Soil Chemical Quality and Forest Dieback
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- 英文论文题名：Soil Chemical Quality and Forest Dieback
- 论文作者：H.K.S.G.Gunadasa ; P.I.Yapa
- 英文论文作者：H.K.S.G.Gunadasa ; P.I.Yapa ; Uva Wellassa University ; Sabaragamuwa University
- 年：2015
- 作者机构：Uva Wellassa University;Sabaragamuwa University;
- 英文论文关键词：Montane forest ; forest dieback ; soil chemical properties
- 会议召开时间：2015-01-01
- 会议录名称：International Journal of Environmental Science and Development Vol.6 No.1
- 语种：英文
- 分类号：S714
- 学会代码：CDYA
- 学会名称：成都亚昂教育咨询有限公司
- 页数：8
- 文件大小：1234k
- 原文格式：D
摘要
The study was aimed at investigating the effectiveness of recovering degraded soil chemical qualities to mitigate the mysterious forest dieback in a montane forest. Soil amendments with standard compost, montane mycorrhizae, standard compost with montane mycorrhizae, and a control were used as treatments. Syzygium rotundifolium saplings were used as the indicator plant. Soil p H, EC, Soluble soil Pb, Cd and soil organic matter was compared at 0.20 m soil depth. Foliar samples from "treated" saplings were tested for Pb and Cd. Contamination of soil and leaves of the saplings with Pb(p <0.001) and Cd(p<0.001) was evident. Positive correlations between soil Pb and Cd and leaf Pb and Cd were observed(p=0.001). Soil amendment with compost and montane mycorrhizae reduced the soluble Pb content(p=<0.001). Soil amendment with standard compost and montane mycorrhizae was effective in saving the saplings from Pb and Cd toxicity(p<0.001).
The study was aimed at investigating the effectiveness of recovering degraded soil chemical qualities to mitigate the mysterious forest dieback in a montane forest. Soil amendments with standard compost, montane mycorrhizae, standard compost with montane mycorrhizae, and a control were used as treatments. Syzygium rotundifolium saplings were used as the indicator plant. Soil p H, EC, Soluble soil Pb, Cd and soil organic matter was compared at 0.20 m soil depth. Foliar samples from "treated" saplings were tested for Pb and Cd. Contamination of soil and leaves of the saplings with Pb(p <0.001) and Cd(p<0.001) was evident. Positive correlations between soil Pb and Cd and leaf Pb and Cd were observed(p=0.001). Soil amendment with compost and montane mycorrhizae reduced the soluble Pb content(p=<0.001). Soil amendment with standard compost and montane mycorrhizae was effective in saving the saplings from Pb and Cd toxicity(p<0.001).
The study was aimed at investigating the effectiveness of recovering degraded soil chemical qualities to mitigate the mysterious forest dieback in a montane forest. Soil amendments with standard compost, montane mycorrhizae, standard compost with montane mycorrhizae, and a control were used as treatments. Syzygium rotundifolium saplings were used as the indicator plant. Soil p H, EC, Soluble soil Pb, Cd and soil organic matter was compared at 0.20 m soil depth. Foliar samples from "treated" saplings were tested for Pb and Cd. Contamination of soil and leaves of the saplings with Pb(p <0.001) and Cd(p<0.001) was evident. Positive correlations between soil Pb and Cd and leaf Pb and Cd were observed(p=0.001). Soil amendment with compost and montane mycorrhizae reduced the soluble Pb content(p=<0.001). Soil amendment with standard compost and montane mycorrhizae was effective in saving the saplings from Pb and Cd toxicity(p<0.001).
引文
[1]W.R.H.Perera,“Thotupolakanda-an environmental disaster?”Sri Lanka Forester,vol.13,pp.53-55,1978.
[2]W.L.Werner,“The upper montane forests of Sri Lanka,”The Sri Lanka Forester,vol.15,pp.119-135,1982.
[3]N.K.B.Adikaram,K.B.Ranawana,and A.Weerasuriya,“Forest dieback in the Horton plains national park,”Sri Lanka Protected Areas Management and Wildlife Conservation Project,Department of Wild Life Conservation,Ministry of Environment and Natural Resourses,Colombo,2006,p.8.
