环境水中砷的形态分析方法研究进展
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摘要
众所周知,砷(As)是对人类有毒的一种元素。国际癌症研究机构已经把砷及其无机砷化合物列为"对人类第一类致癌物质";有机砷化合物如甲基胂酸(MMA)和二甲基胂酸(DMA)被列为"对人类可能致癌的物质"。As毒性、流动性和生物可利用性与化学形态和氧化态直接相关。在过去的十几年中许多关于自来水、食物链和其他环境样品中的As形态分析方法已经进行了研究。本综述提供近十年来环境水中As的化学形态分析方法,包括无机砷和有机砷形态的预浓缩处理技术、分离技术和检测技术。并对各种方法的优点、不足、选择性、灵敏度、检测限(DL)进行了评述。
引文
[1]WHO,2001,Environmental Health Criteria 224,2nd ed.,Arsenic Compounds,World Health Organization,Geneva.
[2]P.Smedley,D.Kinniburgh,2002,A review of the source,behavior and distribution of arsenic in natural waters,Appl.Geochem.2002,17:517-568.
[3]B.Mandal,K.Suzuki,Arsenic round the world:a review,Talanta 2002,58:201-235.
[4]P.Smedley,W.Edmunds,K.Pelig-Ba,Mobility of arsenic in groundwater in the Obuasi gold-mining area of Ghana:some implications for human health,Geol.Soc.1996,113:163-181.
[5]IARC.Some drinking-water disinfectants and contaminants,including arsenic.IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 2004,84:1-477.
[6]Nordstrom,D.K.,Public health-worldwide occurrences of arsenic in ground water.Science 2002,296,2143-2145.
[7]J.C.Ng,J.Wang,A.A.Sharim,A global health problem caused by arsenic from natural sources.Chemosphere2003,52(9):1353-1359.
[8]M.Argos,T.Kalra,P.Rathouz,et al.Arsenic exposure from drinking water,and all-cause and chronic-disease mortalities in Bangladesh(HEALS):a prospective cohort study.Lancet 2010,376:252-258.)
[9]WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality,Volume 1,Recommendation,World Health Organization,Geneva,2008.
[10]US Environmental Protection Agency,2001.National Primary Drinking Water Regulations,Arsenic and Clarifications to Compliance and New Source Contaminants Monitoring,Final Rule,40 CFR Parts 141-142,66(14),6976.
[11]CE,1998.Drinking Water Directive(DWD),Council Directive 98/83/CE
[12]K.F.Akter,G.Owens,D.E.Davey,R.Naidu,Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,Springer,New York,2005,p.97.
[13]S.Miyashita,T.Kaise,Biological effects and metabolism of arsenic compounds present in seafood products,Food Hyg.Saf.Sci.2010,51(3):71-91.
[14]M.A.Vieira,P.Grinberg,C.R.R.Bobeda,M.N.M.Reyes,R.C.Campos,Nonchromatographic atomic spectrometric methods in speciation analysis:a review,Spectrochim.Acta 2009,64B:459-476.
[15]I.Komorowicz,D.Barakiewicz,Arsenic and its speciation in water samples by HPLC-ICPMS-Last decade review,Talanta 2011,84:247-261.
[16]M.Burguera,J.L Burguera,Analytical methodology for speciation of arsenic in environmental and biological samples.Talanta 1997,44:1581-1604.
[17]D.C.Adriano,Metals in the Terrestrial Environment,Springer,New York,2001.
[18]F.Shemirani,M.Baghdadi,M.Ramezani,Preconcentration and determination of ultra trace amounts of arsenic(Ⅲ)and arsenic(Ⅴ)in tap water and total arsenic in biological samples by CPE and ETAAS.Talanta 2005,65:882-887.
[19]K.F.Akter,Z.Chen,L Smith,D.Davey,R.Naidu,Speciation of arsenic in ground water samples:A comparative study of CE-UV,HG-AAS and LC-ICP-MS.Talanta 2005,68:406-415.
[20]A.R.T(u|¨)rker,New sorbents for solid-phase extraction for metal enrichment,Clean 2007,35:548-557.
[21]H.Erdoan,(O|¨).Yalcinkaya,A.R.T(u|¨)rker,Determination of inorganic arsenic species by HG-AAS in water samples after preconcentration/separation on nano ZrO_2/B_2O_3 by solid phase extraction,Desalination 2011,280:391-396.
