基于原子相干效应的相干反射的研究
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摘要
光与原子相互作用,作为量子光学中一个非常重要的研究内容,在近几十年得到了蓬勃的发展,而基于相干光场与原子介质相互作用的产物,原子相干效应更是受到人们的广泛关注。原子相干总是伴随着量子干涉,在此基础上,产生了许多新奇有趣的量子现象。
本文基于原子相干,回顾了电磁诱导透明(EIT)效应,介绍了近十几年人们对基于原子非线性相干效应的四波混频技术的研究现状及发展方向,简单介绍了电磁诱导吸收光栅这一特殊的四波混频过程。在此基础上,重点介绍了我们实验小组在基于原子相干效应方面开展的实验和理论研究工作,主要包括：双色耦合场作用于EIT系统的动力学过程的理论计算,驻波耦合场作用于不同原子能级上的相干辐射的实验研究及理论分析；在原子气体中,首次提出了在相位失配情况下,反常色散补偿相位失配的理论,详细分析了四光子相互作用过程；更进一步地,实验上研究了在不同简并二能级系统中Fg 1)从理论上研究了双色耦合场作用于Λ型EIT系统的动力学过程,给出了原子与探针场作用的密度算符的通解形式。在此基础上,详细讨论了特殊情况下,即在驻波耦合场条件下,原子介质对探针场的吸收和色散特性,发现当只有向前耦合场作用时,原子对探针场的吸收很弱,色散特性为正常色散,即典型的EIT现象；而加入向后耦合场后,原子对探针场的吸收增强,色散由正常色散变为反常色散。由于原子对探针场产生吸收,导致在此过程中可能会出现高阶非线性相干效应(多波混频),从而产生新的光场。
2)在实验上,观察了当向后耦合场从无到有时,探针场由透明向吸收增强的转变过程,证实了理论的分析。研究了在三能级铯原子气体系统中,当作用光场不满足相位匹配条件(或Bragg反射条件)的情况下,即ωc>ωp,实验上仍然获得了高效率的相干反射场,并在理论上首次提出反常色散补偿相位失配的理论,很好地解释了实验现象。
3)为了进一步验证理论的适用性,依然在Λ型三能级系统中,转换耦合光场和探针场的作用能级,即ωc<ωp,实验研究了在相位匹配角度(θ0=0.42°)下的相干反射情况,并测量了辐射场随探针场与耦合场夹角的变化关系,分别讨论了在相位匹配和相位失配两种情况下的四波混频过程,即四光子相互作用过程,而色散补偿理论同样很好地诠释了实验结果,并且在较宽的耦合场频率失谐范围内,都能得到效率较高的辐射信号,这为实现多通道量子信息处理提供了更多选择。
4)在实验和理论上研究了在简并二能级系统中(ωc=ωp),不同塞曼子能级结构时(Fg>Fe,Fg=Fe和Fg 其中创新性的工作包括：
I.在热原子系统中,当耦合场和探针场频率不满足相位匹配条件’(或Bragg反射条件)时,实验上依然获得了高效率的相干反射信号,研究了在不同驻波条件下,相干反射场随探针场频率的变化情况；理论上,提出了反常色散补偿相位失配的理论。
II.基于色散补偿理论,比较了耦合场和探针场频率在满足和不满足相位匹配条件下,相干辐射信号的变化规律；实验研究了向前、向后耦合场在相干辐射过程中光强的变化,分析了四光子相互作用物理机制,即在相互作用过程中,原子吸收一个探针光子和一个反向传播的耦合光子,同时又辐射一个同向传播的耦合光子和一个反向传播的信号光子(四波混频场光子)。在理论拟合中,提出并应用了有效长度的概念,在相位失配情况下,有效长度发挥着非常重要的作用。
III.在简并二能级系统中,实验研究了三种不同简并能级结构下的相干辐射情况,给出在相同实验参数条件下,当Fg>Fe时,相干反射效率最高,当Fg=Fe时,反射信号的效率较弱,且线宽较窄；而当FgThe interaction of the light with atoms, as a very important research content of the quantum optics, has thriving development in recent decades. Based on the generation of the interaction of coherent light with atomic medium, atomic coherence effects have received increasing attention. Atomic coherent is always accompanied by quantum interference, which caused many novel and interesting quantum phenomena.