[4]K.B.Ranawana,R.L.R.Chandrajith,and N.K.B.Adikaram,“Follow up study of forest die-back in Horton Plains National Park,”in Proc.Wild Life Research Symposium,Protected Area Management and Wide Life Conservation Project,2007.
[5]T.C.Whitmore,Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East,Claredon Press,Oxford,1984.
[6]R.A.Wijewansa,“Horton Plains:a plea for preservation,”Loris,vol.16,pp.188-191,1983.
[7]S.Ratnayeke and S.Balasubramaniam,“The structure and floristic composition of the montane forest in the Horton Plains,Sri Lanka,”Institute of Fundamental Studies,Colombo,Sri Lanka,p.14,1989.
[8]S.Balasubramaniam,S.A.Rathnayake,and R.White,“The montane forests of the Horton Plains nature reserve,”in Proc.International and Interdisciplinary Symposium Ecology and Landscape Management in Sri Lanka,1993,pp.95–108.
[9]M.Peech,“Soil p H:Glass electrode method,”in Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2,C.A.Black et al.,Ed.Am.Soc.of Agron.Inc.,Madison,Wisc,USA,1983,pp.910-918.
[10]C.A.Bower and L.V.Wilcox,“Soluble salts,”in Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2,C.A.Black et al.,Ed.Am.Soc.of Agron.Inc.,Madison,Wisc,USA,1983,pp.933-936.
[11]USEPA,“Acid digestion of sediments,sludges and soils,”Method3050B,1996.
[12]E.Dale and H.Norman,“Atomic absorption and flame emission spectrometry,”in Methods of Soil Analysis,Part 2,2nd ed.A.L.Page et al.,Ed.American Society of Agronomy,Inc.,Madison,WI,USA,1982,vol.9,pp.13-27.
[13]D.W.Nelson and L.E.Sommers,“Total carbon,organic carbon and organic matter,”in Method of Soil Analysis,Part 2,2nd ed.American Society of Agronomy,Madison,WI,USA,1982,vol.9.
[14]H.Bohn,B.Me Neai,and G.O'Connor,Soil Chemistry,2nd ed.,John Wiley and Sons,New York,1986.
[15]J.A.Ranasinghe,A.M.Barnett,K.C.Schiff,D.E.Montagne,C.Brantley,C.Beegan,D.B.Cadien,C.Cash,G.B.Deets,D.R.Diener,T.K.Mikel,R.W.Smith,R.G.Velarde,S.D.Watts,and S.B.Weisberg,Southern California Bight 2003 Regional Monitoring Program:III Benthic Macro Fauna,Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority,Costa Mesa,CA,2007.
[16]H.F.Stroo,T.M.Klein,and M.Alexander,“Heterotrophic nitrification in an acid forest soil and by an acid-tolerant fungus,”Applied and Environmental Microbiology,vol.52,pp.1107-1111,1986.
[17]E.D.Vance and N.M.Nadkarni,“Microbial biomass and activity in canopy organic matter and the forest floor of a tropical cloud forest,”Soil Biology and Biochemistry,vol.22,pp.677-684,1990.
[18]T.M.Mc Calla,“Influence of some microbial groups on stabilizing soil structure against falling water drops,”in Proc.American Soil Science Society,1946,vol.11,pp.260–263.
[19]H.Marschner,“Mechanisms of adaptation of plants to acid soils,”in Proc.the Second International Symposium on Plant-Soil Interactions at Low p H,Beckley,West Virginia,USA,1991,pp.683–702.
[20]R.B.Clark,“Arbuscular mycorrhizal adaptation,spore germination,root colonization,and host plant growth and mineral acquisition at low p H,”Plant and Soil,vol.19,pp.15-22,1997.
[21]L.Keikens,Heavy Metals in Soils,John Willey and Sons,New York,1990,p.279.
[22]R.H.Bray and L.T.Kurtz,“Determination of total,organic and available forms of phosphorus in soils,”Soil Science,vol.59,pp.39-45,1945.