[22]T.C.Voice,L V.F.del Pino,I.Havezov,D.T.Long,Field deployable method for arsenic speciation in water,Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2011,36:436-441.
[23]V.M.Sanchez,B.Zwicker,A.Chatt,Determination of As(Ⅲ),As(Ⅴ),MMA and DMA in drinking water by SPE and neutron activation,J.Radioanal.Nucl.Chem.2009,282(1):133-138.
[24]F.Shemirani,M.Baghdadi,M.Ramezani,Preconcentration and determination of ultra trace amounts of arsenic(Ⅲ)and arsenic(Ⅴ)in tap water and total arsenic in biological samples by CPE and ETAAS,Talanta 2005,65:882-887.
[25]A.Tang,G Ding,X.Yan,Cloud point extraction for the determination of As(Ⅲ)in water samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.Talanta 2005,67:942-946.
[26]M.A.M.da Silva,V.L A.Frescura,A.J.Curtius,Spectrochim.Acta B 2000,55:803-813
[27]S.F P.Pereira,S.L C.Ferreira,G R.Oliveira,D C.Palheta,B.C.Barros,Eclet.Quim.2008,33:23-29.
[28]R.E Rivas,I.Lopez-Garcia,M.Hernandez-Cordoba,Spectrochim.Acta B 2009,64:329-333.
[29]J.A.Baig,T.G.Kazi,A.Q.Shah,M.B.Arain,H.I.Afridi,G A.Kandhro,S.Khan,Anal.Chim.Acta 2009,651:57-63.
[30]Halil Ibrahim Ulusoy,Mehmet Akcay,Song(u|¨)l Ulusoy,Ramazan Gtirkan,Determination of ultra trace arsenic species in water samples by HG-AAS after CPE,Anal Chim Acta 2011,703:137-144.
[31]I.Komorowicz,D.Barakiewicz,Arsenic and its speciation in water samples byHPLC-ICPMS—Last decade review,Talanta 2011,84:247-261.
[32]A.A.Ammann,Arsenic speciation by gradient anion exchange narrow bore ion chromatography and high resolution ICPMS detection,J.Chromatogr.A,2010,1217:2111-2116.
[33]R.Chen,B.W.Smith,J.D Winefordner,M.S.Tu,G Kertulis,L Q.Ma,Anal.Chim.Acta 2004,504:199-207
[34]Z.Gong,X.Lu,M.Ma,C.Watt,X C.Le,Arsenic speciation analysis.Talanta 2002,58:77-96.
[35]X C.Le,M.Ma,Anal.Chem.1998,70(9):1926-1933.
[36]M.Montes-Bayon,K.DeNicola,J.A.Caruso,Liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.J.Chromatogr.A 2003,1000:457-476.
[37]X C.Le,M.Ma,A.Wong,Anal.Chem.1996,68(24):4501-4506
[38]R.Chen,B.W.Smith,J.D Winefordner,et al.,Anal.Chim.Acta2004,504:199-207
[39]X C.Le,M.Ma,J.Chromatogr.A 1997,764:55-64.
[40]B.Do,S.Robinet,D.Pradeau,F.Guyon,Speciation of arsenic and selenium compounds by ion-pair reversedphase chromatography with ETAAS.Application of experimental design for chromatographic optimisation.J.Chromatogr.A.2001,918:87-98.
[41]P.Niedzielski,M.Siepak,J.Siepak,Microchem.J.2002,72:137-145.
[42]J.T.van Elteren,Z.Slejkovec,Ion-exchange separation of eight arsenic compounds by HPLC-UV decomposition-HG-AFS and stability tests for food treatment procedures.J.Chromatogr.A 1997,789:339-348.
[43]M.C.Villa-Lojo,E.Alonso-Rodriguez,P.Lopez-Mahia,S.Muniategui-Lorenzo,D.Prada-Rodriguez,Coupled HPLC-microwave digestion-HG-AAS for inorganic and organic arsenic speciation in fish tissue.Talanta2002,57:741-750.
[44]R.Sur,L.Dunemann,Method for the determination of five toxicologically relevant arsenic species in human urine by LC-HG-AAS.J.Chromatogr.B 2004,807:169-176.
