托马斯·阿奎那的三一学说
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- 英文论文题名：St.Thomas Aquinas on the Doctrine of Divine Trinity
- 论文作者：车桂
- 英文论文作者：Mary G.Che
- 年：2016
- 作者机构：武汉大学哲学学院;
- 论文关键词：神圣位格 ; 永恒生出 ; 永恒发出 ; 位格关系 ; 位格表记 ; 神圣本质
- 英文论文关键词：Person ; Generation ; Procession ; Relationship ; Characteristic ; Essence
- 会议召开时间：2016-08-01
- 会议录名称：基督教思想评论（总第二十一辑）
- 英文会议录名称：Regent Review of Christian Thoughts
- 语种：中文
- 分类号：B503.21
- 学会代码：ZJWH
- 学会名称：宗教文化出版社
- 页数：18
- 文件大小：795k
- 原文格式：O
摘要
托马斯·阿奎那的三一学说可谓托马斯基督教学说的基石和中枢。在《神学大全》中,托马斯的三一学说是托马斯的上帝学说的精髓。在《驳异大全》中,托马斯的三一学说是托马斯的超自然原理的开端。托马斯的三一学说是中世纪经院神学中神圣启示和理性沉思的完美结合的卓越典范。托马斯对于位格概念的深刻阐述,对于作为上帝神圣本质的存在、理解和意志的同一性的深刻阐述,揭示出作为上帝神圣理智的内在行动的圣言的永恒生出,就是作为神圣位格的圣子的永恒生出,以及作为上帝神圣意志的内在行动的圣爱的永恒发出,就是作为神圣位格的圣灵的永恒发出。托马斯对于神圣位格的两种永恒发出的阐述是深刻而精辟的,托马斯对于位格关系以及位格表记的阐述是深刻而精辟的。作为神圣位格的圣父圣子圣灵在永恒中藉着起源关系而彼此区分,作为神圣位格的圣父圣子圣灵在永恒中具有完全相同的神圣本质。托马斯的三一学说蕴涵着对于希腊教父和拉丁教父两方面传统的深邃理解和创造性综合。托马斯经常援引的著名教父是奥古斯丁、希拉利和波爱修和亚他那修。托马斯对于神圣位格的两种永恒发出的阐述,对于神圣位格的实在关系的阐述,对于神圣位格的独特表记的阐述,就其神学沉思的精湛和深邃而言都是超越教父时期的三一学说的。在托马斯的三一学说中,学者可以领略到这位中世纪思想导师殚精竭虑地承前启后的"尊贵的谦冲"。
The basic truth that divine revelation tells us about God as the divine Trinity is that God is the One who is yet the Three,the Father,the Son and the Holy Spirit,who live one life.The purpose and the fruit of our whole life is the knowledge of the Trinity in unity.Eternal Wisdom became man in human history in order to help us " Go to the Trinity",namely to return to the Father through the Son under the guidance of the Holy Spirit,and the age in which we live is still an age over which the Trinity governs.The doctrine of the divine Trinity is the key to the whole theology of the Summa.There is only one true God...the Father,the Son and the Holy Spirit,three Persons but one essence which is completely simple.God existing in His own being,God existing in His own knowing and God existing in His own loving are really one.God's Word has been with the Father who speaks the Word,who is the divine person of the Son,from all eternity;in the same way God' s Love has been with the Father and the Son,who breathe the Love who is the divine person of the Holy Spirit,from all eternity.Following the Fathers,with the Scriptural basis for theological meditation and explanation of the divine mystery,and together with his classification of five divine characteristics,four divine relationships,three divine persons,two divine processions and one divine essence,St.Thomas Aquinas provided us with a sophisticated and profound theology of the divine Trinity.
