论一战后法国对西非殖民地的“联合”政策
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- 英文论文题名：The Association Policy of French West Africa since the First World War
- 论文作者：李鹏涛 ; 沈丹
- 英文论文作者：Pengtao LI ; Dan SHEN ; the Institute of African Studies ; Zhejiang Normal University
- 年：2016
- 作者机构：浙江师范大学非洲研究院;
- 论文关键词：法属西非 ; 同化 ; 联合 ; 殖民政策
- 英文论文关键词：French West Africa ; Assimilation ; Association ; Colonial policy
- 会议召开时间：2016-01-01
- 会议录名称：非洲研究2015年第2卷（总第7卷）
- 英文会议录名称：African Studies(No.2,2015,Vol.7)
- 语种：中文
- 分类号：D843;D856.5
- 学会代码：ZDFZ
- 学会名称：浙江师范大学非洲研究院
- 页数：15
- 文件大小：636k
- 原文格式：O
- 会议级别：全国
摘要
19世纪末法属西非殖民地确立以来,法国一直实行以"封建解放"和"直接接触"为特征的"同化"政策。到"一战"前后,法属西非政府意识到"同化"政策难以为继。由于殖民地开化精英阶层的出现,法国文明使命观念的变化,以及帝国本土政治和文化的影响,殖民政府对于非洲传统统治者态度发生转变。在当时的民族志研究的支持下,法国转而实行保护土著结构的"联合"政策。"联合"政策有效遏制了"开化精英"的政治诉求,并且赢得了此前反叛的酋长的忠诚。在非洲社会剧烈变迁的背景下,"联合"政策既要将酋长塑造成社会变革工具,又试图维持其"传统"合法性,这一内在悖论注定了"联合"政策难以实现。
Since the foundation of French West Africa,French had taken the policy of assimilation,with the character of " feudal liberation" and " direct engagement".After the First World War,French West Africa authorities recognized that the "assimilation" policy could not sustain.With the emergence of 6volu6 s elites,the transformed French mission for civilization,and the political culture of metropolitan France,colonial government had altered its policy towards the traditional rulers.With the support of ethnographic study,French colonial authorities took the policy of " association" to preserve the traditional authority structure.This " association" policy had not only effectively curbed the demand of the évolués,but also won the support of the allegiance of traditional chiefs.Against the background of rapid social changes,this "association" policy sought to shape the chieftain as the method of social changes,meanwhile also trying to maintain its " traditional" legitimacy;this contradiction determined that "association" policy could not succeed.
Since the foundation of French West Africa,French had taken the policy of assimilation,with the character of " feudal liberation" and " direct engagement".After the First World War,French West Africa authorities recognized that the "assimilation" policy could not sustain.With the emergence of 6volu6 s elites,the transformed French mission for civilization,and the political culture of metropolitan France,colonial government had altered its policy towards the traditional rulers.With the support of ethnographic study,French colonial authorities took the policy of " association" to preserve the traditional authority structure.This " association" policy had not only effectively curbed the demand of the évolués,but also won the support of the allegiance of traditional chiefs.Against the background of rapid social changes,this "association" policy sought to shape the chieftain as the method of social changes,meanwhile also trying to maintain its " traditional" legitimacy;this contradiction determined that "association" policy could not succeed.
引文
(1)关于法国对于法属西非的殖民统治政策,国内学界已经一些相关研究。不过就笔者所知,关于法国殖民统治政策的基本特征、转变过程及其影响评价,目前国内学界尚未有系统梳理。相关研究参见郑家馨《殖民主义史(非洲卷)》,北京大学出版社1999年版;高岱:《英法殖民地行政管理体制特点评析(1850—1945)》,《历史研究》2000年第4期。
(2)Alice L.Conklin,A Mission to Civilize:The Republic Idea of Empire in France and West Africa,1895-1930,Stanford University Press,1997,p.110.
(3)R.Delavignette,Freedom and Authority in French West Africa,Oxford Univeraity Press,1950,pp.71-72,79.
(1)Alice L.Conklin,A Mission to Civilize;The Republic Idea of Empire in France and West Africa,1895-1930,Stanford University Press,1997,p.6.
(2)Alice L.Conklin,A Mission to Civilize,p.197.
(1)Monica M.van Beusekom,"Individualism,Community,and Cooperatives in the Development Thinking of the Union Soudanaise-RDA,1946-1960,"African Studies Review,Vol.51,No.2(September 2008),pp.8-9.
(2)Alice Conklin,A Mission to Civilize,pp.187-188.
(3)Ruth Ginio,"French Colonial Reading of Ethnographic Research:The Case of the'Desertion'of the Abron King and its Aftermath,"Cahiers d'Etudes africaines,No.166(2002),p.339.
(4)Ruth Ginio,"French Colonial Reading of Ethnographic Research,"p.340.
(5)转引自李安山《法国在非洲的殖民统治浅析》,《西亚非洲》1991年第1期,第28页。
(1)Thomas Hylland Eriksen,Ethnicity and Nationalism?Anthropological Perspectives,Pluto Press,1993,pp.15-17.
