二十一世纪全球多极增长格局中的中国经济发展和文化复兴
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- 英文论文题名：China's Economic Development And Cultural Renaissance In The Multipolar Growth World Of The 21St Century
- 论文作者：林毅夫
- 英文论文作者：Justin Yifu Lin ; World Bank ; Peking University
- 年：2016
- 作者机构：世界银行;北京大学;
- 会议召开时间：2016-11-01
- 会议录名称：北京论坛（2004-2015）主旨报告与特邀报告集
- 英文会议录名称：Beijing Forum(2004-2015) Collection of Keynote Speeches and Special Addresses
- 语种：中文
- 分类号：F124;G122
- 学会代码：BJLT
- 学会名称：北京大学北京论坛办公室
- 页数：28
- 文件大小：3668k
- 原文格式：D
摘要
本文以马林诺夫斯基的器物、组织、价值文化三因子为分析框架,论证以"仁"为核心伦理价值的中国文化,有可能伴随中国经济的发展而复兴。印度、巴西、俄罗斯、南非、印度尼西亚等不同文明体系的其他新兴市场经济国家,在21世纪多极增长的世界里,同样有可能在保持各自不同的文化传统和核心伦理价值下,和先行的西方工业化国家及二次世界大战以后兴起的日本、韩国等一样成为现代化的文明国家。21世纪有可能是各个文明一起发展、共同繁荣、共济互补,相互辉映的世纪。
Based on Malinowski's definition of culture as an integral whole of artifacts, organizations, and values, this paper analyzes the possibility of China's rapid economic development leading to a revival of Chinese culture with ren(benevolence) as its core value. Emerging economies such as India, Brazil, Russia, South Africa, and Indonesia have their own unique cultural heritages. In the 21 st century multipolar growth world, they are also likely to maintain their respective core values and become modern nations like the forerunning Western industrialized nations, Japan, and Korea. The 21 st century is likely to be a time of all civilizations developing, prospering, and shining together.
Based on Malinowski's definition of culture as an integral whole of artifacts, organizations, and values, this paper analyzes the possibility of China's rapid economic development leading to a revival of Chinese culture with ren(benevolence) as its core value. Emerging economies such as India, Brazil, Russia, South Africa, and Indonesia have their own unique cultural heritages. In the 21 st century multipolar growth world, they are also likely to maintain their respective core values and become modern nations like the forerunning Western industrialized nations, Japan, and Korea. The 21 st century is likely to be a time of all civilizations developing, prospering, and shining together.
引文
Cipolla,C.M.1980.Before the Industrial Revolution:European Society and Economy,1000-1700,second edition.New York and London:Norton.
Elvin,Mark.1973.The Pattern of the Chinese Past.Stanford:Stanford University Press.
Feng,Youlan.2000.The History of Chinese Philosophy.Shanghai:East China Normal University Press.
Huntington,Samuel P.1996.Modern Economic Growth:Rate,Structure and Spread.New Haven and London:Yale University Press.
Kuznets,Simon.1966.Modern Economic Growth:Rate,Structure and Spread.New Haven and London:Yale University Press.
Lin,Justin Yifu.1995.“The Needham Puzzle:Why the Industrial Revolution did not Originate in China.”Economic Development and Cultural Change,41(2).
------.2007.“The Needham Puzzle,Weber Question and China’s Miracle:Long Term Performance since the Song Dynasty,”Journal of Peking University 44(4).
------.2009.Economic Development and Transition:Idea,Strategy and Viability.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
------.2011a.Demystifying the Chinese Economy.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
------.2011b.“China and the Global Economy.”China Economic Journal,4(1):pp.1-14.
Lin,Justin Yifu,Fang Cai,and Zhou Li.1994.China Miracle:Development Strategy and Economic Reform.Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press,1996.
Maddison.Angus.2006.The World Economy.Paris:Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Subramanian,Arvid.2011.Eclipse:Living in the Shadow of China’s Economic Dominance.Washington,DC:Peterson Institute of International Economics.
The Theory of Culture(Chinese Version).1946.Translated by Fei Xiaotong and others.The Commercial Press.
Weber,Max.1958.The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Weber,Max.1997.“The Confucius Chinese Politics and Chinese Sprout of Capitalism:City and Association(Chinese Version),”published in the Collective Works of Max Weber:Historical Steps of Civilization.Shanghai:Shanghai Sanlian Bookstore.
World Bank.2011.Multipolarity:The New Global Economy(Global Development Horizons 2011).Washington,DC:World Bank.
1.This paper is prepared for a keynote speech at Beijing Forum(2011)“The Harmony of Civilizations and Prosperity for All.”The main arguments were drawn on my article,“Economic Growth and Chinese Cultural Revival,”published in the Journal of Peking University(Humanities and Social Sciences),46(3)in May 2009.I would like to thank Francesca Yu Sang,Yan Wang,and Julia D.Barmeier for their help in preparing the English draft of the paper.