The basic truth that divine revelation tells us about God as the divine Trinity is that God is the One who is yet the Three,the Father,the Son and the Holy Spirit,who live one life.The purpose and the fruit of our whole life is the knowledge of the Trinity in unity.Eternal Wisdom became man in human history in order to help us " Go to the Trinity",namely to return to the Father through the Son under the guidance of the Holy Spirit,and the age in which we live is still an age over which the Trinity governs.The doctrine of the divine Trinity is the key to the whole theology of the Summa.There is only one true God...the Father,the Son and the Holy Spirit,three Persons but one essence which is completely simple.God existing in His own being,God existing in His own knowing and God existing in His own loving are really one.God's Word has been with the Father who speaks the Word,who is the divine person of the Son,from all eternity;in the same way God' s Love has been with the Father and the Son,who breathe the Love who is the divine person of the Holy Spirit,from all eternity.Following the Fathers,with the Scriptural basis for theological meditation and explanation of the divine mystery,and together with his classification of five divine characteristics,four divine relationships,three divine persons,two divine processions and one divine essence,St.Thomas Aquinas provided us with a sophisticated and profound theology of the divine Trinity.
引文
1.Thomas Aquinas,Summa Theologica,Latin and English edition.61volumes.New York:Cambridge University Press,2006.
2.Thomas Aquinas,Summa Contra Gentiles,4 volumes.Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press,1975.
3.Thomas Aquinas,On the Truth of the Catholic Faith(Summa Contra Gentiles),5 volumes.New York,1955-1957.
4.Thomas Aquinas,Expositio super libros Boethii De Trinitate.Ed.Bruno Decker,Leiden:Brill,1959.
5.Thomas Aquinas,Faith,Reason and Theology(QuestionsⅠ-Ⅳof his Commentary on the De Trinitate of Boethius),Toronto:Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies,1987.
6.Thomas Aquinas,The Division and Method of the Sciences(QuestionsⅤandⅥof his Commentary on the De Trinitate of Boethius),Toronto Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies,1986.
7.Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John,Petersham,Mass,:St.Bede's Publications,1999.
8.Thomas Aquinas,De substantiis separatis.Ed.Leonion 40.Rome,1958.
9.Thomas Aquinas,Basic Writings of St.Thomas Aquinas,2 volumes.New York:Random House,1945.
10.Thomas Aquinas,De ente et essentia,in:Opera Omnia,ed.Leonine,vol.1.Rome:Dominian Friars of San Tommaso,1976.
11.Thomas Aquinas,On Being and Essence,Toronto:Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies,1968.
12.Thomas Aquinas,On the Power of God(De potentia),Westminster;The Newman Press,1952.
13.Thomas Aquinas,Truth(De veritate),Cambridge:hackett Publishing Company,1954.
14.Thomas Aquinas,Compendium of Theology,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009.
15.Augustine,The Trinity,New York:New City Press,1991.
16.Tertullian,Adversus Praxeam(PL 2).
17.Hilary,De Trinitate(PL 10).
18.Ambrose,De Trinitate(PL 17).
19.Boethius,De Trinitate(PL 64).
20.Anselm,De processione Spiritus Sancti(PL 158).
21.Richard of St.Victor,De Trinitate(PL 196).
22.Pseudo-Dionysius,De Divinis Nominibus(PG 3).
23.Athanasius,Contra Arianos(PG 26).
24.Didymus the Bliand,De Trinitate(PG 39).
25.Basil,De spiritu sancto(PG 32).
26.John of Damascus,De Fide Orthodoxa(PG 94).
27.Bonaventure,The Journey of the Mind to God,Combradge:Hackett Publishing Company,1993.
28.Karl Rahner,The Trinity,London;Burns and Oates,1970.
29.Gilles Emery,Trinity in Aquinas,Ypsilanti,MI;Sapientia Press,2003.
30.Gilles Emery,The Trinitarian Theology of Saint Thomas Aquinas,New York;Oxford University Press,2007.
31.圣多玛斯·阿奎那:《神学大全》(全书三集,17卷),周克勤等译,台湾:中华道明会/碧岳学社,2008年版。
32.托马斯·阿奎那:《神学大全》,第一集,段德智等译,北京:商务印书馆,2013年版。
33.圣多玛斯·阿奎那:《驳异大全》(四卷本:论真原,论万物,论万事,论奥秘),吕穆迪译,台湾:商务印书馆,1972年版。
[1]Thomas Aquinas,Summa Theologica,Latin and English edition.61 volumes.New York:Cambridge University Press,2006.