This dissertation reviews the traditional electromagnetic induction transparency (EIT) effect, introduces the present research situation and development direction of four-wave mixing which induced by the atomic coherence effects. More importantly, we focus on our research work in experiment and theory, which including the theoretical calculation of the dynamical process about bichromatic fields coupled EIT atomic system, experimental research and theoretical analysis of the coherent reflection induce by the standing-wave fields coupled different atomic level. Based on the atomic gas system, we first supply the theory that on the condition of phase mismatching in the process of four-wave mixing, anomalous dispersion compensates the phase mismatching, and furthermore, the interaction of four photons is analyzed in detail. We also demonstrate the necessary condition of realization on coherent reflection in different degenerate two-level systems (Fg>Fe, Fg=Fe and Fg 1) The dynamical process about bichromatic fields coupled A-type EIT system has investigated theoretically, and the general form of density operator for the interaction of atoms with probe light is presented. Based on this, the property of absorption and dispersion of atoms to the probe light has investigated on the condition of standing-wave coupling fields. We find that when only the co-propagating coupling field is used, the absorption of atoms to the probe is very weak, and the dispersion is normal dispersion, that is classical EIT effect; however, when the travelling-wave coupling light is replaced by the standing-wave, the absorption of the probe is enhanced, and normal dispersion is changed to anomalous dispersion, EIT changes to electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA). So we deduce the higher order nonlinear coherent process (multi-wave mixing) may be generated in this system due to the standing-wave coupled.
2) On the basics of theoretical analysis, at first, we observed experimentally the fact that the probe light through the atoms is changed from transparency to be vanished when increasing the power of counter-propagating via R from0to1. We also demonstrate that in the three-level Cs atomic system, the high efficiency coherent reflection signal is rather generated experimentally even when the frequency of fields are not satisfied with the condition of phase matching (or Bragg reflection), that is ωe>ωp. Comparing with the results of experiment, we supply the theory that the dispersion compensation, that is the phase mismatching is compensated for by anomalous dispersion due to the strong absorption of the probe.
3) For further verify the universality of the theory on the dispersion compensation, we do research in experiment in the case that changing the energy levels acted by the coupling and probe lights, in which the frequencies of all fields should be satisfied with the condition of phase matching (for Cs atom Di line, the phase matching angle is θ=0.42°), and the generation of coherent reflection is demonstrated experimentally. Furthermore, we also measure the relation of coherent reflection with the probe's frequency detuning. We also theoretically elaborate the four-wave mixing process on the condition of phase matching and phase mismatching, respectively, and the theory of dispersion compensation interpret the experimental results well. The high reflection efficiency of signal are also generated in wide range of detuning of the coupling fields and the results have many potential applications in quantum optics and quantum information, such as the multi-channel information processing, tunable optical switching.
4) The coherent reflection is also investigated experimentally in the case of degenerate two level systems (where the frequencies of coupling and probe light are equal), which includes three sorts:Fg>Fe, Fg=Fe and Fg The characterized works among the above are as follows:
Ⅰ. In a hot atom system, the coherent reflection signal with high efficiency is obtained at the case that the frequencies of interacting fields are not satisfied with the condition of phase matching (or Bragg reflection), and the relation of coherent reflection with probe detuning is also investigated in different condition of standing-wave. In theory, based on four-wave mixing process, we supply the theory of anomalous dispersion compensate the phase mismatching.
Ⅱ. Based on the dispersion compensation, we compare the relation of coherent reflection at the case that the frequencies of coupling and probe lights are and are not satisfied with the condition of phase matching. We also investigate the change of intensity of co-and counter-propagating fields after interacting with atoms, and the experimental results supply the physical mechanism of four-photon interaction. The atoms absorb the probe and the counter-propagating coupling field, and meanwhile emit the co-propagating coupling field and the reflected field. The probe and the co-propagating coupling field form a Doppler-free pair, and the reflected and the counter-propagating coupling fields form another Doppler-free pair, so that we have Doppler-free reflection, because both pairs are at two-photon resonance. In fitting the theory to the experiment, we put forward to the concept of effective length, and find that it play the key action in the case of phase mismatching.
