摘要
<正>Loss of the TGF-βantiproliferative response is a hallmark in human cancers.Tumor cells have developed a number of strategies to escape from TGF-βcontrol.One major mechanism to resist the cytostatic effect of TGF-βis through inactivating mutations/deletions in the TGF-βsignaling pathway,which frequently occur in gastrointestinal and pancreatic cancer.For example,tumor suppressor Smad4/DPC4,the central
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