[1]Thomas Aquinas,On the Truth of the Catholic Faith(Summa Contra Gentiles),5 volumes.New York,1955-1957.Thomas Aquinas,Summa Contra Gentiles,4 volumes.Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press,1975.
[2]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John,Petersham,Mass,St.Bede's Publications,1999.
[3]Karl Rahner,The Trinity,London:Bums and Oates,1970,p.50.
[4]Thomas Aquinas,Faith,Reason and Theology(QuestionsⅠ-Ⅳof his Commentary on the De Trinitate of Boethius),Toronto:Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies,1987,1:4,pp.29-34.See Summa Theologica,Ia:32:1,and LeoⅩⅢ,Divinum Illud Munum,5~(th)May 1879.See Karl Rahner,The Trinity,pp.13-14.
[5]Anselm,Proslogion.
[6]See Karl Rahner,The Trinity,pp.21-24.
[1]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John.1,lect.1,nn.24-33,41;Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:27:1.
[2]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:27:2.
[3]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:27:3.
[4]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:27:4.
[5]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:27:5.
[6]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:28:1.
[7]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John.16,lect.4,n.2113;Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:28:2.
[1]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:28:4.
[2]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:29:1.
[3]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:29:3.
[4]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:29:4.
[5]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:32:2.
[1]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:32:3.
[2]Augustine,The Trinity,4:20,New York:New City Press,1991.
[3]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:32:3.
[4]Hilary,De Trinitate,9:54.
[1]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:33:4.
[2]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John.8,lect.3,n.1183.
[3]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:33:2.
[1]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John.8,lect.3,n.1183;Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:33:3.
[2]Gregory Nazianzan,oratio catechetica.31:26.
[3]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:32:3.
[4]Summa Contra Gentiles,IV:3.
[5]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John.1,lect.1,n.25.
[1]Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:2.Thomas Aquinas,Expositio Super Ubros Boethii de Trinitate.In:Faith,Reason and Theology(QuestionsⅠ-Ⅳof his Commentary on the De Trinitate of Boethius),Toronto:Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies,1987,p.4.
[2]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:27:2.
[3]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:14:4.
[4]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:27:2:ad2.
[5]Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:3.
[6]Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:11.
[1]John of Damascus,De Fide Orthodoxa,1:13.
[2]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:34:1.
[3]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:34:2;Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:12.
[4]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:27:2.
[5]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John.1,lect.1,n.42.
[6]Augustine,The Trinity,6:2.
[7]Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:11.
[1]Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:7.
[2]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:35:2.
[3]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:27:3.
[4]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:27:3:ad3.
[5]Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:24.
[6]Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:19.
[7]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:27:4.
[8]Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:15.
[1]Augustine,The Trinity,15:19.
[2]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:36:1.
[3]Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:17.
[4]Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:19.
[5]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:36:4;Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:25.
[6]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of JohnAA,lect.4,n.1916;Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:19.
[7]St.Gregoiy I,the Great,Pope(590-604),Homily.In Evang.2:30.
[8]Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:19.
[1]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:37:1.
[2]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John.17,lect.3,n.2214;Summa Theologica,Ia:37:2.
[3]Summa Theologica,Ia:38;2.
[4]Summa Theologica,Ia:38:1.
[5]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John.16,lect.4,n.2113.
[6]Augustine,The Trinity,7:6.
[1]Summa Theologica,Ia:3:3.
[2]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:29:1.
[3]Boethius,De Trinitate,6.
[4]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:28:2.
[5]Augustine,Contra Maximinum,2'14.
[6]Summa Theologica,Ia:39:2.
[7]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John.16,lect.4,b.2113.
[8]Boethius,De hebdomad.
[9]Summa Theologica,Ia:40:1.
[10]Boethius,De Trinitate.6.
[11]Summa Theologica,Ia:40:2.
[1]Augustine,De fide ad Petnun 2.
[2]Summa Theologica,Ia:41:1.
[3]Summa Theologka,Ia:41:1:ad1.
[4]Augustine,Ad Orosum.
[5]Summa Theologka,Ia:41:2.
[6]Summa Theologka,Ia:42:1.