1.According to the study of Cipolla(1980)on European society during A.D.1000 to A.D.1700,compared to China over the same period.Cipolla found that the West was essentially agrarian,poor,and underdeveloped,whereas China was industrialized,rich,and developed.
2 .According to Maddison(2006),in PPP terms,the Chinese economy accounted for 33 percent of the world economy in 1820,11 percent in 1900,and only 4.6 percent in 1950.
3.This view is similar to the cultural determinant of Max Weber.In his famous book,The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,Weber(1958)postulated that the Industrial Revolution and the development of capitalism are as result of the Protestant Reformation,which formed the Protestant Ethic and broke down the control of the Roman Catholic Church.Until now,the view of“modernization preceded by westernization”has remained quite popular among developed and developing countries(Huntington 1996).
4 .In The China Miracle,Cai Fang,Li Zhou and I(1994)forecasted that by 2030,China would surpass Germany,Japan,and the United States to become the largest economy in the world.At that time,few people believed us.But now this has become the mainstream consensus among many scholars and international think tanks.For new studies on China becoming the largest economy,see Subramanian(2011)and World Bank(2011).The latter also provides evidence on the coming of a multipolar growth world in the 21st century.
5.Malinowski’s definition can be found in his Theory of Culture,translated by Fei Xiaotong.
6 .The definition of culture with three integral components is a useful framework for analyzing China’s social and political development after the Opium War.At the beginning,Chinese intellectuals only realized that China needed to upgrade its artifacts.That was why China engaged in a Foreign Affairs Movement to acquire Western weapons and machines while attempting to maintain the Chinese traditional system and values.After China’s defeat in SinoJapanese War of 1894-1895,Chinese intellectuals recognized the backwardness of their country’s organizations.Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao advocated for a constitutional monarchy and Sun Yat-Sen led a revolution to establish China as a republic.After World War I,the humiliating Treaty of Versailles woke up Chinese intellectuals.They realized the importance of ideas and values and started the May Fourth New Culture Movement to advocate for democracy and science(Lin 2011a).
7.The difference between dominant culture and weak culture lies in economic base.Currently,many civilizations are concerned with American’s cultural invasion.But only 100 years ago,the United States was considered a cultural desert.Over this time,the core value of American culture has not changed,but what has transformed the United States from a cultural“desert”into a dominant culture is its advanced economic base.As the United States became the largest and most powerful economy,the American lifestyle and values also became popular globally.Similarly,the Western culture as a civilization was born from the Greek and Roma civilizations in the 8th and 9th century,but did not become the dominate culture until the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century when Western economic achievement started to exceed all other civilizations.
8.Some research findings show that,in the Ming Dynasty,Chang Zhi County in today’s Shanxi Province produced about 700,000 sets of farm tools and exported them to Korea,Vietnam,Thailand,and other neighboring countries.The capitalist system of employment relations had already emerged.
9.Another possible reason behind a powerful China before the 18th century was that China had maintained unity among its huge population,which created a larger market with a more intensive division of labor,and therefore higher productivity,as emphasized in The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith(Lin 2007).
10.To borrow technology does not imply that China does not need indigenous R&D.In some industries and technological fields in which China has cutting-edge advantages,China needs its own R&D for further upgrading.In addition,China should adapt foreign technologies to fit Chinese conditions,which also requires R&D.Moreover,it is only through such follow-up adaptation that China will be able to develop and innovate its own technologies and industries as it approaches the global technology frontier.
11 .The per capita income data in this paragraph is taken from Angus Maddison’s Historical Statistics of the World Economy:1-2008 AD.(www.ggdc.net/maddision/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls).
12.Though this is an old Chinese saying,many psychological studies have found that one’s value orientation formed before the age of seven is hard to change.
13.Currently,in addition to the Western civilization,there are several major civilizations in the world,including those of China,Japan,India,Islam,Orthodox,Latin America and Africa(Huntington 1996).
Elvin,Mark.1973.The Pattern of the Chinese Past.Stanford:Stanford University Press.
Feng,Youlan.2000.The History of Chinese Philosophy.Shanghai:East China Normal University Press.
Huntington,Samuel P.1996.Modern Economic Growth:Rate,Structure and Spread.New Haven and London:Yale University Press.
Kuznets,Simon.1966.Modern Economic Growth:Rate,Structure and Spread.New Haven and London:Yale University Press.
Lin,Justin Yifu.1995.“The Needham Puzzle:Why the Industrial Revolution did not Originate in China.”Economic Development and Cultural Change,41(2).
------.2007.“The Needham Puzzle,Weber Question and China’s Miracle:Long Term Performance since the Song Dynasty,”Journal of Peking University 44(4).
------.2009.Economic Development and Transition:Idea,Strategy and Viability.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
------.2011a.Demystifying the Chinese Economy.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
------.2011b.“China and the Global Economy.”China Economic Journal,4(1):pp.1-14.
Lin,Justin Yifu,Fang Cai,and Zhou Li.1994.China Miracle:Development Strategy and Economic Reform.Hong Kong:The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press,1996.
