认知监控的领域一般性:冲突适应对性别刻板印象的影响
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- 英文论文题名：Cognitive Monitoring in Different Contexts:The Effect of Conflict Adaptation on Gender Stereotype
- 论文作者：袁菲 ; 张力元 ; 赵凤青
- 英文论文作者：Yuan Fei ; Zhang Liyuan ; Zhao Fengqing ; College of Psychology ; Shaanxi Normal University ; Department of Psychology ; Renmin University of China
- 年：2015
- 作者机构：陕西师范大学心理学院;中国人民大学心理学系;
- 论文关键词：认知控制 ; 冲突适应效应 ; 冲突观察 ; Flanker范式 ; 性别刻板印象
- 英文论文关键词：cognitive control ; conflict adaptation effect ; observation of conflict ; Flanker paradigm ; gender stereotype
- 会议召开时间：2015-10-16
- 会议录名称：第十八届全国心理学学术会议摘要集——心理学与社会发展
- 英文会议录名称：Proceedings of the 18th National Academic Congress of Psychology
- 语种：中文
- 分类号：B842.1
- 学会代码：ZGXG
- 会议名称：第十八届全国心理学学术会议
- 会议地点：中国天津
- 主办单位：中国心理学会
- 学会名称：中国心理学会
- 页数：3
- 文件大小：810k
- 原文格式：D
- 会议级别：全国
摘要
生活中的冲突信息不仅是纯粹的认知冲突,还存在包含社会信息的冲突。例如与刻板印象相关的冲突信息。根据刻板印象的加工理论,刻板印象是以图式的形式存在与个体的认知系统中,通过该图式来指导当前信息加工的过程。个体在对当前信息与刻板印象一致性的判断其实就是一种冲突检测。当信息与刻板印象存在冲突时,个体就需要更多的认知资源来完成当前的任务。我们可以看出对刻板印象信息的加工是需要认知控制的。本研究关注的问题是引发冲突适应的范围,是领域特定的还是领域一般的。认知控制对刻板印象的表达有一定调节作用,同时个体对刻板印象的表达也有主观调节的能力,使得对刻板印象的评价特别适用于研究社会因素是否能影响认知控制的跨领域效应。本研究利用大众对性别的刻板印象,将其与Flanker任务结合,形成性别Flanker范式。实验一通过性别Flanker任务,考查了该范式中是否存在与性别刻板印象一致的冲突效应;在实验二和实验三中,改变相邻两个试次的刺激材料(中性的箭头或带有刻板印象的性别典型姓名以及特质词),分别用任务转换范式以及冲突观察范式验证冲突适应的跨领域作用。本研究采用实验法,以本科大学生为被试,通过三个实验递进的探讨了认知控制在性别刻板印象的加工中的作用,以及通过认知监控的跨领域研究范式考察了认知冲突是否可以跨领域作用(中性刺激产生的冲突信息能否对性别刻板印象信息加工产生影响)。对本研究的结果进行分析,最终得到了以下主要结论:1、反应冲突和认知控制在调节个体对性别分类中扮演着一个很重要的角色。在性别Flanker任务中存在冲突效应。同时该效应不存在性别差异。2、反应转换任务的冲突适应是领域特定的,具体为箭头Flanker任务中的冲突适应不能持续到下一个试次的性别Flanker任务中。3、之前试次的观察flanker任务的冲突适应可以对当前试次的性别Flanker任务产生影响。在这种条件下,冲突适应效应是可以跨领域作用的。冲突适应的跨领域效应不存在性别差异。
The conflicting information is not only a purely cognition, but also contains society – related information. For example, there is a conflict associated with stereotype. Based on the mechanism of stereotypes, the stereotypical information is saved as schema in the long-term memory, and according tothese schemes to guide the current process of information processing. To judge whether the current information is consistent with the stereotype is actually a kind of conflict detection. When the information are in conflict with stereotypes, the individual requires more cognitive resources to complete the current task. We can see that cognitive control is needed during the stereotypical information processing. This study focused on the extent of the conflicts conflict: extent adaptations to conflict are domain-general or rather specific. The modulating role cognitive control plays in the expression of implicit bias, coupled with the high social and personal significance of the goal not to be(or appear) biased, makes the assessment of implicit bias especially suitable for examining whether personal significance can facilitate adjustment of control across domains. This study uses gender stereotypes, combined with Eriksen Flanker task to generate a Gender Flanker task. In Experiment 1, we used this Gender Flanker task to examine participants' response manner is in line with the pattern reflected common gender stereotypes, which is similar with the conflict effect of traditional Flanker tasks. In Experiment 2 and Experiment 3, we intermixed trials of a classic Flanker task with trials of a Gender Flanker task, used conflict paradigm and conflict observation paradigm to test whether control over the expression of stereotypes, a highly meaningful and desirable goal for many, can benefit from control readiness evoked by a neutral unrelated Flanker task. In conclusion, this study finally got the following main conclusions: 1. Cognitive conflict detection system and response conflicts play important roles in stereotype threat effects. In gender Flanker task, responses to stereotypical names reflected the common stereotypes; namely, response times will be shorter for stereotype congruent versus stereotype incongruent stimuli. This effect does not have gender differences. 2. The conflict adaptation effects didn't occur during a task-switching design.Conflict information form a neutral arrow Flanker trial didn't impact the next gender Flanker trial. 3. Conflict information form a conflict observation arrow Flanker trial did impact the next gender Flanker trial. Under this condition, conflict adaptation effect can be across the situation, and there is no difference between male and female.
The conflicting information is not only a purely cognition, but also contains society – related information. For example, there is a conflict associated with stereotype. Based on the mechanism of stereotypes, the stereotypical information is saved as schema in the long-term memory, and according tothese schemes to guide the current process of information processing. To judge whether the current information is consistent with the stereotype is actually a kind of conflict detection. When the information are in conflict with stereotypes, the individual requires more cognitive resources to complete the current task. We can see that cognitive control is needed during the stereotypical information processing. This study focused on the extent of the conflicts conflict: extent adaptations to conflict are domain-general or rather specific. The modulating role cognitive control plays in the expression of implicit bias, coupled with the high social and personal significance of the goal not to be(or appear) biased, makes the assessment of implicit bias especially suitable for examining whether personal significance can facilitate adjustment of control across domains. This study uses gender stereotypes, combined with Eriksen Flanker task to generate a Gender Flanker task. In Experiment 1, we used this Gender Flanker task to examine participants' response manner is in line with the pattern reflected common gender stereotypes, which is similar with the conflict effect of traditional Flanker tasks. In Experiment 2 and Experiment 3, we intermixed trials of a classic Flanker task with trials of a Gender Flanker task, used conflict paradigm and conflict observation paradigm to test whether control over the expression of stereotypes, a highly meaningful and desirable goal for many, can benefit from control readiness evoked by a neutral unrelated Flanker task. In conclusion, this study finally got the following main conclusions: 1. Cognitive conflict detection system and response conflicts play important roles in stereotype threat effects. In gender Flanker task, responses to stereotypical names reflected the common stereotypes; namely, response times will be shorter for stereotype congruent versus stereotype incongruent stimuli. This effect does not have gender differences. 2. The conflict adaptation effects didn't occur during a task-switching design.Conflict information form a neutral arrow Flanker trial didn't impact the next gender Flanker trial. 3. Conflict information form a conflict observation arrow Flanker trial did impact the next gender Flanker trial. Under this condition, conflict adaptation effect can be across the situation, and there is no difference between male and female.
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