[23]A.Kloke,“Orientierungsdaten für tolerierbare gesamtgehalte einiger elemente in kulturboden mitt,”VDLUFA.H.,vol.1-3,pp.9-11,1980.
[24]A.B.Pahlsson,“Toxicity of heavy metals,(Zn,Cu,Cd,Pb)to Vascular Plants,”Water,Air and Soil Pollution,vol.47,pp.287-319,1989.
[25]V.M.Goldschmidt,“The principles of distribution of chemical elements in minerals and rocks,”Journal of the Chemical Society.vol.4,pp.655-673,1937.
[26]C.B.Dissanayake,J.M.Niwas,and S.V.R.Weerasooriya,“Heavy metal pollution of the mid-canal of Kandy:an environmental case study from Sri Lanka,”Environmental Research,vol.42,no.1,pp.24-35,1987.
[27]I.Weissenhorn,C.Leyval,and J.Berthelin,“Bioavailability of heavy metals and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal in a soil polluted by atmospheric deposition from a smelter,”Biology and Fertility of Soils,vol.19,pp.22-28,1995.
[28]O.A.Illeperuma,“Kandy air most polluted,”Daily News,13 July,2010.
[29]T.Berg,O.R?yset,E.Steinnes,and M.Vadset,“Atmospheric trace element deposition:Principal component analysis of ICP-MS data from moss samples,”Environment Pollution,vol.88,pp.67-77,1995.
[30]M.F.Billett,E.A.Fitzpatrick,and M.S.Cresser,“Long term changes in the Cu,Pb and Zn content of forest soil organic horizons from North–East Scotland,”Water,Air and Soil Pollution,vol.59,pp.179-191,1991.
[31]T.G.Siccama,W.H.Smith,and D.L.Mader,“Changes in lead,zinc and copper,dry weight and organic matter content of the forest floor of white pine stands in central Massachusetts over 16 years,”Environmental Science and Technology,vol.14,pp.54-56,1980.
[32]T.Rudrappa,K.J.Czymmek,P.W.Pare,and H.P.Bais,“Root secreted malic acid recruits beneficial soil bacteria,”Plant Physiology,vol.148,pp.1547-1556,2008.
[33]M.J.Harrison,“The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis:An underground association,”Trends in Plant Science,vol.2,pp.54–59,1997.
[34]J.Friedland,R.Gregory,K.Kilrenlampi,and A.H.Johnson,“Zinc,Cu,Ni and Cd in the forest floor in the northeastern United States,”Water,Air and Soil Pollution,vol.29,pp.233-243,1986.
[35]W.R.Jackson,Humic,Fulvic,and Microbial Balance:Organic Soil Conditioning,Evergreen,CO:Jackson Research Center,1993.
[36]F.G.Viets Jr.,“Micronutrient availability,chemistry and availability of micronutrients in soils,”Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,vol.10,no.3,pp.174–178,1962.
[37]D.J.Greenland and P.H.Nye,“Increase in the carbon and Nitrogen contents of tropical soils under natural fallows,”Journal of Soil Science,vol.10,pp.284-299,1959.
[38]P.L.Weaver,E.Medina,D.Pool,K.Dugger,J.Gonzales,and E.Cuevas,“Ecological observations in the dwarf cloud forest of the Luquillo mountains in Puerto Rico,”Biotropica,vol.10,pp.278-291,1986.
[39]J.Six and J.D.Jastrow,“Soil organic matter turnover,”in Encyclopedia of Soil Science,R.Lal,Ed.Boca Raton,FL,2002,pp.936–942.
[40]P.J.Grubb and P.J.Edwards,“Studies of mineral cycling in a montane rain forest in New Guinea.III,the distribution of mineral elements in the above ground material,”Journal of Ecology,vol.70,pp.623-48,1982.
[41]D.Mueller-Dombois,P.M.Vitousek,and K.W.Bridges,“Canopy dieback and ecosystem processes in Pacific forests:a progress report and research proposal,”Hawaii Botanical Science,vol.44,p.100,1984.
