Optimal Planting Timing for Corn Relay Intercropped with Flue-Cured Tobacco
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- 英文论文题名：Optimal Planting Timing for Corn Relay Intercropped with Flue-Cured Tobacco
- 论文作者：Guisu Zhou ; Xinhua Yin ; Yongmei Li ; Zhengxiong Zhao ; Linzheng Xu ; Jinling Ding
- 英文论文作者：Guisu Zhou ; Xinhua Yin ; Yongmei Li ; Zhengxiong Zhao ; Linzheng Xu ; Jinling Ding ; College of Tobacco Science and Technology ; Yunnan Agricultural Univ. ; Dep. of Plant Sciences ; Univ. of Tennessee ; College of Resources and Environment ; Yunnan Agricultural Univ. ; Chuxiong Tobacco Company
- 年：2016
- 作者机构：College of Tobacco Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural Univ.;Dep. of Plant Sciences, Univ. of Tennessee;College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural Univ.;Chuxiong Tobacco Company;
- 会议召开时间：2016-12-01
- 会议录名称：中国烟草学会2016年度优秀论文汇编——烟草农业主题
- 语种：英文
- 分类号：S513;S572
- 学会代码：ZGYG
- 学会名称：中国烟草学会
- 页数：11
- 文件大小：592k
- 原文格式：D
摘要
Conflict in land use between corn(Zea mays L.) as a grain crop and flue-cured tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.) as an economic crop is severe because of limited arable land in mountainous regions. A field study was conducted to determine the optimal planting time for corn as a relay crop in a flue-cured tobacco system to obtain high corn productivity and ensure the quality and yield of tobacco. Four relay-intercropping planting dates(10, 17, 24, and 31 d after tobacco apex excision) and corn monoculture(17 d after tobacco apex excision) were evaluated on the incidence and severity index of diseases and yield of corn at Chuxiong, Yunnan, China in 2010 and 2011. The incidence and severity index of corn common rust(Puccinia sorghi) were reduced 60.3 to 67.8% and 69.2 to 78.9%, respectively, by relay intercropping compared with monoculture corn. Grain yield, economic value, land equivalency ratio(LEr), and relative value total(r VT) of relay-intercropped corn and the net return of the whole relay-intercropping system generally decreased when the relay-intercropping timing of corn was delayed. All LEr values and some of the r VT values for relay-intercropped corn were >1. Net return of the whole tobacco and corn relay-intercropping system was 18.5 to 21.0 times greater than that under monoculture corn. relay-intercropped corn after flue-cured tobacco is an economically viable cropping system in Yunnan and similar regions, with an optimal relay-intercropping date between 10 and 17 d after tobacco apex excision.
Conflict in land use between corn(Zea mays L.) as a grain crop and flue-cured tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.) as an economic crop is severe because of limited arable land in mountainous regions. A field study was conducted to determine the optimal planting time for corn as a relay crop in a flue-cured tobacco system to obtain high corn productivity and ensure the quality and yield of tobacco. Four relay-intercropping planting dates(10, 17, 24, and 31 d after tobacco apex excision) and corn monoculture(17 d after tobacco apex excision) were evaluated on the incidence and severity index of diseases and yield of corn at Chuxiong, Yunnan, China in 2010 and 2011. The incidence and severity index of corn common rust(Puccinia sorghi) were reduced 60.3 to 67.8% and 69.2 to 78.9%, respectively, by relay intercropping compared with monoculture corn. Grain yield, economic value, land equivalency ratio(LEr), and relative value total(r VT) of relay-intercropped corn and the net return of the whole relay-intercropping system generally decreased when the relay-intercropping timing of corn was delayed. All LEr values and some of the r VT values for relay-intercropped corn were >1. Net return of the whole tobacco and corn relay-intercropping system was 18.5 to 21.0 times greater than that under monoculture corn. relay-intercropped corn after flue-cured tobacco is an economically viable cropping system in Yunnan and similar regions, with an optimal relay-intercropping date between 10 and 17 d after tobacco apex excision.