[45]P.Niedzielski,Anal.Chim.Acta 2005,551:199-206.
[46]A.R.Timerbaev,K.Pawlak,C.Gabbiani,L Messori,Trends Anal.Chem.2011,30:1120-1138.
[47]B.Michalke,P.Schramel,CE interfaced to ICPMS for element selective detection in arsenic speciation[J].Electrophoresis 1998,19:2220-2225.
[48]Y.M.Huang,C.W.Whang,Capillary electrophoresis of arsenic compounds with indirect fluorescence detection[J].Electrophoresis 1998,19:2140-2144.
[49]M.Van Holderbeke,Y.Zhao,F.Vanhaecke,L Moens,R Dams,P.Sandra,J.Anal.Atom.Spectrom.1999,14:229-234.
[50]H.Md Anawar,Review;Arsenic speciation in environmental samples by hydride generation and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry,Talanta 2012,88:30-42.
[51]R.Anderson,M.Thompson,E.Culbard,Selective reduction of arsenic species by continuous hydride generation.PartⅠ.Reaction media,Analyst 1986,111:1143-1152.
[52]R.Torralba,M.Bonilla,A.Palacios,C.Camara,FI analysis and continuous flow systems to determine As(Ⅲ)and As(Ⅴ)by HG-AAS,Analusis 1994,22:478-482.
[53]N.Coelho,A.Cosmen da Silva,C.Moraes da Silva,Determination of As(Ⅲ)and total inorganic arsenic by FI-HG-AAS,Anal.Chim.Acta 2002,460:227-233.
[54]A.Anthemidis,G Zachariadis,J.Stratis,Determination of arsenic(Ⅲ)and total inorganic arsenic in water samples using an on-line sequential insertion system and HG-AAS,Anal.Chim.Acta 2005,547:237-242.
[55]M.Sigrist,H.Beldomenico,Determination of inorganic arsenic species by flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry with variable sodium tetrahydroborate concentrations,Spectrochim.Acta Part B 2004,59:1041-1045.
[56]M.Sigrista,A.Albertengo,H.Beldomenico,M.Tudino,Determination of As(Ⅲ)and total inorganic As in water samples using an on-line SPE and FI-HG-AAS,J.Hazardous Materials 2011,188:311-318.
[57]F.Shemirani,M.Baghdadi,M.Ramezani,Preconcentration and determination of ultra trace amounts of arsenic(Ⅲ)and arsenic(Ⅴ)in tap water and total arsenic in biological samples by CPE and ETAAS.Talanta 2005,65:882-887.
[58]A.J.Bednar,J.R.Garbarino,M.R.Burkhardt,J.F.Ranville,T.R.Wildeman,Field and laboratory arsenic speciation methods and their application to natural-water analysis[J].Water Res.2004,38:355-364.
[59]M.Ghambarian,M.R.Khalili-Zanjani,Y.Yamini,A.Esrafili,N.Yazdanfar,Preconcentration and speciation of arsenic in water specimens by the combination of solidification offloating drop microextraction and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry,Talanta 2010,81;197-201.
[60]R P.Monasterio,R.G.Wuilloud,J.Anal.At Spectrom.2010,25(9):1485-1490.
[61]P.Liang,R.Liu,Speciation analysis of inorganic arsenic in water samples by immobilized nanometer titanium dioxide separation and GFAAS determination,Anal.Chim.Acta,602:32-36
[62]Y.W.Chen,N.Belzile,HPLC-AFS for the speciation of the hydride and chemical vapour forming elements As,Se,Sb and Hg:a critical review,Anal.Chim.Acta 2010,671(1-2):9-26.
[63]Y.Zhang,W.Wang,L Li,Y.Huang,J.Cao,Eggshell membrane-based solid-phase extraction combined with HG-AFS for trace arsenic(V)in environmental water samples,Talanta 2010,80;1907-1912.
[64]Wei C,Liu J.Talanta 2007;73:540-545.
[65]A.Montaser,J.A.McLean,H.J.M.Liu,J.M.Mermet,in:A.Montaser(Ed.),Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry,Wiley-VCH,New York,1998.
[66]LZhu,S.Z.Chen,D B.Lu,X.L Cheng,At Spectrosc.30(6)(2009)218-222.