[42]A.Kaplan,M.A.Cane,Y.Kushnir,A.C.Clement,M.B.Blumenthal,and B.Rajagopalan,“Analyses of global sea surface temperature1856-1991,”Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,vol.103,no.9,pp.18567-18589,1998.
[43]L.L.Loope and T.W.Giambelluca,“Vulnerability of Island tropical montane cloud forests to climate change,with Special Reference to East Maui,Hawaii,”Climatic Change,vol.39,pp.503-517,1998.
[44]P.J.Edwards and P.J.Grubb,“Studies of mineral cycling in a montane rain forest in New Guinea,I.The distribution of organic matter in the vegetation and soil,”Journal of Ecology,vol.65,pp.943-969,1977.
[45]P.Dutartre,F.Bartoli,F.Andreux,J.M.Portal,and A.Ange,“Influence of content and nature of organic matter on the structure of some sandy soils from West Africa,”Geoderma,vol.56,pp.459-478,1993.
[46]R.P.Voroney,J.A.Van Veen,and E.A.Paul,“Organic carbon dynamics in grassland soils,II.model validation and simulation of the long-term effects of cultivation and rainfall erosion,”Canadian Journal of Soil Science,vol.61,pp.211-224,1981.
[47]J.W.Doran,M.Sarrantonio,and M.A.Liebig,“Soil health and sustainability,”Advances in Agronomy,vol.56,pp.1-5,1996.
[48]R.Bradley,A.J.Burt,and D.J.Read,“Mycorrhizal infection and resistance to heavy metal toxicity in Calluna vulgaris,”Nature,vol.292,pp.335-337,1981.
[49]W.W.Wenzel,D.C.Adriano,D.E.Salt,and R.Smith,“Phytoremediation:a plant-micro based system,”in Remediation of Contaminated Soils,D.C.Adriano,J.M.Bollag,W.T.Frankenberger Jr,and R.C.Sims,Eds.SSSA Spec Monogr,1999,ch.37,pp.457-510.
[2]W.L.Werner,“The upper montane forests of Sri Lanka,”The Sri Lanka Forester,vol.15,pp.119-135,1982.
[3]N.K.B.Adikaram,K.B.Ranawana,and A.Weerasuriya,“Forest dieback in the Horton plains national park,”Sri Lanka Protected Areas Management and Wildlife Conservation Project,Department of Wild Life Conservation,Ministry of Environment and Natural Resourses,Colombo,2006,p.8.
[4]K.B.Ranawana,R.L.R.Chandrajith,and N.K.B.Adikaram,“Follow up study of forest die-back in Horton Plains National Park,”in Proc.Wild Life Research Symposium,Protected Area Management and Wide Life Conservation Project,2007.
[5]T.C.Whitmore,Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East,Claredon Press,Oxford,1984.
[6]R.A.Wijewansa,“Horton Plains:a plea for preservation,”Loris,vol.16,pp.188-191,1983.
[7]S.Ratnayeke and S.Balasubramaniam,“The structure and floristic composition of the montane forest in the Horton Plains,Sri Lanka,”Institute of Fundamental Studies,Colombo,Sri Lanka,p.14,1989.
[8]S.Balasubramaniam,S.A.Rathnayake,and R.White,“The montane forests of the Horton Plains nature reserve,”in Proc.International and Interdisciplinary Symposium Ecology and Landscape Management in Sri Lanka,1993,pp.95–108.
[9]M.Peech,“Soil p H:Glass electrode method,”in Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2,C.A.Black et al.,Ed.Am.Soc.of Agron.Inc.,Madison,Wisc,USA,1983,pp.910-918.
[10]C.A.Bower and L.V.Wilcox,“Soluble salts,”in Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2,C.A.Black et al.,Ed.Am.Soc.of Agron.Inc.,Madison,Wisc,USA,1983,pp.933-936.
[11]USEPA,“Acid digestion of sediments,sludges and soils,”Method3050B,1996.
[12]E.Dale and H.Norman,“Atomic absorption and flame emission spectrometry,”in Methods of Soil Analysis,Part 2,2nd ed.A.L.Page et al.,Ed.American Society of Agronomy,Inc.,Madison,WI,USA,1982,vol.9,pp.13-27.