Conflict in land use between corn(Zea mays L.) as a grain crop and flue-cured tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.) as an economic crop is severe because of limited arable land in mountainous regions. A field study was conducted to determine the optimal planting time for corn as a relay crop in a flue-cured tobacco system to obtain high corn productivity and ensure the quality and yield of tobacco. Four relay-intercropping planting dates(10, 17, 24, and 31 d after tobacco apex excision) and corn monoculture(17 d after tobacco apex excision) were evaluated on the incidence and severity index of diseases and yield of corn at Chuxiong, Yunnan, China in 2010 and 2011. The incidence and severity index of corn common rust(Puccinia sorghi) were reduced 60.3 to 67.8% and 69.2 to 78.9%, respectively, by relay intercropping compared with monoculture corn. Grain yield, economic value, land equivalency ratio(LEr), and relative value total(r VT) of relay-intercropped corn and the net return of the whole relay-intercropping system generally decreased when the relay-intercropping timing of corn was delayed. All LEr values and some of the r VT values for relay-intercropped corn were >1. Net return of the whole tobacco and corn relay-intercropping system was 18.5 to 21.0 times greater than that under monoculture corn. relay-intercropped corn after flue-cured tobacco is an economically viable cropping system in Yunnan and similar regions, with an optimal relay-intercropping date between 10 and 17 d after tobacco apex excision.
引文
Amjadian,M.,L.Naser,F.Mohsen,and G.Mehranoosh.2013.Study of intercropping corn and soybean in various planting dates.International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Science5:2365-2371.
Borghi,E.,C.A.C.Crusciol,G.P.Mateus,A.S.Nascente,and P.O.Martins.2013.Intercropping time of corn and palisadegrass or guineagrass affecting grain yield and forage production.Crop Sci.53:629-636.doi:10.2135/cropsci2012.08.0469
Callan,E.J.,and C.W.Kennedy.1995.Intercropping stokes aster:Effect of shade on photosynthesis and plant morphology.Crop Sci.35:1110-1115.doi:10.2135/cropsci1995.0011183X003500040032x
Campbell,S.,and L.V.Madden.1990.Introduction to plant disease epidemiology.John Wiley&Sons,New York.p.532.
Chen,Z.L.2007.Crop science in Yunnan.Yunnan Sci.(In Chinese)Technol.Press,Kunming.p.331-339.
Clark,K.M.,and R.L.Myers.1994.Intercrop performance of pearl millet,amaranth,cowpea,soybean,and guar in response to planting pattern and nitrogen fertilization.Agron.J.86:1097-1102.doi:10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600060032x
Crusciol,C.A.C.,A.S.Nascente,G.P.Mateus,E.Borghi,E.P.Leles,and N.C.B.Santos.2013.Effect of intercropping on yields of corn with different relative maturities and palisadegrass.Agron.J.105:599-606.doi:10.2134/agronj2012.0426
Dennis,A.S.,and H.R.Dillard.2006.Yield loss in sweet corn caused by Piccinia sorghi:A meta-analysis.Plant Dis.90:1413-1418.doi:10.1094/PD-90-1413
Dennis,B.,and B.P.William.2000.Potential of early-maturing soybean cultivars in late plantings.Agron.J.92:532-537.doi:10.2134/agronj2000.923532x
Fang,Z.G.,Y.M.Zuo,L.Li,and F.S.Zhang.2004.Effects of different nitrogen levels on iron nutrition and nitrogen fixation of peanut in a maize-peanut mixed cropping system.(In Chinese,with English abstract.).Plant Nutr.Fert.Sci.4:386-390.
Fininsa,C.,and J.Yuen.2001.Association of maize rust and leaf blight epidemic with cropping systems in Hararghe highlands,eastern Ethiopia.Crop Prot.20:669-678.doi:10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00033-3
Fu,L.B.,Y.Wang,Y.Yang,X.Qu,T.L.Zuo,M.J.Geng,F.Su,and L.F.Hong.2005.Regulating the growth of flue-cured tobacco by interplanting in fertility soil.(In Chinese,with English abstract.).Plant Nutr.Fert.Sci.11:128-132.
Hatfield,J.L.,and T.B.Parkin.2014.Enhanced efficiency fertilizers:Effect on agronomic performance of corn in Iowa.Agron.J.106:771-780.doi:10.2134/agronj2013.0104
He,L.,J.Cleverly,C.Chen,X.Y.Yang,J.Li,W.Z.Liu,and Q.Yu.2014.Diverse responses of winter yield and water use to climate change and variability on the semiarid loess plateau in China.Agron.J.106:1169-1178.doi:10.2134/agronj13.0321
He,X.H.,S.S.Zhu,H.N.Wang,Y.Xie,Y.Sun,D.Gao,J.Yang,L.Liu,Q.X.Li,S.B.Zhang,G.H.Zhao,M.C.Hu,K.M.Jiang,C.Y.Li,and Y.Y.Zhu.2010.Crop diversity for ecological disease control in potato and maize.J.Resour.Ecol.1:45-50.
