类胡萝卜素的生物学功能研究进展
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摘要
近年来,在人和鼠的研究表明,类胡萝卜素在机体抗氧化和免疫、细胞增殖和分化调控、基因表达、信号传导和细胞间隙连接通讯等方面都有重要作用。本文综述了类胡萝卜素在肠道的消化吸收和转运代谢、类胡萝卜素对机体抗氧化功能、免疫功能以及细胞凋亡的影响,最后探讨了类胡萝卜素可能的作用机制,以期为类胡萝卜素生理功能的深入研究、类胡萝卜素在畜牧业中的应用以及功能性食品的生产提供试验和理论依据。
引文
[1]Johnson E J.Role of lutein and zeaxanthin in visual and cognitive function throughout the lifespan[J].Nutr Rev,2014,72:605-612.
[2]Alves-Rodrigues A,Shao A.The science behind lutein[J].Toxicol Lett,2004,150:57-83.
[3]Jin X H,Ohgami K,Shiratori K,et al..Inhibitory effects of lutein on endotoxin-induced uveitis in Lewis rats[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2006,47:2562-2568.
[4]Rafi M M,Shafaie Y.Dietary lutein modulates inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)gene and protein expression in mouse macrophage cellsCRAW 264.7)[J].Molecular Nutrition&Food Research,2007,51:333-340.
[5]Chew B P,Park J S.Carotenoid action on the immune response[J].J Nutr,2004,134:257S-261S.
[6]Rajput N.Naeem M,Ali S,et al..The effect of dietary supplementation with the natural carotenoids curcumin and lutein on broiler pigmentation and immunity[J].Poult Sci,2013,92:1177-1185.
[7]Kotake-Nara E,Yonekura L,Nagao A.Effect of glycerophospholipid class on the beta-carotene uptake by human intestinal Caco-2 cells[J].Biosci Biotechnol Biochem,2010,74:209-211.
[8]Lindqvist A,Andersson S.Biochemical properties of purified recombinant human beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase[J].J Biol Chem,2002,277:23942-23948.
[9]Kiefer C,Hessel S.Lampert J M,et al..Identification and characterization of a mammalian enzyme catalyzing the asymmetric oxidative cleavage of provitamin A[J].J Biol Chem,2001,276:14110-14116.
[10]Tourniaire F,Gouranton E,Von Lintig J,et al..beta-Carotene conversion products and their effects on adipose tissue[J].Genes and Nutrition,2009,4:179-187.
[11]Hermier D.Lipoprotein metabolism and fattening in poultry[J].J Nutr,1997,127:805S-808S.
[12]Kotake-Nara E.Nagao A.Absorption and metabolism of xanthophylls[J].Mar Drugs,2011,9:1024-1037.
[13]Jlali M.Graulet B.Chauveau-Duriot B,et al..A mutation in the promoter of the chicken beta,beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase 1 gene alters xanthophyll metabolism through a selective effect on its mRNA abundance in the breast muscle[J].J Anim Sci,2012,90:4280-4288.
[14]Yu H,Wark L,Ji H,et al..Dietary wolfberry upregulates carotenoid metabolic genes and enhances mitochondrial biogenesis in the retina of db/db diabetic mice[J].Molecular Nutrition&Food Research,2013,57:1158-1169.
[15]Lindshield B L,King J L,Wyss A,et al..Lycopene biodistribution is altered in 15,15'-carotenoid monooxygenase knockout mice[J].J Nutr,2008,138:2367-2371.
[16]Zaripheh S,Nara T Y.Nakamura M T,et al..Dietary lycopene downregulates carotenoid 15,15'-monooxygenase and PPAR-gamma in selected rat tissues[J].J Nutr,2006,136:932-938.
[17]Vage D I,Boman I A.A nonsense mutation in the beta-carotene oxygenase 2(BC02)gene is tightly associated with accumulation of carotenoids in adipose tissue in sheep(Ovis aries)[J].BMC Genet,2010,ll:10.
[18]Eriksson J.Larson C,Gunnarsson U,et al..Identification of the yellow skin gene reveals a hybrid origin of the domestic chicken[J].PLoS Genet,2008,4:el000010.
[19]Mein J R.Dolnikowski G G,Ernst H.et al..Enzymatic formation of apo-carotenoids from the xanthophyll carotenoids lutein,zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin by ferret carotene-9,10-monooxygenase[J].Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,2011,506:109-121.