(2)Monica M.van Beusekom,"Individualism,Community,and Cooperatives in the Development Thinking of the Union Soudanaise-RDA,1946-1960,"p.7.
(3)E.Van Hoven,"Representing Social Hierarchy.Administrators—Ethnographers in the French Sudan;Delafosse,Monteil,and Labouret,"Cahiers d'Etudes afiieaines,Vol.30,No.2(1990),pp.179-185.
(4)Alice Conklin,A Mission to Civilize,pp.176-177.
(1)E.Van Hoven,"Representing Social Hierarchy,"pp.179-198.
(1)Janet G.Vaillant,Black,French and African;A life of Leopold Sedar Senghor,Harvard University Press,1990,pp.49-56.
(2)Alice L.Conklin,"'Democracy'Rediscovered:Civilization through Association in French West Africa(1914—1930),"Cahiers d'Etudes Afiicaines,Vol.37,Cahier 145(1997),p.66.
(3)Alice Conklin,A Mission to Civilize,pp.159-165.
(1)Alice L.Conklin,"'Democracy'Rediscovered,"pp.59-84.
(1)Monica M.van Beusekom,"Individualism,Community,and Cooperatives in the Development Thinking of the Union Soudanaise-RDA,1946—1960,"p.3.
(1)Alice L.Conklin,"*Democracy'Rediscovered,"p.69.
(1)Alice L.Conklin,"'Democracy'Rediscovered,"p.75.
(2)Monica M.van Beusekom,"Colonisation Indigene:French Rural Development Ideology at the Office du Niger,1920-1940,"The International Journal of African Historical Studies,Vol.30,No.2(1997),p.313.
(1)Ruth Ginio,"French Colonial Reading of Ethnographic Research,"p.341.
(2)Alice L.Conklin,A Mission to Civilize:The Republic Idea of Empire in France and West Africa,1895-1930,Stanford University Press,1997,p.110.
(3)R.Delavignette,Freedom and Authority in French West Africa,Oxford Univeraity Press,1950,pp.71-72,79.
(1)Alice L.Conklin,A Mission to Civilize;The Republic Idea of Empire in France and West Africa,1895-1930,Stanford University Press,1997,p.6.
(2)Alice L.Conklin,A Mission to Civilize,p.197.
(1)Monica M.van Beusekom,"Individualism,Community,and Cooperatives in the Development Thinking of the Union Soudanaise-RDA,1946-1960,"African Studies Review,Vol.51,No.2(September 2008),pp.8-9.
(2)Alice Conklin,A Mission to Civilize,pp.187-188.
(3)Ruth Ginio,"French Colonial Reading of Ethnographic Research:The Case of the'Desertion'of the Abron King and its Aftermath,"Cahiers d'Etudes africaines,No.166(2002),p.339.
(4)Ruth Ginio,"French Colonial Reading of Ethnographic Research,"p.340.
(5)转引自李安山《法国在非洲的殖民统治浅析》,《西亚非洲》1991年第1期,第28页。
(1)Thomas Hylland Eriksen,Ethnicity and Nationalism?Anthropological Perspectives,Pluto Press,1993,pp.15-17.
(2)Monica M.van Beusekom,"Individualism,Community,and Cooperatives in the Development Thinking of the Union Soudanaise-RDA,1946-1960,"p.7.
(3)E.Van Hoven,"Representing Social Hierarchy.Administrators—Ethnographers in the French Sudan;Delafosse,Monteil,and Labouret,"Cahiers d'Etudes afiieaines,Vol.30,No.2(1990),pp.179-185.
(4)Alice Conklin,A Mission to Civilize,pp.176-177.
(1)E.Van Hoven,"Representing Social Hierarchy,"pp.179-198.
(1)Janet G.Vaillant,Black,French and African;A life of Leopold Sedar Senghor,Harvard University Press,1990,pp.49-56.
(2)Alice L.Conklin,"'Democracy'Rediscovered:Civilization through Association in French West Africa(1914—1930),"Cahiers d'Etudes Afiicaines,Vol.37,Cahier 145(1997),p.66.
(3)Alice Conklin,A Mission to Civilize,pp.159-165.
(1)Alice L.Conklin,"'Democracy'Rediscovered,"pp.59-84.
(1)Monica M.van Beusekom,"Individualism,Community,and Cooperatives in the Development Thinking of the Union Soudanaise-RDA,1946—1960,"p.3.
(1)Alice L.Conklin,"*Democracy'Rediscovered,"p.69.
(1)Alice L.Conklin,"'Democracy'Rediscovered,"p.75.
(2)Monica M.van Beusekom,"Colonisation Indigene:French Rural Development Ideology at the Office du Niger,1920-1940,"The International Journal of African Historical Studies,Vol.30,No.2(1997),p.313.
(1)Ruth Ginio,"French Colonial Reading of Ethnographic Research,"p.341.