Jeranyama,P.,O.B.Hesterman,and C.C.Sheaffer.1998.Medic planting date effect on dry matter and nitrogen accumulation when clear-seeded or intercropped with corn.Agron.J.90:616-662.doi:10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000050009x
Keshta,M.M.,B.Ei-Ahmar,and A.A.Ei-Shimy.2000.Studies on sunflower-tomatoes relay intercropping.Egypt.J.Agric.Res.78:173-183.
Lai,R.Q.,M.S.You,L.A.P.Lotz,and L.Vasseur.2011.Response of green peach aphids and other arthropods to garlic intercropped with tobacco.Agron.J.103:856-863.doi:10.2134/agronj2010.0404
Li,C.Y.,X.H.He,S.S.Zhu,H.P.Zhou,Y.Y.Wang,Y.Li,J.Yang,J.X.Fan,J.C.Yang,G.B.Wang,Y.F.Long,J.Y.Xu,Y.S.Tang,G.H.Zhao,J.R.Yang,L.Liu,Y.Sun,Y.Xie,H.N.Wang,and Y.Y.Zhu.2009.Crop diversity for yield increase.PLo S ONE 11:1-6.
Li,M.F.,H.M.Li,N.S.Xu,J.H.Xu,Y.P.Li,C.L.Li,and Y.Ma.2013.Optimal planting date of purple sweet potato intercropped with tobacco.(In Chinese,with English abstract.).J.Southern Agric.44:1455-1458.
Littell,R.C.,G.A.Milliken,W.W.Stroup,and R.D.Wolfinger.1996.SAS system for mixed model.SAS Inst.,Cary,NC.
Liu,G.S.,and J.L.Liu.2006.Practical guide to leaf tobacco production techniques in China.(In Chinese.)China Natl.Leaf Tobacco Corporation,Beijing.
Liu,Q.Z.,F.Y.Guo,and F.F.Li.2011.Effects of different relay intercropping models on the soil conditions of tobacco fields and the growth of flue-cured tobacco.(In Chinese,with English abstract.).J.Henan Agric.Sci.40:62-65.
Mark,A.B.2013.Disease in intercropping system.Annu.Rev.Phytopathol.51:499-519.doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102246
Meredith,D.S.1965.Violent spore release in Helminthosporium turcicum.Phytopathology 55:1099-1102.
Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China.2002.The technical specification on corn pest and diseases identification(1)People’s Republic of China agriculture industry standard.China Agric.Press,Beijing.
Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China.2007.The principle of the agricultural standard in the People’s Republic of China NY/T 1248.1-2006.Rules for evaluation of maize for resistance to pests Part 1:Rules for evaluation of maize for resistance to northern corn leaf blight.China Agri.Press,Beijing.
Mitchell,C.E.,D.Tilman,and J.V.Groth.2002.Effects of grassland plant species diversity,abundance,and composition on foliar fungal disease.Ecology 83:1713-1726.doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1713:EOGPSD]2.0.CO;2
Nagaraja,T.,A.G.Sreenivas,B.V.Patil,and A.Naganagoud.2008.Influence of different dates of sowing on thrips and mites in chilli under irrigated ecosystem.Karnataka J.Agric.Sci.21:450-451.
Ni,X.Z.,M.D.Toews,G.D.Buntin,J.E.Carpenter,A.Huffaker,E.A.Schmelz,T.E.Cottrell,and Z.Abdo.2014.Influence of brown stink bug feeding,planting date and sampling time on common smut infection of maize.Insect Sci.21:564-571.doi:10.1111/1744-7917.12149
Paridham,J.C.,and M.H.Entz.2008.Intercropping spring wheat with cereal grains,legumes,and oilseeds fails to improve productivity under organic management.Agron.J.100:1436-1442.doi:10.2134/agronj2007.0227
Pataky,J.K.,R.N.Raid,L.J.du Toit,and T.J.Schueneman.1998.Disease severity and yield of sweet corn hybrids with resistance to northern leaf blight.Plant Dis.82:57-63.doi:10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.1.57
Rahnama,A.,and M.Latifian.2013.Intercropping relative efficiency and its effects on date palm pests and disease control.Intel.J.Agric.Res.Rev.3:617-623.
