以文化为导向的历史街区更新与社会融合1——基于武汉昙华林改造的实证评价
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摘要
文化导向的城市更新项目的社会文化影响已成为可持续性规划的重要评判指标之一。其中,对于社会融合的影响逐渐得到规划者和决策者的普遍关注。目前国内研究以城中村和旧工业区改造案例分析为主,或更多地针对低收入者和外来移民的生活状态进行,对于多元复杂的历史街区改造过程的社会文化融合的针对性分析欠缺。本文以昙华林历史街区的更新改造为例进行定性研究,着重检验历史街区的城市更新项目通过文化策略,尤其是公共艺术,能否推动当地实现社会融合的目标。文章围绕社会文化融合的四个层面,通过深度访谈和问卷调查,分析了当地六类群体的融合程度。研究发现,历史街区的文化策略整体上对于当地的社会文化融合起到了积极的作用,尽管对不同群体的影响存在差异,但效果正在持续渗透;基于当地特色的历史文化资源和本社区文化活动基础的参与式的艺术形式更容易得到良好的社会效果,而缺乏共享性的某些艺术元素会加剧各群体之间的心理排斥和空间排斥;文化更新策略的"旗舰性"可以带来普遍的群众自豪感,但固有偏见和生活习惯需要长期的文化营造引导下发生转变。本研究为相关的文化导向的历史街区更新项目提供案例经验,提醒规划师和决策者们在项目决策中对社会文化融合的考虑。
引文
[1]Austin,T.(2012).Culture-led City Regeneration:Design Methodologies.[Available from:http://cumulushelsinki2012.org/cumulushelsinki2012.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Culture-led-CityRegeneration-Design-Methodologies.pdf]
[2]Baeker,C.(2014).Fourth Pillar of Sustainability.[Available from:http://economicdevelopment.org/2014/02/fourth-pillar-of-sustainability-2/]
[3]Bailey,C.et al.(2004).“Culture-led urban regeneration and the revitalisation of identities in Newcastle,Gateshead and the north east of England”In International Journal of Cultural Policy,Vol.10:1,pp.47-65,DOI:10.1080/1028663042000212328
[4]Barraket,J.(2005).“Putting people in the picture?The role of the arts in social inclusion”.Social Policy Working Paper,No.4.Melbourne
[5]Bassett,K.(1993).“Urban cultural strategies and urban regeneration:a case study and critique”In Environment and Planning A,Vol.25(2),pp.1773–1788.
[6]Bianchini,F.and Parkinson,M.(Eds)(1993).Cultural Policy and Urban Regeneration:The West European Experience.Manchester:Manchester University Press.
[7]Bradley,A.Hall,T.&Harrison,M.(2002)“Selling Cities:Promoting New Images for Meetings Tourism Original Research Article”in Cities,Vol.19(1),pp.61-70.
[8]Cheng,Y.and Woan,C.(2009).“Culture-led Urban Regeneration and Community Mobilisation:The Case of the Taipei Bao-an Temple Area,Taiwan”In Urban Studies,Vol.46,pp.1317-1342
[9]Currier,J.(2008).“Art and power in the new China:An exploration of Beijing's 798 district and its implications for contemporary urbanism”In Town Planning Review,Vol.79,2-3,pp.237-265.
[10]Ennis,N.and Douglass,G.(2011).Culture and regeneration–What evidence is there of a link and how can it be measured?London:Greater London Authority
[11]Evans,G.(2005).“Measure for measure:evaluating the evidence of culture’s contribution to regeneration”In Urban Studies,42(5/6),pp.1-25.
[12]Garcia,B.(2004a).“Cultural policy and urban regeneration in western European cities:lessons from experience,prospects for the future”In Local Economy,Vol.19(4),pp.312–326.
[13]Fraser,N.(1995)“From redistribution to recognition?Dilemmas of justice in a post-socialist age”In New Left Review,Vol.212,pp.69–93.
[14]Fraser,N.(2003).“Social justice in the age of identity politics:redistribution,recognition and participation”In N.Fraser and A.Honneth,eds.Redistribution or recognition?A political-philosophical exchange.London:Verso.
[15]García,B.(2004b).“Urban regeneration,arts programming and major events”In International Journal of Cultural Policy,Vol.10(1),pp.103–118.
[16]Guo,L.(2007).Research and design on historic block of public art facilities in the city reformation:For example Jinan City,Master thesis,Shandong Construction University.