[20]Gao Y Y,Ji J,Jin L,et al..Xanthophyll supplementation regulates carotenoid and retinoid metabolism in hens and chicks[J].Poult Sci,2016,95:541-549.
[21]Nakagawa K,Kiko T,Hatade K,et al..Antioxidant effect of lutein towards phospholipid hydroperoxidation in human erythrocytes[J].Br J Nutr,2009,102:1280-1284.
[22]Serpeloni J M,Grotto D,Mercadante A Z,et al..Lutein improves antioxidant defense in vivo and protects against DNA damage and chromosome instability induced by cisplatin[J].Arch Toxicol,2010,84:811-822.
[23]Lee E H.Faulhaber D,Hanson K M,et al..Dietary lutein reduces ultraviolet radiation-induced inflammation and immunosuppression J].J Invest Dermatol,2004,122:510-517.
[24]Gao Y Y,Xie Q M,Ma J Y,et al..Supplementation of xanthophylls increased antioxidant capacity and decreased lipid peroxidation in hens and chicks[J].Br J Nutr,2013,109:977-983.
[25]Palozza P.Calviello G,Emilia De Leo M,et al..Canthaxanthin supplementation alters antioxidant enzymes and iron concentration in liver of Balb/c mice[J].J Nutr,2000,130:1303-1308.
[26]Dixon Z R.Burri B J.Clifford A,et al..Effects of a carotene-deficient diet on measures of oxidative susceptibility and superoxide dismutase activity in adult women[J].Free Radic Biol Med,1994,17:537-544.
[27]Matos H R.Capelozzi V L,Gomes O F,et al..Lycopene inhibits DNA damage and liver necrosis in rats treated with ferric nitrilotriacetate[J].Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,2001,396:171-177.
[28]Palombo P,Fabrizi G,Ruocco V,et al..Beneficial long-term effects of combined oral/topical antioxidant treatment with the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin on human skin:a double-blind,placebo-controlled study[J].Skin Pharmacol Physiol,2007,20:199-210.
[29]Zhao X,Aldini G,Johnson E J,et al..Modification of lymphocyte DNA damage by carotenoid supplementation in postmenopausal women[J].Am J Clin Nutr,2006,83:163-169.
[30]Sujak A,Gabrielska J,Grudzinski W,et al..Lutein and zeaxanthin as protectors of lipid membranes against oxidative damage:the structural aspects[J].Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,1999,371:301-307.
[31]Fuhrman B,Volkova N,Rosenblat M,et al..Lycopene synergistically inhibits LDL oxidation in combination with vitamin E,glabridin,rosmarinic acid.carnosic acid,or garlic[J].Antioxid Redox Signal,2000,2:491-506.
[32]Kozuki Y,Miura Y,Yagasaki K.Inhibitory effects of carotenoids on the invasion of rat ascites hepatoma cells in culture[J].Cancer Lett,2000,151:111-115.
[33]Kiokias S,Gordon M H.Dietary supplementation with a natural carotenoid mixture decreases oxidative stress[J].Eur J Clin Nutr,2003,57:1135-1140.
[34]Woodall A A,Britton G,Jackson M J.Carotenoids and protection of phospholipids in solution or in liposomes against oxidation by peroxyl radicals:relationship between carotenoid structure and protective ability[J].Biochim Biophys Acta,1997,1336:575-586.
[35]Speake B K.Murray A M,Noble R C.Transport and transformations of yolk lipids during development of the avian embryo[J].Prog Lipid Res,1998,37:1-32.
[36]Ganguly J,Mehl J W,Deuel H J,JR.Studies on carotenoid metabolism.XII.The effect of dietary carotenoids on the carotenoid distribution in the tissues of chickens[J].J Nutr,1953,50:59-72.
[37]Karadas F,Pappas A C,Surai P F,et al..Embryonic development within carotenoid-enriched eggs influences the post-hatch carotenoid status of the chicken[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry&Molecular Biology,2005,141:244-251.
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[39]Ojima F,Sakamoto H,Ishiguro Y,et al..Consumption of carotenoids in photosensitized oxidation of human plasma and plasma low-density lipoprotein[J].Free Radic Biol Med,1993,15:377-384.
[40]Surai A P,Surai P F,Steinberg W,et al..Effect of canthaxanthin content of the maternal diet on the antioxidant system of the developing chick[J].Br Poult Sci,2003,44:612-619.
