出版社2010年版,第171页。
(2)George Washington,American Historical Documents 1000-1904,Wildside Press,2008,p.113.
(1)Austin Woolrych,Commonwealth to Protectorate,Oxford University Press,1982,p.352.
(2)Ronald H.Fritze and William B.Robison,Historical Dictionary of Stuart England,1603-1689,Greenwood Publishing Group,1996,p.228.
(1)"May 1649:An Act Declaring and Constituting the People of England to be a Commonwealth and Free-State",in C.H.Firth and R.S.Rait eds.,Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum,1642-1660,published by His MajestyS Stationery Office,London,1911,p.122.
(2)"The Instrument of Government",in BCW-Project website.http://bcw-project.org/church-and-state/the-protectorate/instrument-of-government,Retrieved on 2015-05-19.
(1)《谦卑请愿书》甚至比《政府约法》还要短命。颁布仅一年后,克伦威尔去世,随后斯图亚特王朝迅速复辟,《谦卑请愿书》也即归于废止。此后,英国再未进行制定成文宪法的尝试,而是以陆续颁布的宪法性文件的方式构建自己的宪政体系,最终成为不成文宪法的代表性国家。
(2)"Instrument of Government(England 1653)",in Encyclopaedia Britannica.http://global,britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/240140/Instrument-of-Government,Retrieved on2015-05-19.
(1)Nicholas Tyacke,Aspects of English Protestantism c.1530-1700,Manchester University Press,2001,p.69.
(1)David Plant:“The Levellers",in British Civil Wars and Commonwealth website.http://bcw-project.org/church-and-state/sects-and-factions/levellers,Retrieved on 2015-05-19.
(2)[美]乔治·H.萨拜因:《政治学说史》(下卷),[美]托马斯·L.索尔森修订,邓正来译,世纪出版集团·上海人民出版社2010年版,第169页。
(3)Lindsey German and John Rees,A People's History of London,Verso Books,2012,p.54.
(1)Samuel Rawson Gardiner,The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution,Clarendon Press,1906,p.405.
(2)Joad Raymond:"Framing liberty:Marvell's First Anniversary and the Instrument of Government",Huntington Library Quarterly,Vol.62,2001,p.322.
(1)Austin Woolrych,Commonwealth to Protectorate,Weidenfeld&Nicolson History,2000,pp.362-363.
(2)Wilbur Cortez Abbott,The Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell;With an Introduction,Notes and an Account of His Life VolumeⅢThe Protectorate 1653-1655,Oxford University Press,1989,p.439.
(3)Some Memento's for the Officers and Souldiers of the Army,from some.Sober Christians,1654,p.3.
(1)"The Instrument of Government",in BCW-Project website,http://bcw-project.org/church-and-state/the-protectorate/instrument-of-govemment,Retrieved on 2015-05-19.
(1)亨利·劳伦斯(Henry Lawrence,1600~1664),英国清教徒政治家。毕业于剑桥大学伊曼纽尔学院,后成为国会议员,代表赫特福德郡(Hertfordshire)和卡那封郡(Carnarvonshire)。他从1654年起担任国务理事会议长,直至1659年,在国会颇具资历与威望。See D.Brunton and D.H.Pennington,Members of the Long Parliament,George Allen&Unwin,1954.
(1)Joad Raymond,Framing liberty:Marvell's First Anniversary and the Instrument of Government,Huntington Library Quarterly,Vol.62,2001,p.321.
(1)See Sally Mitchell,Victorian Britain:An Encyclopedia,Routledge,2011,p.547.
(1)Brian Z.Tamanaha,On The Rule of Law:History,Politics,Theory,Cambridge University Press,2004,p.47.
(2)Joad Raymond,Framing liberty:Marvell's First Anniversary and the Instrument of Government,Huntington Library Quarterly,Vol.62,2001,p.321.
(1)事实上,18世纪美国立宪运动与17世纪英国平均派的宪政主张间的承继关系,已经被英美学界所广泛承认。参见[美]乔治·H.萨拜因:《政治学说史》(下卷),[美]托马斯·L.索尔森修订,邓正来译,世纪出版集团·上海人民出版社2010年版,第171页。
(2)George Washington,American Historical Documents 1000-1904,Wildside Press,2008,p.113.