北京2012年7-9月致霾细粒子化学组分分析
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摘要
以霾为代表的的空气污染过程,严重危害人体健康。霾的形成与细颗粒物化学组分密切相关。本文详细报道了颗粒物化学组分监测仪(.ACSM)在表征致霾细粒子化学组分,包括有机物、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐和氯化物。北京市7-9月间,颗粒物污染状况不容乐观,污染事件(PM1>100μg m~(-3))与洁净天(PM1<20μg m~(-3))交替出现,并且洁净天的持续时间通常较短,而污染天则会持续较长时间,有时甚至超过一个星期;有机物是亚微米气溶胶中最重要的组成部分,平均占到PM1的~39%;整个观测期间的大气气溶胶基本表现为中性状态;由7月到9月,NR-PM1质量浓度出现频率最大的区域不断向质量浓度减小的方向集中,Org的质量分数均随NR-PM1质量浓度的增加而不断减小,降低的幅度达到~40%。同时,PM1各化学组分均表现出各自的日变化规律,不同月份间的变化曲线相似,7-9月质量浓度呈现下降趋势。
引文
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[28]Middlebrook A M,Bahreini R,Jimenez J L,et al.Evaluation of Composition-Dependent Collection Efficiencies for the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer using Field Data[J].Aerosol Sci.Tech.,2011,46:258-271.
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[30]Ulbrich I M,Canagaratna M R,Zhang Q,et al.Interpretation of organic components from Positive Matrix Factorization of aerosol mass spectrometric data[J].Atmos.Chem.Phys.,2009,9(9):2891-2918.
[31]Sun Y,Wang Z,Fu P,et al.The impact of relative humidity on aerosol composition and evolution processes during wintertime in Beijing,China[J].Atmos Environ,2013,77:927-934.
[32]He L Y,Lin Y,Huang X F,et al.Characterization of high-resolution aerosol mass spectra of primary organic aerosol emissions from Chinese cooking and biomass burning[J].Atmos Chem Phys,2010,10(23):115 35-11543.
[33]Huang X F,He L Y,Hu M,et al.Highly time-resolved chemical characterization of atmospheric submicron particles during 2008 Beijing Olympic Games using an Aerodyne High-Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometer[J].Atmos Chem Phys,2010,10(18):8933-8945.
[2]Zhang X Y,Wang Y Q,Niu T,et al.Atmospheric aerosol compositions in China:spatial/temporal variability[J],chemical signature,regional haze distribution and comparisons with global aerosols.Atmos.Chem.Phys.,2012,12(2):779-799.
[3]Chan C K,Yao X.Air pollution in mega cities in China[J].Atmos.Environ.,2008,42(1):1-42.
[4]Duan F,Liu X,Yu T,et al.Identification and estimate of biomass burning contribution to the urban aerosol organic carbon concentrations in Beijing[J].Atmos.Environ.,2004,38(9):1275-1282.
[5]He K,Yang F,Ma Y,et al.The characteristics of PM2.5 in Beijing,China[J].Atmos.Environ.,2001,35(29):4959-4970.
[6]Sun Y,Zhuang G,Wang Y,et al.The air-borne particulate pollution in Beijing-concentration,composition,distribution and sources[J].Atmos.Environ.,2004,38(35):5991-6004.
[7]Huang X F,He L Y,Hu M,et al.Highly time-resolved chemical characterization of atmospheric submicron particles during 2008 Beijing Olympic Games using an Aerodyne High-Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometer[J].Atmos.Chem.Phys.,2010,10(18):8933-8945.
[8]Sun J,Zhang Q,Canagaratna M R,et al.Highly time-and size-resolved characterization of submicron aerosol particles in Beijing using an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer[J].Atmos.Environ.,2010,44(1):131-140.
[9]Sun Y,Wang Z,Dong H,et al.Characterization of summer organic and inorganic aerosols in Beijing,China with an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor[J].Atmos.Environ.,2012,51:250-259.
[10]Zhang Q,Jimenez J L,Canagaratna M R,et al.Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenically-influenced northern hemisphere mid-latitudes[J].Geophys.Res.Lett,2007,34:L13801.
[11]Sun Y,Wang Z F,Fu P,et al.Aerosol composition,sources and processes during wintertime in Beijing,China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions,2013,13(1):2077-2123.
[12]姚婷婷,黄晓锋,何凌燕,et al.深圳市冬季大气消光性质与细粒子化学组成的高时间分辨率观测和统计关系研究[J].中国科学:化学,2010,40(8):1163-1171.
[13]Huang K,Zhuang G,Lin Y,et al.Impact of anthropogenic emission on air quality over a megacity-revealed from an intensive atmospheric campaign during the Chinese Spring Festival[J].Atmos.Chem.Phys.,2012,12(23):11631-11645.