[67]G Pearson,G Greenway,A highly efficient sample introduction system for interfacing microfluidic chips with ICP-MS,J.Anal.At Spectrom.22(2007)657-662.
[68]A.Ramesh Kumar,P.Riyazuddin,Preservation of inorganic arsenic species in environmental water samples for reliable speciation analysis,Trends in Anal.Chem.,2010,29(10):1212-1223.
[2]P.Smedley,D.Kinniburgh,2002,A review of the source,behavior and distribution of arsenic in natural waters,Appl.Geochem.2002,17:517-568.
[3]B.Mandal,K.Suzuki,Arsenic round the world:a review,Talanta 2002,58:201-235.
[4]P.Smedley,W.Edmunds,K.Pelig-Ba,Mobility of arsenic in groundwater in the Obuasi gold-mining area of Ghana:some implications for human health,Geol.Soc.1996,113:163-181.
[5]IARC.Some drinking-water disinfectants and contaminants,including arsenic.IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 2004,84:1-477.
[6]Nordstrom,D.K.,Public health-worldwide occurrences of arsenic in ground water.Science 2002,296,2143-2145.
[7]J.C.Ng,J.Wang,A.A.Sharim,A global health problem caused by arsenic from natural sources.Chemosphere2003,52(9):1353-1359.
[8]M.Argos,T.Kalra,P.Rathouz,et al.Arsenic exposure from drinking water,and all-cause and chronic-disease mortalities in Bangladesh(HEALS):a prospective cohort study.Lancet 2010,376:252-258.)
[9]WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality,Volume 1,Recommendation,World Health Organization,Geneva,2008.
[10]US Environmental Protection Agency,2001.National Primary Drinking Water Regulations,Arsenic and Clarifications to Compliance and New Source Contaminants Monitoring,Final Rule,40 CFR Parts 141-142,66(14),6976.
[11]CE,1998.Drinking Water Directive(DWD),Council Directive 98/83/CE
[12]K.F.Akter,G.Owens,D.E.Davey,R.Naidu,Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,Springer,New York,2005,p.97.
[13]S.Miyashita,T.Kaise,Biological effects and metabolism of arsenic compounds present in seafood products,Food Hyg.Saf.Sci.2010,51(3):71-91.
[14]M.A.Vieira,P.Grinberg,C.R.R.Bobeda,M.N.M.Reyes,R.C.Campos,Nonchromatographic atomic spectrometric methods in speciation analysis:a review,Spectrochim.Acta 2009,64B:459-476.
[15]I.Komorowicz,D.Barakiewicz,Arsenic and its speciation in water samples by HPLC-ICPMS-Last decade review,Talanta 2011,84:247-261.
[16]M.Burguera,J.L Burguera,Analytical methodology for speciation of arsenic in environmental and biological samples.Talanta 1997,44:1581-1604.
[17]D.C.Adriano,Metals in the Terrestrial Environment,Springer,New York,2001.
[18]F.Shemirani,M.Baghdadi,M.Ramezani,Preconcentration and determination of ultra trace amounts of arsenic(Ⅲ)and arsenic(Ⅴ)in tap water and total arsenic in biological samples by CPE and ETAAS.Talanta 2005,65:882-887.
[19]K.F.Akter,Z.Chen,L Smith,D.Davey,R.Naidu,Speciation of arsenic in ground water samples:A comparative study of CE-UV,HG-AAS and LC-ICP-MS.Talanta 2005,68:406-415.
[20]A.R.T(u|¨)rker,New sorbents for solid-phase extraction for metal enrichment,Clean 2007,35:548-557.
[21]H.Erdoan,(O|¨).Yalcinkaya,A.R.T(u|¨)rker,Determination of inorganic arsenic species by HG-AAS in water samples after preconcentration/separation on nano ZrO_2/B_2O_3 by solid phase extraction,Desalination 2011,280:391-396.
[22]T.C.Voice,L V.F.del Pino,I.Havezov,D.T.Long,Field deployable method for arsenic speciation in water,Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2011,36:436-441.
[23]V.M.Sanchez,B.Zwicker,A.Chatt,Determination of As(Ⅲ),As(Ⅴ),MMA and DMA in drinking water by SPE and neutron activation,J.Radioanal.Nucl.Chem.2009,282(1):133-138.