[13]D.W.Nelson and L.E.Sommers,“Total carbon,organic carbon and organic matter,”in Method of Soil Analysis,Part 2,2nd ed.American Society of Agronomy,Madison,WI,USA,1982,vol.9.
[14]H.Bohn,B.Me Neai,and G.O'Connor,Soil Chemistry,2nd ed.,John Wiley and Sons,New York,1986.
[15]J.A.Ranasinghe,A.M.Barnett,K.C.Schiff,D.E.Montagne,C.Brantley,C.Beegan,D.B.Cadien,C.Cash,G.B.Deets,D.R.Diener,T.K.Mikel,R.W.Smith,R.G.Velarde,S.D.Watts,and S.B.Weisberg,Southern California Bight 2003 Regional Monitoring Program:III Benthic Macro Fauna,Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority,Costa Mesa,CA,2007.
[16]H.F.Stroo,T.M.Klein,and M.Alexander,“Heterotrophic nitrification in an acid forest soil and by an acid-tolerant fungus,”Applied and Environmental Microbiology,vol.52,pp.1107-1111,1986.
[17]E.D.Vance and N.M.Nadkarni,“Microbial biomass and activity in canopy organic matter and the forest floor of a tropical cloud forest,”Soil Biology and Biochemistry,vol.22,pp.677-684,1990.
[18]T.M.Mc Calla,“Influence of some microbial groups on stabilizing soil structure against falling water drops,”in Proc.American Soil Science Society,1946,vol.11,pp.260–263.
[19]H.Marschner,“Mechanisms of adaptation of plants to acid soils,”in Proc.the Second International Symposium on Plant-Soil Interactions at Low p H,Beckley,West Virginia,USA,1991,pp.683–702.
[20]R.B.Clark,“Arbuscular mycorrhizal adaptation,spore germination,root colonization,and host plant growth and mineral acquisition at low p H,”Plant and Soil,vol.19,pp.15-22,1997.
[21]L.Keikens,Heavy Metals in Soils,John Willey and Sons,New York,1990,p.279.
[22]R.H.Bray and L.T.Kurtz,“Determination of total,organic and available forms of phosphorus in soils,”Soil Science,vol.59,pp.39-45,1945.
[23]A.Kloke,“Orientierungsdaten für tolerierbare gesamtgehalte einiger elemente in kulturboden mitt,”VDLUFA.H.,vol.1-3,pp.9-11,1980.
[24]A.B.Pahlsson,“Toxicity of heavy metals,(Zn,Cu,Cd,Pb)to Vascular Plants,”Water,Air and Soil Pollution,vol.47,pp.287-319,1989.
[25]V.M.Goldschmidt,“The principles of distribution of chemical elements in minerals and rocks,”Journal of the Chemical Society.vol.4,pp.655-673,1937.
[26]C.B.Dissanayake,J.M.Niwas,and S.V.R.Weerasooriya,“Heavy metal pollution of the mid-canal of Kandy:an environmental case study from Sri Lanka,”Environmental Research,vol.42,no.1,pp.24-35,1987.
[27]I.Weissenhorn,C.Leyval,and J.Berthelin,“Bioavailability of heavy metals and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal in a soil polluted by atmospheric deposition from a smelter,”Biology and Fertility of Soils,vol.19,pp.22-28,1995.
[28]O.A.Illeperuma,“Kandy air most polluted,”Daily News,13 July,2010.
[29]T.Berg,O.R?yset,E.Steinnes,and M.Vadset,“Atmospheric trace element deposition:Principal component analysis of ICP-MS data from moss samples,”Environment Pollution,vol.88,pp.67-77,1995.
[30]M.F.Billett,E.A.Fitzpatrick,and M.S.Cresser,“Long term changes in the Cu,Pb and Zn content of forest soil organic horizons from North–East Scotland,”Water,Air and Soil Pollution,vol.59,pp.179-191,1991.
[31]T.G.Siccama,W.H.Smith,and D.L.Mader,“Changes in lead,zinc and copper,dry weight and organic matter content of the forest floor of white pine stands in central Massachusetts over 16 years,”Environmental Science and Technology,vol.14,pp.54-56,1980.
