二级观点采择的直接和间接测量差异性研究
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- 英文论文题名：The Study of Differences between Direct and indirect measures of Level-2 perspective-taking
- 论文作者：王梦莹 ; 王乐琼 ; 张旭 ; 张野
- 英文论文作者：Wang Mengying ; Wang Leqiong ; Zhang Xu ; Zhang Ye ; Department of Psychology ; Shenyang Normal University
- 年：2015
- 作者机构：沈阳师范大学教育科学学院心理系;
- 论文关键词：观点采择 ; 二级观点采择 ; 直接方法 ; 间接方法
- 英文论文关键词：Perspective-taking ; Level-2 Perspective-taking ; Direct Measure ; Indirect Measure
- 会议召开时间：2015-10-16
- 会议录名称：第十八届全国心理学学术会议摘要集——心理学与社会发展
- 英文会议录名称：Proceedings of the 18th National Academic Congress of Psychology
- 语种：中文
- 分类号：B842.2
- 学会代码：ZGXG
- 会议名称：第十八届全国心理学学术会议
- 会议地点：中国天津
- 主办单位：中国心理学会
- 学会名称：中国心理学会
- 页数：3
- 文件大小：785k
- 原文格式：D
- 会议级别：全国
摘要
观点采择是指对他人心理状态的感知,它可分为一级观点采择和二级观点采择。其中,二级观点采择是指一个物体虽然可以被自己和他人同时看见,但由于视角不同,会产生不同的视觉体验。一般来说,直接与间接两种方法可以共同测量一级观点采择,前者是要求被试对他人的观点直接进行正确判断,而间接方法是指被试在与他人有关的情境干扰下,对自己的观点进行判断。为此,本研究基于Samson等人对一级观点采择的研究范式,拟探讨直接与间接测量法对二级观点采择是否有存在差异性。随机选取27名成年人被试(平均年龄25.3岁),采用2(视角:他人、自我)×2(刺激性质:模糊、明确)×2(刺激呈现位置:墙、桌)三因素被试内设计,对其二级观点采择进行了测量。实验采用E-prime 2.0编程,每个被试完成64次正式试验,其中直接方法和间接方法各32次,并记录反应时。结果表明:(1)视角的主效应显著。被试对他人视角进行判断的反应时(直接方法)要明显长于对自己视角进行判断的反应时(间接方法);(2)视角和刺激性质交互作用显著,简单效应分析显示,视角因素在模糊刺激水平上差异显著,即模糊刺激呈现条件下,直接方法测量的反应时要明显长于间接方法测量的反应时。(3)三因素交互作用显著,简单效应分析发现,在间接方法下,模糊刺激呈现在桌上时被试的反应时会更长,即被试在对自我视角进行判断时仍会对他人视角进行无意识地加工。因此,本研究结果说明直接与间接测量对二级观点采择的测量存在差异,仅有间接测量可测量出被试对他人观点的无意识采择。
Perspective-taking most commonly refers to being sensitive to another's mental states. Perspective-taking can be divided into Level-1 perspective-taking and Level-2 perspective-taking. Among them, Level-2 perspective-taking has been defined as understanding that an object simultaneously visible to both the self and the other person may nonetheless give rise to different visual impressions or experiences in the two if their viewing circumstances differ. Generally speaking,Level-1 Perspective-taking can be tested in two different ways. In direct measures participants have to respond in a way that provides a ‘correct' answer of others' perspective; indirect measures, on the other hand, test participants' spontaneous sensitivity to differences in conditions. For this we designed an experiment that is based on Samson et al.'s task of Level-1 perspective-taking, discussed the differences between the direct measurement method and indirect measurement method of Level-2 perspective-taking. The experiment used an ANOVA with Perspective(Self, Other), Stimulus(Ambiguous, Unambiguous), and Location(Wall, Table) as within-subjects factors to measure participants' Level-2 perspective-taking(N=27, selected randomly, SD= 25.3 Old years). The experiment was presented by E-prime 2.0. Each participant completed 64 test trails, including the 32 trails of direct measure and 32 trails of indirect measure. And the RT of each trail was measured. The results showed that 1) There was a main effect of Perspective, participants are slower in judging others' perspective(direct measure) than judging self's perspective(indirect measure). 2) There was a significant two-way interaction between Perspective and Stimulus, then we made a Simple effect analysis, the result revealed that Perspective shows significantly different at Ambiguous Stimulus, in other words, when the stimulus is Ambiguous the reaction time of the direct measurement method is obviously longer than that of the indirect measurement method. 3) There was also a significant three-way interaction between Perspective, Stimulus, and Location, with the results of Simple effect analysis, in indirect measure we found that the RT of the trails in which ambiguous simulations appeared on the table turned to be longer. It suggests that participants were processing the others' perspective automatically even though it was only required for their explicit judgment of ‘Self' perspective. In consequence, the results of this study shows that differences existed in the measurement of level two perspective-taking when using direct and indirect measurement method and only by using indirect measurement method,participants' automatic processing of the others' perspective can be measured.
Perspective-taking most commonly refers to being sensitive to another's mental states. Perspective-taking can be divided into Level-1 perspective-taking and Level-2 perspective-taking. Among them, Level-2 perspective-taking has been defined as understanding that an object simultaneously visible to both the self and the other person may nonetheless give rise to different visual impressions or experiences in the two if their viewing circumstances differ. Generally speaking,Level-1 Perspective-taking can be tested in two different ways. In direct measures participants have to respond in a way that provides a ‘correct' answer of others' perspective; indirect measures, on the other hand, test participants' spontaneous sensitivity to differences in conditions. For this we designed an experiment that is based on Samson et al.'s task of Level-1 perspective-taking, discussed the differences between the direct measurement method and indirect measurement method of Level-2 perspective-taking. The experiment used an ANOVA with Perspective(Self, Other), Stimulus(Ambiguous, Unambiguous), and Location(Wall, Table) as within-subjects factors to measure participants' Level-2 perspective-taking(N=27, selected randomly, SD= 25.3 Old years). The experiment was presented by E-prime 2.0. Each participant completed 64 test trails, including the 32 trails of direct measure and 32 trails of indirect measure. And the RT of each trail was measured. The results showed that 1) There was a main effect of Perspective, participants are slower in judging others' perspective(direct measure) than judging self's perspective(indirect measure). 2) There was a significant two-way interaction between Perspective and Stimulus, then we made a Simple effect analysis, the result revealed that Perspective shows significantly different at Ambiguous Stimulus, in other words, when the stimulus is Ambiguous the reaction time of the direct measurement method is obviously longer than that of the indirect measurement method. 3) There was also a significant three-way interaction between Perspective, Stimulus, and Location, with the results of Simple effect analysis, in indirect measure we found that the RT of the trails in which ambiguous simulations appeared on the table turned to be longer. It suggests that participants were processing the others' perspective automatically even though it was only required for their explicit judgment of ‘Self' perspective. In consequence, the results of this study shows that differences existed in the measurement of level two perspective-taking when using direct and indirect measurement method and only by using indirect measurement method,participants' automatic processing of the others' perspective can be measured.
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