[17]Griffiths,R.(1999)“Artists organisations and the recycling of urban space”In L.NYSTRO¨M(Ed.)City and Culture:Cultural Processes and Urban Sustainability,pp.460–475.Karlskrona:Swedish Urban Environment Council.
[18]Hall,P.(1998).Cities in Civilisation:Culture,Innovation and Urban Order,Weidenfeld&Nicholson,London.
[19]Hall,T.&Robertson,I.(2001).“Public Art and Urban Regeneration:advocacy,claims and critical debates”In Landscape Research,Vol.26,No.1,pp.5-26
[20]Huang,K.and Ga,R.(2010).“Theoretical research review of social integration”In New Horizons,Vol.6,pp.86-88.[In Chinese]
[21]Jackson,M.R.Herranz,J.and Kabwasa-Green,F.(2006).Cultural vitality in communities:Interpretation and indicators.Washington,DC:Urban Institute.
[22]Lin,W.(2012).The strategy of program of Baotou old the city zone that is based on culture value acknowledge studies.Mater Thesis:Tsinghua University.[In Chinese]
[23]Julier,G.(2005).“Urban designscapes and the production of aesthetic consent”In Urban Studies,Vol.42,No.5/6,pp.869-888.
[24]Mc Carthy,J.(2011).“Regeneration of Cultural Quarters-Public Art for Place Image or Place Identity?”In Journal of Urban Design,Vol.11:2,pp.243-262,DOI:10.1080/13574800600644118
[25]Miles,M.(1997).Art,Space and the City:Public Art and Urban Futures.London:Routledge
[26]Miles,S.(2005).“‘Our Tyne’:Iconic Regeneration and the Revitalisation of Identity in Newcastle Gateshead”In Urban Studies,Vol.42,No.5/6,pp.913–926.
[27]Miles,S.and Paddison,R.(2005).“Introduction:The Rise and Rise of Culture-led Urban Regeneration”In Urban Studies,Vol.42(5/6),pp.833-839.
[28]NESF Report 35.(2007).The Arts,Cultural Inclusion and Social Cohesion.[Available in:http://files.nesc.ie/nesf_archive/nesf_reports/NESF_35_full.pdf]
[29]Newman,A.and Mc Lean,F.(1998)Heritage builds communities:the application of heritage resources to the problems of social exclusion In International Journal of Heritage Studies,4,pp.143–153.
[30]Porch,R.(2000).“Public art—an off the wall proposition?”In Urban Design,Vol.76,pp.16–19.
[31]Salice,S,M.(2011).“Art contribution to cities’transformation:The role of Public Art management in Italy”In Encatc Journal of Cultural Management and Policy,pp.64-73.
[32]Selwood,S.(1995).The Benefits of Public Art.London:Policy Studies Institute.
[33]Sharp,J.et al.(2007).“Just art for a just city:Public art and social inclusion in urban regeneration”In Urban Studies,Vol.42(5),pp.1001-1023.
[34]Shao,R.(2014).“Social exclusion in urban regeneration:Underlying dimensions and logical premise”In Zhejiang Journal,Vol.1,pp.117-123.[In Chinese]
[35]Tavano Blessi,G.,et al.(2012).“New trajectories in urban regeneration processes:Cultural capital as source of human and social capital accumulation–Evidence from the case of Tohu in Montreal.J”In Cities,doi:10.1016/j.cities.2011.12.001
[36]Tornaghi,C.(2007).“Questioning the social aims of public art in urban regeneration initiatives.The case of Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead(UK)”.[Available from:http://www.ncl.ac.uk/guru/assets/documents/EWP42.pdf]
[37]Wang,T.and Zhang,J.(2009).“Culture-orientated urban regeneration:a critical perspective”In Urban Studies,Vol.16,No.6,pp.113-118.[In Chinese]
[38]Waterton,E.and Smith,L.(2010).“The recognition and misrecognition of community heritage”In International Journal of Heritage Studies,Vol.16(1-2),pp.4-15
[39]Wang,M.(2013).Integrating public art into urban cultural construction:Research on public art planning,Master Thesis,Jiangnan University.[In Chinese]
[40]Whitt,J.A.(1987).“Mozart in the metropolis:the arts coalition and the urban growth machine”In Urban Affairs Quarterly,Vol.23(1),pp.15–36.