[32]T.Rudrappa,K.J.Czymmek,P.W.Pare,and H.P.Bais,“Root secreted malic acid recruits beneficial soil bacteria,”Plant Physiology,vol.148,pp.1547-1556,2008.
[33]M.J.Harrison,“The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis:An underground association,”Trends in Plant Science,vol.2,pp.54–59,1997.
[34]J.Friedland,R.Gregory,K.Kilrenlampi,and A.H.Johnson,“Zinc,Cu,Ni and Cd in the forest floor in the northeastern United States,”Water,Air and Soil Pollution,vol.29,pp.233-243,1986.
[35]W.R.Jackson,Humic,Fulvic,and Microbial Balance:Organic Soil Conditioning,Evergreen,CO:Jackson Research Center,1993.
[36]F.G.Viets Jr.,“Micronutrient availability,chemistry and availability of micronutrients in soils,”Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,vol.10,no.3,pp.174–178,1962.
[37]D.J.Greenland and P.H.Nye,“Increase in the carbon and Nitrogen contents of tropical soils under natural fallows,”Journal of Soil Science,vol.10,pp.284-299,1959.
[38]P.L.Weaver,E.Medina,D.Pool,K.Dugger,J.Gonzales,and E.Cuevas,“Ecological observations in the dwarf cloud forest of the Luquillo mountains in Puerto Rico,”Biotropica,vol.10,pp.278-291,1986.
[39]J.Six and J.D.Jastrow,“Soil organic matter turnover,”in Encyclopedia of Soil Science,R.Lal,Ed.Boca Raton,FL,2002,pp.936–942.
[40]P.J.Grubb and P.J.Edwards,“Studies of mineral cycling in a montane rain forest in New Guinea.III,the distribution of mineral elements in the above ground material,”Journal of Ecology,vol.70,pp.623-48,1982.
[41]D.Mueller-Dombois,P.M.Vitousek,and K.W.Bridges,“Canopy dieback and ecosystem processes in Pacific forests:a progress report and research proposal,”Hawaii Botanical Science,vol.44,p.100,1984.
[42]A.Kaplan,M.A.Cane,Y.Kushnir,A.C.Clement,M.B.Blumenthal,and B.Rajagopalan,“Analyses of global sea surface temperature1856-1991,”Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,vol.103,no.9,pp.18567-18589,1998.
[43]L.L.Loope and T.W.Giambelluca,“Vulnerability of Island tropical montane cloud forests to climate change,with Special Reference to East Maui,Hawaii,”Climatic Change,vol.39,pp.503-517,1998.
[44]P.J.Edwards and P.J.Grubb,“Studies of mineral cycling in a montane rain forest in New Guinea,I.The distribution of organic matter in the vegetation and soil,”Journal of Ecology,vol.65,pp.943-969,1977.
[45]P.Dutartre,F.Bartoli,F.Andreux,J.M.Portal,and A.Ange,“Influence of content and nature of organic matter on the structure of some sandy soils from West Africa,”Geoderma,vol.56,pp.459-478,1993.
[46]R.P.Voroney,J.A.Van Veen,and E.A.Paul,“Organic carbon dynamics in grassland soils,II.model validation and simulation of the long-term effects of cultivation and rainfall erosion,”Canadian Journal of Soil Science,vol.61,pp.211-224,1981.
[47]J.W.Doran,M.Sarrantonio,and M.A.Liebig,“Soil health and sustainability,”Advances in Agronomy,vol.56,pp.1-5,1996.
[48]R.Bradley,A.J.Burt,and D.J.Read,“Mycorrhizal infection and resistance to heavy metal toxicity in Calluna vulgaris,”Nature,vol.292,pp.335-337,1981.
[49]W.W.Wenzel,D.C.Adriano,D.E.Salt,and R.Smith,“Phytoremediation:a plant-micro based system,”in Remediation of Contaminated Soils,D.C.Adriano,J.M.Bollag,W.T.Frankenberger Jr,and R.C.Sims,Eds.SSSA Spec Monogr,1999,ch.37,pp.457-510.