Maddison.Angus.2006.The World Economy.Paris:Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Subramanian,Arvid.2011.Eclipse:Living in the Shadow of China’s Economic Dominance.Washington,DC:Peterson Institute of International Economics.
The Theory of Culture(Chinese Version).1946.Translated by Fei Xiaotong and others.The Commercial Press.
Weber,Max.1958.The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Weber,Max.1997.“The Confucius Chinese Politics and Chinese Sprout of Capitalism:City and Association(Chinese Version),”published in the Collective Works of Max Weber:Historical Steps of Civilization.Shanghai:Shanghai Sanlian Bookstore.
World Bank.2011.Multipolarity:The New Global Economy(Global Development Horizons 2011).Washington,DC:World Bank.
1.This paper is prepared for a keynote speech at Beijing Forum(2011)“The Harmony of Civilizations and Prosperity for All.”The main arguments were drawn on my article,“Economic Growth and Chinese Cultural Revival,”published in the Journal of Peking University(Humanities and Social Sciences),46(3)in May 2009.I would like to thank Francesca Yu Sang,Yan Wang,and Julia D.Barmeier for their help in preparing the English draft of the paper.
1.According to the study of Cipolla(1980)on European society during A.D.1000 to A.D.1700,compared to China over the same period.Cipolla found that the West was essentially agrarian,poor,and underdeveloped,whereas China was industrialized,rich,and developed.
2 .According to Maddison(2006),in PPP terms,the Chinese economy accounted for 33 percent of the world economy in 1820,11 percent in 1900,and only 4.6 percent in 1950.
3.This view is similar to the cultural determinant of Max Weber.In his famous book,The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,Weber(1958)postulated that the Industrial Revolution and the development of capitalism are as result of the Protestant Reformation,which formed the Protestant Ethic and broke down the control of the Roman Catholic Church.Until now,the view of“modernization preceded by westernization”has remained quite popular among developed and developing countries(Huntington 1996).
4 .In The China Miracle,Cai Fang,Li Zhou and I(1994)forecasted that by 2030,China would surpass Germany,Japan,and the United States to become the largest economy in the world.At that time,few people believed us.But now this has become the mainstream consensus among many scholars and international think tanks.For new studies on China becoming the largest economy,see Subramanian(2011)and World Bank(2011).The latter also provides evidence on the coming of a multipolar growth world in the 21st century.
5.Malinowski’s definition can be found in his Theory of Culture,translated by Fei Xiaotong.
6 .The definition of culture with three integral components is a useful framework for analyzing China’s social and political development after the Opium War.At the beginning,Chinese intellectuals only realized that China needed to upgrade its artifacts.That was why China engaged in a Foreign Affairs Movement to acquire Western weapons and machines while attempting to maintain the Chinese traditional system and values.After China’s defeat in SinoJapanese War of 1894-1895,Chinese intellectuals recognized the backwardness of their country’s organizations.Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao advocated for a constitutional monarchy and Sun Yat-Sen led a revolution to establish China as a republic.After World War I,the humiliating Treaty of Versailles woke up Chinese intellectuals.They realized the importance of ideas and values and started the May Fourth New Culture Movement to advocate for democracy and science(Lin 2011a).
7.The difference between dominant culture and weak culture lies in economic base.Currently,many civilizations are concerned with American’s cultural invasion.But only 100 years ago,the United States was considered a cultural desert.Over this time,the core value of American culture has not changed,but what has transformed the United States from a cultural“desert”into a dominant culture is its advanced economic base.As the United States became the largest and most powerful economy,the American lifestyle and values also became popular globally.Similarly,the Western culture as a civilization was born from the Greek and Roma civilizations in the 8th and 9th century,but did not become the dominate culture until the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century when Western economic achievement started to exceed all other civilizations.
8.Some research findings show that,in the Ming Dynasty,Chang Zhi County in today’s Shanxi Province produced about 700,000 sets of farm tools and exported them to Korea,Vietnam,Thailand,and other neighboring countries.The capitalist system of employment relations had already emerged.
9.Another possible reason behind a powerful China before the 18th century was that China had maintained unity among its huge population,which created a larger market with a more intensive division of labor,and therefore higher productivity,as emphasized in The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith(Lin 2007).
10.To borrow technology does not imply that China does not need indigenous R&D.In some industries and technological fields in which China has cutting-edge advantages,China needs its own R&D for further upgrading.In addition,China should adapt foreign technologies to fit Chinese conditions,which also requires R&D.Moreover,it is only through such follow-up adaptation that China will be able to develop and innovate its own technologies and industries as it approaches the global technology frontier.
11 .The per capita income data in this paragraph is taken from Angus Maddison’s Historical Statistics of the World Economy:1-2008 AD.(www.ggdc.net/maddision/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls).
12.Though this is an old Chinese saying,many psychological studies have found that one’s value orientation formed before the age of seven is hard to change.
13.Currently,in addition to the Western civilization,there are several major civilizations in the world,including those of China,Japan,India,Islam,Orthodox,Latin America and Africa(Huntington 1996).