[1]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:42:2.
[2]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:33:1:ad3.
[3]Augustine,Contra maximinum 2:14.
[4]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:42:3.
[5]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John.8,lect.5,n.1236.
[6]Augustine,The Trinity,4:20.
[7]Augustine,The Trinity,2:5.
[8]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:43:8.
[9]Karl Rahner,The Trinity,p.22.
2.Thomas Aquinas,Summa Contra Gentiles,4 volumes.Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press,1975.
3.Thomas Aquinas,On the Truth of the Catholic Faith(Summa Contra Gentiles),5 volumes.New York,1955-1957.
4.Thomas Aquinas,Expositio super libros Boethii De Trinitate.Ed.Bruno Decker,Leiden:Brill,1959.
5.Thomas Aquinas,Faith,Reason and Theology(QuestionsⅠ-Ⅳof his Commentary on the De Trinitate of Boethius),Toronto:Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies,1987.
6.Thomas Aquinas,The Division and Method of the Sciences(QuestionsⅤandⅥof his Commentary on the De Trinitate of Boethius),Toronto Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies,1986.
7.Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John,Petersham,Mass,:St.Bede's Publications,1999.
8.Thomas Aquinas,De substantiis separatis.Ed.Leonion 40.Rome,1958.
9.Thomas Aquinas,Basic Writings of St.Thomas Aquinas,2 volumes.New York:Random House,1945.
10.Thomas Aquinas,De ente et essentia,in:Opera Omnia,ed.Leonine,vol.1.Rome:Dominian Friars of San Tommaso,1976.
11.Thomas Aquinas,On Being and Essence,Toronto:Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies,1968.
12.Thomas Aquinas,On the Power of God(De potentia),Westminster;The Newman Press,1952.
13.Thomas Aquinas,Truth(De veritate),Cambridge:hackett Publishing Company,1954.
14.Thomas Aquinas,Compendium of Theology,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009.
15.Augustine,The Trinity,New York:New City Press,1991.
16.Tertullian,Adversus Praxeam(PL 2).
17.Hilary,De Trinitate(PL 10).
18.Ambrose,De Trinitate(PL 17).
19.Boethius,De Trinitate(PL 64).
20.Anselm,De processione Spiritus Sancti(PL 158).
21.Richard of St.Victor,De Trinitate(PL 196).
22.Pseudo-Dionysius,De Divinis Nominibus(PG 3).
23.Athanasius,Contra Arianos(PG 26).
24.Didymus the Bliand,De Trinitate(PG 39).
25.Basil,De spiritu sancto(PG 32).
26.John of Damascus,De Fide Orthodoxa(PG 94).
27.Bonaventure,The Journey of the Mind to God,Combradge:Hackett Publishing Company,1993.
28.Karl Rahner,The Trinity,London;Burns and Oates,1970.
29.Gilles Emery,Trinity in Aquinas,Ypsilanti,MI;Sapientia Press,2003.
30.Gilles Emery,The Trinitarian Theology of Saint Thomas Aquinas,New York;Oxford University Press,2007.
31.圣多玛斯·阿奎那:《神学大全》(全书三集,17卷),周克勤等译,台湾:中华道明会/碧岳学社,2008年版。
32.托马斯·阿奎那:《神学大全》,第一集,段德智等译,北京:商务印书馆,2013年版。
33.圣多玛斯·阿奎那:《驳异大全》(四卷本:论真原,论万物,论万事,论奥秘),吕穆迪译,台湾:商务印书馆,1972年版。
[1]Thomas Aquinas,Summa Theologica,Latin and English edition.61 volumes.New York:Cambridge University Press,2006.
[1]Thomas Aquinas,On the Truth of the Catholic Faith(Summa Contra Gentiles),5 volumes.New York,1955-1957.Thomas Aquinas,Summa Contra Gentiles,4 volumes.Notre Dame:University of Notre Dame Press,1975.
[2]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John,Petersham,Mass,St.Bede's Publications,1999.
[3]Karl Rahner,The Trinity,London:Bums and Oates,1970,p.50.