Reinbott,T.M.,Z.R.Helsel,D.G.Helsel,M.R.Gebhardt,and H.C.Minor.1987.Intercropping soybean into standing green wheat.Agron.J.79:886-891.doi:10.2134/agronj1987.00021962007900050026x
Sawchik,J.,and A.P.Mallarino.2008.Variability of soil properties,early phosphorus and potassium uptake,and incidence of pests and weeds in relation to soybean grain yield.Agron.J.100:1450-1462.doi:10.2134/agronj2007.0303
Siami,R.,B.Mirshekari,and F.Farahvash.2013.Sowing date and mixing rate could be improved crops yield case study:Intercropping of maize and lentil.World Applied Sci.J.26:520-524.
Sridhar,K.,V.Rahesh,and S.Omprakash.2014.A critical review on agronomic management of pests and diseases in chilli.Int.J.Plant Anim.Environ.Sci.4:284-289.
Subedi,K.D.,B.L.Ma,and A.G.Xue.2007.Planting date and nitrogen effects on Fusarium head blight and leaf spotting diseases in spring wheat.Agron.J.99:113-121.doi:10.2134/agronj2006.0171
Sweet,L.E.,and S.Wright.2008.Integrated pest management:Corn diseases.MU Extension and Agric.Information,MO.
Theunissen,J.1997.Application of intercropping in organic agriculture.Biol.Agric.Hortic.15:250-259.doi:10.1080/01448765.1997.9755200
Thomas,A.1993.The onset of the rainy season in Yunnan Province,P.R.China,and its significance for agricultural operation.Int.J.Biometeorol.37:170-176.doi:10.1007/BF01212626
Trenbath,B.R.1993.Intercropping for the management of pests and diseases.Field Crops Res.34:381-405.doi:10.1016/0378-4290(93)90123-5
Vandermeer,F.2004.The ecology of intercropping.Cambridge Univ.Press,New York.129.
Vilich-Meller,V.1992.Mixed cropping of cereals to suppress plant disease and omit pesticide applications.Biol.Agric.Hortic.8:299-308.doi:10.1080/01448765.1992.9754607
Willey,R.W.1979.Intercropping-Its importance and research needs.Part 1.Competition and yield advantages.Field Crop Abstr.32:1-10.
Wortman,S.E.,C.A.Francis,and J.L.Lindquist.2012.Cover crop mixtures for the western corn belt:Opportunities for increased productivity and stability.Agron.J.104:699-705.doi:10.2134/agronj2011.0422
Yang,G.,A.W.Duan,X.Q.Qiu,J.S.Sun,J.P.Zhang,H.Liu,and H.Z.Wang.2010.Distribution and use efficiency of photosynthetically active radiation in strip intercropping of maize and soybean.Agron.J.102:1149-1157.doi:10.2134/agronj2009.0471
Yu,H.,H.S.Wu,and Z.J.Wang.2010.Evaluation of SPAD and Dualex for in-season corn nitrogen status estimation.Acta Agron.Sin.36:840-847.
Zhou,G.S.,X.H.Yin,Y.M.Li,H.W.Yang,Z.X.Zhao,Q.Z.Cao,P.K.Che,H.Zhao,Y.J.Wang,and L.Xu.2014.Effects of relay cropping timing of corn on the productivity and quality of flue-cured tobacco.Agron.J.106:1651-1658.doi:10.2134/agronj13.0565
Zhou,H.P.,Y.Q.Li,J.Z.Wu,W.X.Xiao,Z.L.Zhao,and Y.Q.He.2011.Investigation of corn rust and evaluation of cultivar resistance in Yunnan.(In Chinese,with English abstract.)Acta.Agric.Univ.Jianxinensis 33:0498-0501.
Borghi,E.,C.A.C.Crusciol,G.P.Mateus,A.S.Nascente,and P.O.Martins.2013.Intercropping time of corn and palisadegrass or guineagrass affecting grain yield and forage production.Crop Sci.53:629-636.doi:10.2135/cropsci2012.08.0469
Callan,E.J.,and C.W.Kennedy.1995.Intercropping stokes aster:Effect of shade on photosynthesis and plant morphology.Crop Sci.35:1110-1115.doi:10.2135/cropsci1995.0011183X003500040032x
Campbell,S.,and L.V.Madden.1990.Introduction to plant disease epidemiology.John Wiley&Sons,New York.p.532.
Chen,Z.L.2007.Crop science in Yunnan.Yunnan Sci.(In Chinese)Technol.Press,Kunming.p.331-339.