[41]Watson R R,Prabhala R H,Plezia P M,et al..Effect of beta-carotene on lymphocyte subpopulations in elderly humans:evidence for a dose-response relationship[J].Am J Clin Nutr,1991,53:90-94.
[42]Murata T.Tamai H,Morinobu T,et al..Effect of long-term administration of beta-carotene on lymphocyte subsets in humans[J].Am J Clin Nutr,1994,60:597-602.
[43]Chew B P,Park J S.Wong M W.et al..A comparison of the anticancer activities of dietary beta-carotene,canthaxanthin and astaxanthin in mice in vivo[J].Anticancer Res,1999,19:1849-1853.
[44]Gao Y Y.Xie Q M.Jin L,et al..Supplementation of xanthophylls decreased proinflammatory and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines in hens and chicks[J].Br J Nutr,2012,108:1746-1755.
[45]Kim H W,Chew B P.Wong T S,et al..Dietary lutein stimulates immune response in the canine[J].Vet Immunol Immunopathol,2000,74:315-327.
[46]Kim H W.Chew B P.Wong T S,et al..Modulation of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by dietary lutein in cats[J].Vet Immunol Immunopathol,2000,73:331-341.
[47]Chew B P.Wong M W.Wong T S.Effects of lutein from marigold extract on immunity and growth of mammary tumors in mice[J].Anticancer Res,1996,16:3689-3694.
[48]Alonso-Alvarez C,Bertrand S,Devevey G,et al..An experimental test of the dose-dependent effect of carotenoids and immune activation on sexual signals and antioxidant activity[J].American Naturalist,2004,164:651-659.
[49]Peters A.Delhey K,Denk A G,et al..Trade-offs between immune investment and sexual signaling in male mallards[J].American Naturalist,2004,164:51-59.
[50]Katsuura S,Imamura T,Bando N,et al..beta-Carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin but not lutein evoke redox and immune changes in RAW264 murine macrophages[J].Molecular Nutrition&Food Research,2009,53:1396-1405.
[51]Yasui Y,Hosokawa M,Mikami N,et al..Dietary astaxanthin inhibits colitis and colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis in mice via modulation of the inflammatory cytokines[J],Chem Biol Interact,2011.
[52]Simone R E.Russo M,Catalano A,et al..Lycopene inhibits NF-kB-mediated IL-8 expression and changes redox and PPARgamma signalling in cigarette smoke-stimulated macrophages[J].PLoS One,2011,6:el9652.
[53]Palozza P,Simone R,Catalano A,et al..Lycopene prevention of oxysterol-induced proinflammatory cytokine cascade in human macrophages:inhibition of NF-kappaB nuclear binding and increase in PPARgamma expression[J].Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry,2011,22:259-268.
[54]Shanmugasundaram R.Selvaraj R K.Lutein supplementation alters inflammatory cytokine production and antioxidant status in F-line turkeys[J].Poult Sci,2011,90:971-976.
[55]Pang B,Wang CWeng X,et al..Beta-carotene protects rats against bronchitis induced by cigarette smoking[J].Chin Med J(Engl),2003,116:514-516.
[56]Lee S J.Bai S K.Lee K S,et al..Astaxanthin inhibits nitric oxide production and inflammatory gene expression by suppressing I(kappa)B kinase-dependent NF-kappaB activation[J].Mol Cells,2003,16:97-105.
[57]Suzuki Y.Ohgami K,Shiratori K,et al..Suppressive effects of astaxanthin against rat endotoxin-induced uveitis by inhibiting the NF-kappaB signaling pathway[J].Exp Eye Res,2006,82:275-281.
[58]Chang C J,Lin J F,Chang H H,et al..Lutein protects against methotrexate-induced and reactive oxygen speciesmediated apoptotic cell injury of IEC-6 cells[J].PLoS One,2013,8:e72553.
[59]Chew B P,Brown C M.Park J S,et al..Dietary lutein inhibits mouse mammary tumor growth by regulating angiogenesis and apoptosis[J].Anticancer Res,2003,23:3333-3339.
[60]Thomson L R,Toyoda Y.Langner A,et al..Elevated retinal zeaxanthin and prevention of light-induced photoreceptor cell death in quail[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2002,43:3538-3549.
[61]Palozza P,Serini S,Maggiano N,et al..Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines by beta-carotene through down-regulation of cyclin A and Bcl-2 family proteins[J].Carcinogenesis,2002,23:11-18.