[4]Thomas Aquinas,Faith,Reason and Theology(QuestionsⅠ-Ⅳof his Commentary on the De Trinitate of Boethius),Toronto:Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies,1987,1:4,pp.29-34.See Summa Theologica,Ia:32:1,and LeoⅩⅢ,Divinum Illud Munum,5~(th)May 1879.See Karl Rahner,The Trinity,pp.13-14.
[5]Anselm,Proslogion.
[6]See Karl Rahner,The Trinity,pp.21-24.
[1]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John.1,lect.1,nn.24-33,41;Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:27:1.
[2]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:27:2.
[3]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:27:3.
[4]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:27:4.
[5]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:27:5.
[6]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:28:1.
[7]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John.16,lect.4,n.2113;Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:28:2.
[1]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:28:4.
[2]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:29:1.
[3]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:29:3.
[4]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:29:4.
[5]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:32:2.
[1]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:32:3.
[2]Augustine,The Trinity,4:20,New York:New City Press,1991.
[3]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:32:3.
[4]Hilary,De Trinitate,9:54.
[1]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:33:4.
[2]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John.8,lect.3,n.1183.
[3]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:33:2.
[1]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John.8,lect.3,n.1183;Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:33:3.
[2]Gregory Nazianzan,oratio catechetica.31:26.
[3]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:32:3.
[4]Summa Contra Gentiles,IV:3.
[5]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John.1,lect.1,n.25.
[1]Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:2.Thomas Aquinas,Expositio Super Ubros Boethii de Trinitate.In:Faith,Reason and Theology(QuestionsⅠ-Ⅳof his Commentary on the De Trinitate of Boethius),Toronto:Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies,1987,p.4.
[2]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:27:2.
[3]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:14:4.
[4]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:27:2:ad2.
[5]Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:3.
[6]Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:11.
[1]John of Damascus,De Fide Orthodoxa,1:13.
[2]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:34:1.
[3]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:34:2;Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:12.
[4]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:27:2.
[5]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John.1,lect.1,n.42.
[6]Augustine,The Trinity,6:2.
[7]Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:11.
[1]Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:7.
[2]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:35:2.
[3]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:27:3.
[4]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:27:3:ad3.
[5]Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:24.
[6]Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:19.
[7]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:27:4.
[8]Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:15.
[1]Augustine,The Trinity,15:19.
[2]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:36:1.
[3]Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:17.
[4]Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:19.
[5]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:36:4;Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:25.
[6]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of JohnAA,lect.4,n.1916;Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:19.
[7]St.Gregoiy I,the Great,Pope(590-604),Homily.In Evang.2:30.
[8]Summa Contra Gentiles,Ⅳ:19.
[1]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:37:1.
[2]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John.17,lect.3,n.2214;Summa Theologica,Ia:37:2.
[3]Summa Theologica,Ia:38;2.
[4]Summa Theologica,Ia:38:1.
[5]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John.16,lect.4,n.2113.
[6]Augustine,The Trinity,7:6.
[1]Summa Theologica,Ia:3:3.
[2]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:29:1.
[3]Boethius,De Trinitate,6.
[4]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:28:2.
[5]Augustine,Contra Maximinum,2'14.
[6]Summa Theologica,Ia:39:2.
[7]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John.16,lect.4,b.2113.
[8]Boethius,De hebdomad.
[9]Summa Theologica,Ia:40:1.
[10]Boethius,De Trinitate.6.
[11]Summa Theologica,Ia:40:2.
[1]Augustine,De fide ad Petnun 2.
[2]Summa Theologica,Ia:41:1.
[3]Summa Theologka,Ia:41:1:ad1.
[4]Augustine,Ad Orosum.
[5]Summa Theologka,Ia:41:2.
[6]Summa Theologka,Ia:42:1.
[1]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:42:2.
[2]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:33:1:ad3.
[3]Augustine,Contra maximinum 2:14.
[4]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:42:3.
[5]Thomas Aquinas,Commentary on the Gospel of John.8,lect.5,n.1236.
[6]Augustine,The Trinity,4:20.
[7]Augustine,The Trinity,2:5.
[8]Summa Theologica,Ⅰa:43:8.
[9]Karl Rahner,The Trinity,p.22.