[41]Xu,J.(2008).Urban regeneration and vulnerable population in the perspective of social exclusion:A case study of Shanghai,Doctoral Thesis,Fudan University.[In Chinese]
[42]Xu,Q.(2009).“Cultural inheritance and cultural regeneration in urban renewal”In China Ancient City,Vol.,pp.27-33.[In Chinese]
[43]Yang,J.(2009).“From isolation,selective integration to inclusion:Theoretical thinking of the inclusion of floating population”In Population research,Vol.33(1),pp.17-29.[In Chinese]
[44]Yeoh,B.S.A.(2005).“The global cultural city?Spatial imagineering and politics in the(multi)cultural marketplaces of south-east Asia”In Urban Studies,Vol.42(5/6),pp.945–958.
[45]Young,I.M.(2000)Inclusion and Democracy.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
[46]Zhang,C.and Lu,B.(2008).“Cultural Approach to Planning of Inner City Regeneration-A Case Study of Nanluogu Alley in Beijing”In 44th ISOCARP Congress.[Available in:http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/1245.pdf]
[2]Baeker,C.(2014).Fourth Pillar of Sustainability.[Available from:http://economicdevelopment.org/2014/02/fourth-pillar-of-sustainability-2/]
[3]Bailey,C.et al.(2004).“Culture-led urban regeneration and the revitalisation of identities in Newcastle,Gateshead and the north east of England”In International Journal of Cultural Policy,Vol.10:1,pp.47-65,DOI:10.1080/1028663042000212328
[4]Barraket,J.(2005).“Putting people in the picture?The role of the arts in social inclusion”.Social Policy Working Paper,No.4.Melbourne
[5]Bassett,K.(1993).“Urban cultural strategies and urban regeneration:a case study and critique”In Environment and Planning A,Vol.25(2),pp.1773–1788.
[6]Bianchini,F.and Parkinson,M.(Eds)(1993).Cultural Policy and Urban Regeneration:The West European Experience.Manchester:Manchester University Press.
[7]Bradley,A.Hall,T.&Harrison,M.(2002)“Selling Cities:Promoting New Images for Meetings Tourism Original Research Article”in Cities,Vol.19(1),pp.61-70.
[8]Cheng,Y.and Woan,C.(2009).“Culture-led Urban Regeneration and Community Mobilisation:The Case of the Taipei Bao-an Temple Area,Taiwan”In Urban Studies,Vol.46,pp.1317-1342
[9]Currier,J.(2008).“Art and power in the new China:An exploration of Beijing's 798 district and its implications for contemporary urbanism”In Town Planning Review,Vol.79,2-3,pp.237-265.
[10]Ennis,N.and Douglass,G.(2011).Culture and regeneration–What evidence is there of a link and how can it be measured?London:Greater London Authority
[11]Evans,G.(2005).“Measure for measure:evaluating the evidence of culture’s contribution to regeneration”In Urban Studies,42(5/6),pp.1-25.
[12]Garcia,B.(2004a).“Cultural policy and urban regeneration in western European cities:lessons from experience,prospects for the future”In Local Economy,Vol.19(4),pp.312–326.
[13]Fraser,N.(1995)“From redistribution to recognition?Dilemmas of justice in a post-socialist age”In New Left Review,Vol.212,pp.69–93.
[14]Fraser,N.(2003).“Social justice in the age of identity politics:redistribution,recognition and participation”In N.Fraser and A.Honneth,eds.Redistribution or recognition?A political-philosophical exchange.London:Verso.
[15]García,B.(2004b).“Urban regeneration,arts programming and major events”In International Journal of Cultural Policy,Vol.10(1),pp.103–118.
[16]Guo,L.(2007).Research and design on historic block of public art facilities in the city reformation:For example Jinan City,Master thesis,Shandong Construction University.
[17]Griffiths,R.(1999)“Artists organisations and the recycling of urban space”In L.NYSTRO¨M(Ed.)City and Culture:Cultural Processes and Urban Sustainability,pp.460–475.Karlskrona:Swedish Urban Environment Council.
[18]Hall,P.(1998).Cities in Civilisation:Culture,Innovation and Urban Order,Weidenfeld&Nicholson,London.
[19]Hall,T.&Robertson,I.(2001).“Public Art and Urban Regeneration:advocacy,claims and critical debates”In Landscape Research,Vol.26,No.1,pp.5-26
[20]Huang,K.and Ga,R.(2010).“Theoretical research review of social integration”In New Horizons,Vol.6,pp.86-88.[In Chinese]
[21]Jackson,M.R.Herranz,J.and Kabwasa-Green,F.(2006).Cultural vitality in communities:Interpretation and indicators.Washington,DC:Urban Institute.