[62]Palozza P.Simone R,Catalano A,et al..Lycopene prevents 7-ketocholesterol-induced oxidative stress,cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human macrophages[J].Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry,2010,21;34-46.
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[68]Gouranton E,Thabuis CRiollet Cet al..Lycopene inhibits proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression in adipose tissue[J].Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry,2011,22:642-648.
[2]Alves-Rodrigues A,Shao A.The science behind lutein[J].Toxicol Lett,2004,150:57-83.
[3]Jin X H,Ohgami K,Shiratori K,et al..Inhibitory effects of lutein on endotoxin-induced uveitis in Lewis rats[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2006,47:2562-2568.
[4]Rafi M M,Shafaie Y.Dietary lutein modulates inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)gene and protein expression in mouse macrophage cellsCRAW 264.7)[J].Molecular Nutrition&Food Research,2007,51:333-340.
[5]Chew B P,Park J S.Carotenoid action on the immune response[J].J Nutr,2004,134:257S-261S.
[6]Rajput N.Naeem M,Ali S,et al..The effect of dietary supplementation with the natural carotenoids curcumin and lutein on broiler pigmentation and immunity[J].Poult Sci,2013,92:1177-1185.
[7]Kotake-Nara E,Yonekura L,Nagao A.Effect of glycerophospholipid class on the beta-carotene uptake by human intestinal Caco-2 cells[J].Biosci Biotechnol Biochem,2010,74:209-211.
[8]Lindqvist A,Andersson S.Biochemical properties of purified recombinant human beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase[J].J Biol Chem,2002,277:23942-23948.
[9]Kiefer C,Hessel S.Lampert J M,et al..Identification and characterization of a mammalian enzyme catalyzing the asymmetric oxidative cleavage of provitamin A[J].J Biol Chem,2001,276:14110-14116.
[10]Tourniaire F,Gouranton E,Von Lintig J,et al..beta-Carotene conversion products and their effects on adipose tissue[J].Genes and Nutrition,2009,4:179-187.
[11]Hermier D.Lipoprotein metabolism and fattening in poultry[J].J Nutr,1997,127:805S-808S.
[12]Kotake-Nara E.Nagao A.Absorption and metabolism of xanthophylls[J].Mar Drugs,2011,9:1024-1037.
[13]Jlali M.Graulet B.Chauveau-Duriot B,et al..A mutation in the promoter of the chicken beta,beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase 1 gene alters xanthophyll metabolism through a selective effect on its mRNA abundance in the breast muscle[J].J Anim Sci,2012,90:4280-4288.
[14]Yu H,Wark L,Ji H,et al..Dietary wolfberry upregulates carotenoid metabolic genes and enhances mitochondrial biogenesis in the retina of db/db diabetic mice[J].Molecular Nutrition&Food Research,2013,57:1158-1169.
[15]Lindshield B L,King J L,Wyss A,et al..Lycopene biodistribution is altered in 15,15'-carotenoid monooxygenase knockout mice[J].J Nutr,2008,138:2367-2371.
[16]Zaripheh S,Nara T Y.Nakamura M T,et al..Dietary lycopene downregulates carotenoid 15,15'-monooxygenase and PPAR-gamma in selected rat tissues[J].J Nutr,2006,136:932-938.
[17]Vage D I,Boman I A.A nonsense mutation in the beta-carotene oxygenase 2(BC02)gene is tightly associated with accumulation of carotenoids in adipose tissue in sheep(Ovis aries)[J].BMC Genet,2010,ll:10.
[18]Eriksson J.Larson C,Gunnarsson U,et al..Identification of the yellow skin gene reveals a hybrid origin of the domestic chicken[J].PLoS Genet,2008,4:el000010.
[19]Mein J R.Dolnikowski G G,Ernst H.et al..Enzymatic formation of apo-carotenoids from the xanthophyll carotenoids lutein,zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin by ferret carotene-9,10-monooxygenase[J].Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,2011,506:109-121.
[20]Gao Y Y,Ji J,Jin L,et al..Xanthophyll supplementation regulates carotenoid and retinoid metabolism in hens and chicks[J].Poult Sci,2016,95:541-549.
[21]Nakagawa K,Kiko T,Hatade K,et al..Antioxidant effect of lutein towards phospholipid hydroperoxidation in human erythrocytes[J].Br J Nutr,2009,102:1280-1284.