Clark,K.M.,and R.L.Myers.1994.Intercrop performance of pearl millet,amaranth,cowpea,soybean,and guar in response to planting pattern and nitrogen fertilization.Agron.J.86:1097-1102.doi:10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600060032x
Crusciol,C.A.C.,A.S.Nascente,G.P.Mateus,E.Borghi,E.P.Leles,and N.C.B.Santos.2013.Effect of intercropping on yields of corn with different relative maturities and palisadegrass.Agron.J.105:599-606.doi:10.2134/agronj2012.0426
Dennis,A.S.,and H.R.Dillard.2006.Yield loss in sweet corn caused by Piccinia sorghi:A meta-analysis.Plant Dis.90:1413-1418.doi:10.1094/PD-90-1413
Dennis,B.,and B.P.William.2000.Potential of early-maturing soybean cultivars in late plantings.Agron.J.92:532-537.doi:10.2134/agronj2000.923532x
Fang,Z.G.,Y.M.Zuo,L.Li,and F.S.Zhang.2004.Effects of different nitrogen levels on iron nutrition and nitrogen fixation of peanut in a maize-peanut mixed cropping system.(In Chinese,with English abstract.).Plant Nutr.Fert.Sci.4:386-390.
Fininsa,C.,and J.Yuen.2001.Association of maize rust and leaf blight epidemic with cropping systems in Hararghe highlands,eastern Ethiopia.Crop Prot.20:669-678.doi:10.1016/S0261-2194(01)00033-3
Fu,L.B.,Y.Wang,Y.Yang,X.Qu,T.L.Zuo,M.J.Geng,F.Su,and L.F.Hong.2005.Regulating the growth of flue-cured tobacco by interplanting in fertility soil.(In Chinese,with English abstract.).Plant Nutr.Fert.Sci.11:128-132.
Hatfield,J.L.,and T.B.Parkin.2014.Enhanced efficiency fertilizers:Effect on agronomic performance of corn in Iowa.Agron.J.106:771-780.doi:10.2134/agronj2013.0104
He,L.,J.Cleverly,C.Chen,X.Y.Yang,J.Li,W.Z.Liu,and Q.Yu.2014.Diverse responses of winter yield and water use to climate change and variability on the semiarid loess plateau in China.Agron.J.106:1169-1178.doi:10.2134/agronj13.0321
He,X.H.,S.S.Zhu,H.N.Wang,Y.Xie,Y.Sun,D.Gao,J.Yang,L.Liu,Q.X.Li,S.B.Zhang,G.H.Zhao,M.C.Hu,K.M.Jiang,C.Y.Li,and Y.Y.Zhu.2010.Crop diversity for ecological disease control in potato and maize.J.Resour.Ecol.1:45-50.
Jeranyama,P.,O.B.Hesterman,and C.C.Sheaffer.1998.Medic planting date effect on dry matter and nitrogen accumulation when clear-seeded or intercropped with corn.Agron.J.90:616-662.doi:10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000050009x
Keshta,M.M.,B.Ei-Ahmar,and A.A.Ei-Shimy.2000.Studies on sunflower-tomatoes relay intercropping.Egypt.J.Agric.Res.78:173-183.
Lai,R.Q.,M.S.You,L.A.P.Lotz,and L.Vasseur.2011.Response of green peach aphids and other arthropods to garlic intercropped with tobacco.Agron.J.103:856-863.doi:10.2134/agronj2010.0404
Li,C.Y.,X.H.He,S.S.Zhu,H.P.Zhou,Y.Y.Wang,Y.Li,J.Yang,J.X.Fan,J.C.Yang,G.B.Wang,Y.F.Long,J.Y.Xu,Y.S.Tang,G.H.Zhao,J.R.Yang,L.Liu,Y.Sun,Y.Xie,H.N.Wang,and Y.Y.Zhu.2009.Crop diversity for yield increase.PLo S ONE 11:1-6.
Li,M.F.,H.M.Li,N.S.Xu,J.H.Xu,Y.P.Li,C.L.Li,and Y.Ma.2013.Optimal planting date of purple sweet potato intercropped with tobacco.(In Chinese,with English abstract.).J.Southern Agric.44:1455-1458.
Littell,R.C.,G.A.Milliken,W.W.Stroup,and R.D.Wolfinger.1996.SAS system for mixed model.SAS Inst.,Cary,NC.
Liu,G.S.,and J.L.Liu.2006.Practical guide to leaf tobacco production techniques in China.(In Chinese.)China Natl.Leaf Tobacco Corporation,Beijing.