[22]Lin,W.(2012).The strategy of program of Baotou old the city zone that is based on culture value acknowledge studies.Mater Thesis:Tsinghua University.[In Chinese]
[23]Julier,G.(2005).“Urban designscapes and the production of aesthetic consent”In Urban Studies,Vol.42,No.5/6,pp.869-888.
[24]Mc Carthy,J.(2011).“Regeneration of Cultural Quarters-Public Art for Place Image or Place Identity?”In Journal of Urban Design,Vol.11:2,pp.243-262,DOI:10.1080/13574800600644118
[25]Miles,M.(1997).Art,Space and the City:Public Art and Urban Futures.London:Routledge
[26]Miles,S.(2005).“‘Our Tyne’:Iconic Regeneration and the Revitalisation of Identity in Newcastle Gateshead”In Urban Studies,Vol.42,No.5/6,pp.913–926.
[27]Miles,S.and Paddison,R.(2005).“Introduction:The Rise and Rise of Culture-led Urban Regeneration”In Urban Studies,Vol.42(5/6),pp.833-839.
[28]NESF Report 35.(2007).The Arts,Cultural Inclusion and Social Cohesion.[Available in:http://files.nesc.ie/nesf_archive/nesf_reports/NESF_35_full.pdf]
[29]Newman,A.and Mc Lean,F.(1998)Heritage builds communities:the application of heritage resources to the problems of social exclusion In International Journal of Heritage Studies,4,pp.143–153.
[30]Porch,R.(2000).“Public art—an off the wall proposition?”In Urban Design,Vol.76,pp.16–19.
[31]Salice,S,M.(2011).“Art contribution to cities’transformation:The role of Public Art management in Italy”In Encatc Journal of Cultural Management and Policy,pp.64-73.
[32]Selwood,S.(1995).The Benefits of Public Art.London:Policy Studies Institute.
[33]Sharp,J.et al.(2007).“Just art for a just city:Public art and social inclusion in urban regeneration”In Urban Studies,Vol.42(5),pp.1001-1023.
[34]Shao,R.(2014).“Social exclusion in urban regeneration:Underlying dimensions and logical premise”In Zhejiang Journal,Vol.1,pp.117-123.[In Chinese]
[35]Tavano Blessi,G.,et al.(2012).“New trajectories in urban regeneration processes:Cultural capital as source of human and social capital accumulation–Evidence from the case of Tohu in Montreal.J”In Cities,doi:10.1016/j.cities.2011.12.001
[36]Tornaghi,C.(2007).“Questioning the social aims of public art in urban regeneration initiatives.The case of Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead(UK)”.[Available from:http://www.ncl.ac.uk/guru/assets/documents/EWP42.pdf]
[37]Wang,T.and Zhang,J.(2009).“Culture-orientated urban regeneration:a critical perspective”In Urban Studies,Vol.16,No.6,pp.113-118.[In Chinese]
[38]Waterton,E.and Smith,L.(2010).“The recognition and misrecognition of community heritage”In International Journal of Heritage Studies,Vol.16(1-2),pp.4-15
[39]Wang,M.(2013).Integrating public art into urban cultural construction:Research on public art planning,Master Thesis,Jiangnan University.[In Chinese]
[40]Whitt,J.A.(1987).“Mozart in the metropolis:the arts coalition and the urban growth machine”In Urban Affairs Quarterly,Vol.23(1),pp.15–36.
[41]Xu,J.(2008).Urban regeneration and vulnerable population in the perspective of social exclusion:A case study of Shanghai,Doctoral Thesis,Fudan University.[In Chinese]
[42]Xu,Q.(2009).“Cultural inheritance and cultural regeneration in urban renewal”In China Ancient City,Vol.,pp.27-33.[In Chinese]
[43]Yang,J.(2009).“From isolation,selective integration to inclusion:Theoretical thinking of the inclusion of floating population”In Population research,Vol.33(1),pp.17-29.[In Chinese]
[44]Yeoh,B.S.A.(2005).“The global cultural city?Spatial imagineering and politics in the(multi)cultural marketplaces of south-east Asia”In Urban Studies,Vol.42(5/6),pp.945–958.
[45]Young,I.M.(2000)Inclusion and Democracy.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
[46]Zhang,C.and Lu,B.(2008).“Cultural Approach to Planning of Inner City Regeneration-A Case Study of Nanluogu Alley in Beijing”In 44th ISOCARP Congress.[Available in:http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/1245.pdf]