[22]Serpeloni J M,Grotto D,Mercadante A Z,et al..Lutein improves antioxidant defense in vivo and protects against DNA damage and chromosome instability induced by cisplatin[J].Arch Toxicol,2010,84:811-822.
[23]Lee E H.Faulhaber D,Hanson K M,et al..Dietary lutein reduces ultraviolet radiation-induced inflammation and immunosuppression J].J Invest Dermatol,2004,122:510-517.
[24]Gao Y Y,Xie Q M,Ma J Y,et al..Supplementation of xanthophylls increased antioxidant capacity and decreased lipid peroxidation in hens and chicks[J].Br J Nutr,2013,109:977-983.
[25]Palozza P.Calviello G,Emilia De Leo M,et al..Canthaxanthin supplementation alters antioxidant enzymes and iron concentration in liver of Balb/c mice[J].J Nutr,2000,130:1303-1308.
[26]Dixon Z R.Burri B J.Clifford A,et al..Effects of a carotene-deficient diet on measures of oxidative susceptibility and superoxide dismutase activity in adult women[J].Free Radic Biol Med,1994,17:537-544.
[27]Matos H R.Capelozzi V L,Gomes O F,et al..Lycopene inhibits DNA damage and liver necrosis in rats treated with ferric nitrilotriacetate[J].Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,2001,396:171-177.
[28]Palombo P,Fabrizi G,Ruocco V,et al..Beneficial long-term effects of combined oral/topical antioxidant treatment with the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin on human skin:a double-blind,placebo-controlled study[J].Skin Pharmacol Physiol,2007,20:199-210.
[29]Zhao X,Aldini G,Johnson E J,et al..Modification of lymphocyte DNA damage by carotenoid supplementation in postmenopausal women[J].Am J Clin Nutr,2006,83:163-169.
[30]Sujak A,Gabrielska J,Grudzinski W,et al..Lutein and zeaxanthin as protectors of lipid membranes against oxidative damage:the structural aspects[J].Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,1999,371:301-307.
[31]Fuhrman B,Volkova N,Rosenblat M,et al..Lycopene synergistically inhibits LDL oxidation in combination with vitamin E,glabridin,rosmarinic acid.carnosic acid,or garlic[J].Antioxid Redox Signal,2000,2:491-506.
[32]Kozuki Y,Miura Y,Yagasaki K.Inhibitory effects of carotenoids on the invasion of rat ascites hepatoma cells in culture[J].Cancer Lett,2000,151:111-115.
[33]Kiokias S,Gordon M H.Dietary supplementation with a natural carotenoid mixture decreases oxidative stress[J].Eur J Clin Nutr,2003,57:1135-1140.
[34]Woodall A A,Britton G,Jackson M J.Carotenoids and protection of phospholipids in solution or in liposomes against oxidation by peroxyl radicals:relationship between carotenoid structure and protective ability[J].Biochim Biophys Acta,1997,1336:575-586.
[35]Speake B K.Murray A M,Noble R C.Transport and transformations of yolk lipids during development of the avian embryo[J].Prog Lipid Res,1998,37:1-32.
[36]Ganguly J,Mehl J W,Deuel H J,JR.Studies on carotenoid metabolism.XII.The effect of dietary carotenoids on the carotenoid distribution in the tissues of chickens[J].J Nutr,1953,50:59-72.
[37]Karadas F,Pappas A C,Surai P F,et al..Embryonic development within carotenoid-enriched eggs influences the post-hatch carotenoid status of the chicken[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry&Molecular Biology,2005,141:244-251.
[38]Hohtola E.Visser G H.Development of locomotion and endothermy in altricial and precocial birds.In:Starck,J.M.,Ricklefs,R.E.(Eds.).Avian Growth and Development:Evolution within the Altricial—Precocial Spectrum.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:157-173.
[39]Ojima F,Sakamoto H,Ishiguro Y,et al..Consumption of carotenoids in photosensitized oxidation of human plasma and plasma low-density lipoprotein[J].Free Radic Biol Med,1993,15:377-384.
[40]Surai A P,Surai P F,Steinberg W,et al..Effect of canthaxanthin content of the maternal diet on the antioxidant system of the developing chick[J].Br Poult Sci,2003,44:612-619.