[14]Huang K,Zhuang G,Lin Y,et al.Typical types and formation mechanisms of haze in an Eastern Asia megacity,Shanghai[J].Atmos.Chem.Phys.,2012,12(1):105-124.
[15]Sun Y,Zhuang G,Tang A,et al.Chemical Characteristics of PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)in Haze-Fog Episodes in Beijing[J].Environ.Sci.Technol.,2006,40(10):3148-3155.
[16]Guo S,Hu M,Wang Z B,et al.Size-resolved aerosol water-soluble ionic compositions in the summer of Beijing:implication of regional secondary formation[J].Atmos.Chem.Phys.,2010,10(3):947-959.
[17]Dong H B,Zeng L M,Hu M,et al.Technical Note:The application of an improved gas and aerosol collector for ambient air pollutants in China[J].Atmos.Chem.Phys.,2012,12(21):10519-10533.
[18]Orsini D A,Ma Y L,Sullivan A,et al.Refinements to the particle-into-liquid sampler(PILS)for ground and airborne measurements of water soluble aerosol composition[J].Atmos.Environ.,2003,37(9-10):1243-1259.
[19]Canagaratna M,Jayne J,Jimenez J L,et al.Chemical and microphysical characterization of aerosols via Aerosol Mass Spectrometry[J].Mass Spectrom.Rev.,2007,26:185-222.
[20]Ng N L,Herndon S C,Trimborn A,et al.An Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor(ACSM)for Routine Monitoring of the Composition and Mass Concentrations of Ambient Aerosol[J].Aerosol Sci.Tech.,2011,45(7):770-784.
[21]Liu P S K,Deng R,Smith K A,et al.Transmission efficiency of an aerodynamic focusing lens system:Comparison of model calculations and laboratory measurements for the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer[J].Aerosol Sci.Tech.,2007,41(8):721-733.
[22]Makkonen U,Virkkula A,M(a|¨)nlykentt(a|¨)J,et al.Semi-continuous gas and inorganic aerosol measurements at a Finnish urban site:comparisons with filters,nitrogen in aerosol and gas phases,and aerosol acidity[J].Atmos.Chem.Phys.,2012,12(12):5617-5631.
[23]DeCarlo P F,Kimmel J R,Trimborn A,et al.Field-Deployable,High-Resolution,Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer[J].Anal.Chem.,2006,78:8281-8289.
[24]Zhang Q,Canagaratna M C,Jayne J T,et al.Time and size-resolved chemical composition of submicron particles in Pittsburgh-Implications for aerosol sources and processes[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2005,110:D07S09,doi:10.1029/2004JD004649.
[25]Allan J D,Delia A E,Coe H,et al.A generalised method for the extraction of chemically resolved mass spectra from Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer data[J].J.Aerosol Sci.,2004,35(7):909-922.
[26]Huffman J A,Jayne J T,Drewnick F,et al.Design,modeling,optimization,and experimental tests of a particle beam width probe for the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer[J].Aerosol Sci.Tech.,2005,39:1143-1163.
[27]Matthew B M,Middlebrook A M,Onasch T B.Collection Efficiencies in an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer as a Function of Particle Phase for Laboratory Generated Aerosols[J].Aerosol Sci.Tech.,2008,42(11):884-898.
[28]Middlebrook A M,Bahreini R,Jimenez J L,et al.Evaluation of Composition-Dependent Collection Efficiencies for the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer using Field Data[J].Aerosol Sci.Tech.,2011,46:258-271.
[29]Paatero P,Tapper U.Positive matrix factorization:A non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values[J].Environmetrics,1994,5:111-126.
[30]Ulbrich I M,Canagaratna M R,Zhang Q,et al.Interpretation of organic components from Positive Matrix Factorization of aerosol mass spectrometric data[J].Atmos.Chem.Phys.,2009,9(9):2891-2918.
[31]Sun Y,Wang Z,Fu P,et al.The impact of relative humidity on aerosol composition and evolution processes during wintertime in Beijing,China[J].Atmos Environ,2013,77:927-934.
[32]He L Y,Lin Y,Huang X F,et al.Characterization of high-resolution aerosol mass spectra of primary organic aerosol emissions from Chinese cooking and biomass burning[J].Atmos Chem Phys,2010,10(23):115 35-11543.
[33]Huang X F,He L Y,Hu M,et al.Highly time-resolved chemical characterization of atmospheric submicron particles during 2008 Beijing Olympic Games using an Aerodyne High-Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometer[J].Atmos Chem Phys,2010,10(18):8933-8945.