[24]F.Shemirani,M.Baghdadi,M.Ramezani,Preconcentration and determination of ultra trace amounts of arsenic(Ⅲ)and arsenic(Ⅴ)in tap water and total arsenic in biological samples by CPE and ETAAS,Talanta 2005,65:882-887.
[25]A.Tang,G Ding,X.Yan,Cloud point extraction for the determination of As(Ⅲ)in water samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.Talanta 2005,67:942-946.
[26]M.A.M.da Silva,V.L A.Frescura,A.J.Curtius,Spectrochim.Acta B 2000,55:803-813
[27]S.F P.Pereira,S.L C.Ferreira,G R.Oliveira,D C.Palheta,B.C.Barros,Eclet.Quim.2008,33:23-29.
[28]R.E Rivas,I.Lopez-Garcia,M.Hernandez-Cordoba,Spectrochim.Acta B 2009,64:329-333.
[29]J.A.Baig,T.G.Kazi,A.Q.Shah,M.B.Arain,H.I.Afridi,G A.Kandhro,S.Khan,Anal.Chim.Acta 2009,651:57-63.
[30]Halil Ibrahim Ulusoy,Mehmet Akcay,Song(u|¨)l Ulusoy,Ramazan Gtirkan,Determination of ultra trace arsenic species in water samples by HG-AAS after CPE,Anal Chim Acta 2011,703:137-144.
[31]I.Komorowicz,D.Barakiewicz,Arsenic and its speciation in water samples byHPLC-ICPMS—Last decade review,Talanta 2011,84:247-261.
[32]A.A.Ammann,Arsenic speciation by gradient anion exchange narrow bore ion chromatography and high resolution ICPMS detection,J.Chromatogr.A,2010,1217:2111-2116.
[33]R.Chen,B.W.Smith,J.D Winefordner,M.S.Tu,G Kertulis,L Q.Ma,Anal.Chim.Acta 2004,504:199-207
[34]Z.Gong,X.Lu,M.Ma,C.Watt,X C.Le,Arsenic speciation analysis.Talanta 2002,58:77-96.
[35]X C.Le,M.Ma,Anal.Chem.1998,70(9):1926-1933.
[36]M.Montes-Bayon,K.DeNicola,J.A.Caruso,Liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.J.Chromatogr.A 2003,1000:457-476.
[37]X C.Le,M.Ma,A.Wong,Anal.Chem.1996,68(24):4501-4506
[38]R.Chen,B.W.Smith,J.D Winefordner,et al.,Anal.Chim.Acta2004,504:199-207
[39]X C.Le,M.Ma,J.Chromatogr.A 1997,764:55-64.
[40]B.Do,S.Robinet,D.Pradeau,F.Guyon,Speciation of arsenic and selenium compounds by ion-pair reversedphase chromatography with ETAAS.Application of experimental design for chromatographic optimisation.J.Chromatogr.A.2001,918:87-98.
[41]P.Niedzielski,M.Siepak,J.Siepak,Microchem.J.2002,72:137-145.
[42]J.T.van Elteren,Z.Slejkovec,Ion-exchange separation of eight arsenic compounds by HPLC-UV decomposition-HG-AFS and stability tests for food treatment procedures.J.Chromatogr.A 1997,789:339-348.
[43]M.C.Villa-Lojo,E.Alonso-Rodriguez,P.Lopez-Mahia,S.Muniategui-Lorenzo,D.Prada-Rodriguez,Coupled HPLC-microwave digestion-HG-AAS for inorganic and organic arsenic speciation in fish tissue.Talanta2002,57:741-750.
[44]R.Sur,L.Dunemann,Method for the determination of five toxicologically relevant arsenic species in human urine by LC-HG-AAS.J.Chromatogr.B 2004,807:169-176.
[45]P.Niedzielski,Anal.Chim.Acta 2005,551:199-206.
[46]A.R.Timerbaev,K.Pawlak,C.Gabbiani,L Messori,Trends Anal.Chem.2011,30:1120-1138.
[47]B.Michalke,P.Schramel,CE interfaced to ICPMS for element selective detection in arsenic speciation[J].Electrophoresis 1998,19:2220-2225.