[41]Watson R R,Prabhala R H,Plezia P M,et al..Effect of beta-carotene on lymphocyte subpopulations in elderly humans:evidence for a dose-response relationship[J].Am J Clin Nutr,1991,53:90-94.
[42]Murata T.Tamai H,Morinobu T,et al..Effect of long-term administration of beta-carotene on lymphocyte subsets in humans[J].Am J Clin Nutr,1994,60:597-602.
[43]Chew B P,Park J S.Wong M W.et al..A comparison of the anticancer activities of dietary beta-carotene,canthaxanthin and astaxanthin in mice in vivo[J].Anticancer Res,1999,19:1849-1853.
[44]Gao Y Y.Xie Q M.Jin L,et al..Supplementation of xanthophylls decreased proinflammatory and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines in hens and chicks[J].Br J Nutr,2012,108:1746-1755.
[45]Kim H W,Chew B P.Wong T S,et al..Dietary lutein stimulates immune response in the canine[J].Vet Immunol Immunopathol,2000,74:315-327.
[46]Kim H W.Chew B P.Wong T S,et al..Modulation of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by dietary lutein in cats[J].Vet Immunol Immunopathol,2000,73:331-341.
[47]Chew B P.Wong M W.Wong T S.Effects of lutein from marigold extract on immunity and growth of mammary tumors in mice[J].Anticancer Res,1996,16:3689-3694.
[48]Alonso-Alvarez C,Bertrand S,Devevey G,et al..An experimental test of the dose-dependent effect of carotenoids and immune activation on sexual signals and antioxidant activity[J].American Naturalist,2004,164:651-659.
[49]Peters A.Delhey K,Denk A G,et al..Trade-offs between immune investment and sexual signaling in male mallards[J].American Naturalist,2004,164:51-59.
[50]Katsuura S,Imamura T,Bando N,et al..beta-Carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin but not lutein evoke redox and immune changes in RAW264 murine macrophages[J].Molecular Nutrition&Food Research,2009,53:1396-1405.
[51]Yasui Y,Hosokawa M,Mikami N,et al..Dietary astaxanthin inhibits colitis and colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis in mice via modulation of the inflammatory cytokines[J],Chem Biol Interact,2011.
[52]Simone R E.Russo M,Catalano A,et al..Lycopene inhibits NF-kB-mediated IL-8 expression and changes redox and PPARgamma signalling in cigarette smoke-stimulated macrophages[J].PLoS One,2011,6:el9652.
[53]Palozza P,Simone R,Catalano A,et al..Lycopene prevention of oxysterol-induced proinflammatory cytokine cascade in human macrophages:inhibition of NF-kappaB nuclear binding and increase in PPARgamma expression[J].Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry,2011,22:259-268.
[54]Shanmugasundaram R.Selvaraj R K.Lutein supplementation alters inflammatory cytokine production and antioxidant status in F-line turkeys[J].Poult Sci,2011,90:971-976.
[55]Pang B,Wang CWeng X,et al..Beta-carotene protects rats against bronchitis induced by cigarette smoking[J].Chin Med J(Engl),2003,116:514-516.
[56]Lee S J.Bai S K.Lee K S,et al..Astaxanthin inhibits nitric oxide production and inflammatory gene expression by suppressing I(kappa)B kinase-dependent NF-kappaB activation[J].Mol Cells,2003,16:97-105.
[57]Suzuki Y.Ohgami K,Shiratori K,et al..Suppressive effects of astaxanthin against rat endotoxin-induced uveitis by inhibiting the NF-kappaB signaling pathway[J].Exp Eye Res,2006,82:275-281.
[58]Chang C J,Lin J F,Chang H H,et al..Lutein protects against methotrexate-induced and reactive oxygen speciesmediated apoptotic cell injury of IEC-6 cells[J].PLoS One,2013,8:e72553.
[59]Chew B P,Brown C M.Park J S,et al..Dietary lutein inhibits mouse mammary tumor growth by regulating angiogenesis and apoptosis[J].Anticancer Res,2003,23:3333-3339.
[60]Thomson L R,Toyoda Y.Langner A,et al..Elevated retinal zeaxanthin and prevention of light-induced photoreceptor cell death in quail[J].Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2002,43:3538-3549.
[61]Palozza P,Serini S,Maggiano N,et al..Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines by beta-carotene through down-regulation of cyclin A and Bcl-2 family proteins[J].Carcinogenesis,2002,23:11-18.
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