Liu,Q.Z.,F.Y.Guo,and F.F.Li.2011.Effects of different relay intercropping models on the soil conditions of tobacco fields and the growth of flue-cured tobacco.(In Chinese,with English abstract.).J.Henan Agric.Sci.40:62-65.
Mark,A.B.2013.Disease in intercropping system.Annu.Rev.Phytopathol.51:499-519.doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102246
Meredith,D.S.1965.Violent spore release in Helminthosporium turcicum.Phytopathology 55:1099-1102.
Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China.2002.The technical specification on corn pest and diseases identification(1)People’s Republic of China agriculture industry standard.China Agric.Press,Beijing.
Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China.2007.The principle of the agricultural standard in the People’s Republic of China NY/T 1248.1-2006.Rules for evaluation of maize for resistance to pests Part 1:Rules for evaluation of maize for resistance to northern corn leaf blight.China Agri.Press,Beijing.
Mitchell,C.E.,D.Tilman,and J.V.Groth.2002.Effects of grassland plant species diversity,abundance,and composition on foliar fungal disease.Ecology 83:1713-1726.doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1713:EOGPSD]2.0.CO;2
Nagaraja,T.,A.G.Sreenivas,B.V.Patil,and A.Naganagoud.2008.Influence of different dates of sowing on thrips and mites in chilli under irrigated ecosystem.Karnataka J.Agric.Sci.21:450-451.
Ni,X.Z.,M.D.Toews,G.D.Buntin,J.E.Carpenter,A.Huffaker,E.A.Schmelz,T.E.Cottrell,and Z.Abdo.2014.Influence of brown stink bug feeding,planting date and sampling time on common smut infection of maize.Insect Sci.21:564-571.doi:10.1111/1744-7917.12149
Paridham,J.C.,and M.H.Entz.2008.Intercropping spring wheat with cereal grains,legumes,and oilseeds fails to improve productivity under organic management.Agron.J.100:1436-1442.doi:10.2134/agronj2007.0227
Pataky,J.K.,R.N.Raid,L.J.du Toit,and T.J.Schueneman.1998.Disease severity and yield of sweet corn hybrids with resistance to northern leaf blight.Plant Dis.82:57-63.doi:10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.1.57
Rahnama,A.,and M.Latifian.2013.Intercropping relative efficiency and its effects on date palm pests and disease control.Intel.J.Agric.Res.Rev.3:617-623.
Reinbott,T.M.,Z.R.Helsel,D.G.Helsel,M.R.Gebhardt,and H.C.Minor.1987.Intercropping soybean into standing green wheat.Agron.J.79:886-891.doi:10.2134/agronj1987.00021962007900050026x
Sawchik,J.,and A.P.Mallarino.2008.Variability of soil properties,early phosphorus and potassium uptake,and incidence of pests and weeds in relation to soybean grain yield.Agron.J.100:1450-1462.doi:10.2134/agronj2007.0303
Siami,R.,B.Mirshekari,and F.Farahvash.2013.Sowing date and mixing rate could be improved crops yield case study:Intercropping of maize and lentil.World Applied Sci.J.26:520-524.
Sridhar,K.,V.Rahesh,and S.Omprakash.2014.A critical review on agronomic management of pests and diseases in chilli.Int.J.Plant Anim.Environ.Sci.4:284-289.
Subedi,K.D.,B.L.Ma,and A.G.Xue.2007.Planting date and nitrogen effects on Fusarium head blight and leaf spotting diseases in spring wheat.Agron.J.99:113-121.doi:10.2134/agronj2006.0171
Sweet,L.E.,and S.Wright.2008.Integrated pest management:Corn diseases.MU Extension and Agric.Information,MO.
Theunissen,J.1997.Application of intercropping in organic agriculture.Biol.Agric.Hortic.15:250-259.doi:10.1080/01448765.1997.9755200
Thomas,A.1993.The onset of the rainy season in Yunnan Province,P.R.China,and its significance for agricultural operation.Int.J.Biometeorol.37:170-176.doi:10.1007/BF01212626
Trenbath,B.R.1993.Intercropping for the management of pests and diseases.Field Crops Res.34:381-405.doi:10.1016/0378-4290(93)90123-5
Vandermeer,F.2004.The ecology of intercropping.Cambridge Univ.Press,New York.129.
Vilich-Meller,V.1992.Mixed cropping of cereals to suppress plant disease and omit pesticide applications.Biol.Agric.Hortic.8:299-308.doi:10.1080/01448765.1992.9754607
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