[48]Y.M.Huang,C.W.Whang,Capillary electrophoresis of arsenic compounds with indirect fluorescence detection[J].Electrophoresis 1998,19:2140-2144.
[49]M.Van Holderbeke,Y.Zhao,F.Vanhaecke,L Moens,R Dams,P.Sandra,J.Anal.Atom.Spectrom.1999,14:229-234.
[50]H.Md Anawar,Review;Arsenic speciation in environmental samples by hydride generation and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry,Talanta 2012,88:30-42.
[51]R.Anderson,M.Thompson,E.Culbard,Selective reduction of arsenic species by continuous hydride generation.PartⅠ.Reaction media,Analyst 1986,111:1143-1152.
[52]R.Torralba,M.Bonilla,A.Palacios,C.Camara,FI analysis and continuous flow systems to determine As(Ⅲ)and As(Ⅴ)by HG-AAS,Analusis 1994,22:478-482.
[53]N.Coelho,A.Cosmen da Silva,C.Moraes da Silva,Determination of As(Ⅲ)and total inorganic arsenic by FI-HG-AAS,Anal.Chim.Acta 2002,460:227-233.
[54]A.Anthemidis,G Zachariadis,J.Stratis,Determination of arsenic(Ⅲ)and total inorganic arsenic in water samples using an on-line sequential insertion system and HG-AAS,Anal.Chim.Acta 2005,547:237-242.
[55]M.Sigrist,H.Beldomenico,Determination of inorganic arsenic species by flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry with variable sodium tetrahydroborate concentrations,Spectrochim.Acta Part B 2004,59:1041-1045.
[56]M.Sigrista,A.Albertengo,H.Beldomenico,M.Tudino,Determination of As(Ⅲ)and total inorganic As in water samples using an on-line SPE and FI-HG-AAS,J.Hazardous Materials 2011,188:311-318.
[57]F.Shemirani,M.Baghdadi,M.Ramezani,Preconcentration and determination of ultra trace amounts of arsenic(Ⅲ)and arsenic(Ⅴ)in tap water and total arsenic in biological samples by CPE and ETAAS.Talanta 2005,65:882-887.
[58]A.J.Bednar,J.R.Garbarino,M.R.Burkhardt,J.F.Ranville,T.R.Wildeman,Field and laboratory arsenic speciation methods and their application to natural-water analysis[J].Water Res.2004,38:355-364.
[59]M.Ghambarian,M.R.Khalili-Zanjani,Y.Yamini,A.Esrafili,N.Yazdanfar,Preconcentration and speciation of arsenic in water specimens by the combination of solidification offloating drop microextraction and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry,Talanta 2010,81;197-201.
[60]R P.Monasterio,R.G.Wuilloud,J.Anal.At Spectrom.2010,25(9):1485-1490.
[61]P.Liang,R.Liu,Speciation analysis of inorganic arsenic in water samples by immobilized nanometer titanium dioxide separation and GFAAS determination,Anal.Chim.Acta,602:32-36
[62]Y.W.Chen,N.Belzile,HPLC-AFS for the speciation of the hydride and chemical vapour forming elements As,Se,Sb and Hg:a critical review,Anal.Chim.Acta 2010,671(1-2):9-26.
[63]Y.Zhang,W.Wang,L Li,Y.Huang,J.Cao,Eggshell membrane-based solid-phase extraction combined with HG-AFS for trace arsenic(V)in environmental water samples,Talanta 2010,80;1907-1912.
[64]Wei C,Liu J.Talanta 2007;73:540-545.
[65]A.Montaser,J.A.McLean,H.J.M.Liu,J.M.Mermet,in:A.Montaser(Ed.),Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry,Wiley-VCH,New York,1998.
[66]LZhu,S.Z.Chen,D B.Lu,X.L Cheng,At Spectrosc.30(6)(2009)218-222.
[67]G Pearson,G Greenway,A highly efficient sample introduction system for interfacing microfluidic chips with ICP-MS,J.Anal.At Spectrom.22(2007)657-662.
[68]A.Ramesh Kumar,P.Riyazuddin,Preservation of inorganic arsenic species in environmental water samples for reliable speciation analysis,Trends in Anal.Chem.,2010,29(10):1212-1223.