Ⅲ. The coherent reflection is also investigated experimentally in the degenerate two level systems. We find that in the same experimental parameters, different level structures cause different results:when Fg>Fe, the reflection efficiency is highest; and when Fg=Fe, the reflection intensity is much smaller than that in the case of Fg>Fe, but the line-width of signal is narrower than that above. However, when Fg
本文基于原子相干,回顾了电磁诱导透明(EIT)效应,介绍了近十几年人们对基于原子非线性相干效应的四波混频技术的研究现状及发展方向,简单介绍了电磁诱导吸收光栅这一特殊的四波混频过程。在此基础上,重点介绍了我们实验小组在基于原子相干效应方面开展的实验和理论研究工作,主要包括：双色耦合场作用于EIT系统的动力学过程的理论计算,驻波耦合场作用于不同原子能级上的相干辐射的实验研究及理论分析；在原子气体中,首次提出了在相位失配情况下,反常色散补偿相位失配的理论,详细分析了四光子相互作用过程；更进一步地,实验上研究了在不同简并二能级系统中Fg
2)在实验上,观察了当向后耦合场从无到有时,探针场由透明向吸收增强的转变过程,证实了理论的分析。研究了在三能级铯原子气体系统中,当作用光场不满足相位匹配条件(或Bragg反射条件)的情况下,即ωc>ωp,实验上仍然获得了高效率的相干反射场,并在理论上首次提出反常色散补偿相位失配的理论,很好地解释了实验现象。
3)为了进一步验证理论的适用性,依然在Λ型三能级系统中,转换耦合光场和探针场的作用能级,即ωc<ωp,实验研究了在相位匹配角度(θ0=0.42°)下的相干反射情况,并测量了辐射场随探针场与耦合场夹角的变化关系,分别讨论了在相位匹配和相位失配两种情况下的四波混频过程,即四光子相互作用过程,而色散补偿理论同样很好地诠释了实验结果,并且在较宽的耦合场频率失谐范围内,都能得到效率较高的辐射信号,这为实现多通道量子信息处理提供了更多选择。
4)在实验和理论上研究了在简并二能级系统中(ωc=ωp),不同塞曼子能级结构时(Fg>Fe,Fg=Fe和Fg
I.在热原子系统中,当耦合场和探针场频率不满足相位匹配条件’(或Bragg反射条件)时,实验上依然获得了高效率的相干反射信号,研究了在不同驻波条件下,相干反射场随探针场频率的变化情况；理论上,提出了反常色散补偿相位失配的理论。
II.基于色散补偿理论,比较了耦合场和探针场频率在满足和不满足相位匹配条件下,相干辐射信号的变化规律；实验研究了向前、向后耦合场在相干辐射过程中光强的变化,分析了四光子相互作用物理机制,即在相互作用过程中,原子吸收一个探针光子和一个反向传播的耦合光子,同时又辐射一个同向传播的耦合光子和一个反向传播的信号光子(四波混频场光子)。在理论拟合中,提出并应用了有效长度的概念,在相位失配情况下,有效长度发挥着非常重要的作用。
III.在简并二能级系统中,实验研究了三种不同简并能级结构下的相干辐射情况,给出在相同实验参数条件下,当Fg>Fe时,相干反射效率最高,当Fg=Fe时,反射信号的效率较弱,且线宽较窄；而当Fg
This dissertation reviews the traditional electromagnetic induction transparency (EIT) effect, introduces the present research situation and development direction of four-wave mixing which induced by the atomic coherence effects. More importantly, we focus on our research work in experiment and theory, which including the theoretical calculation of the dynamical process about bichromatic fields coupled EIT atomic system, experimental research and theoretical analysis of the coherent reflection induce by the standing-wave fields coupled different atomic level. Based on the atomic gas system, we first supply the theory that on the condition of phase mismatching in the process of four-wave mixing, anomalous dispersion compensates the phase mismatching, and furthermore, the interaction of four photons is analyzed in detail. We also demonstrate the necessary condition of realization on coherent reflection in different degenerate two-level systems (Fg>Fe, Fg=Fe and Fg
2) On the basics of theoretical analysis, at first, we observed experimentally the fact that the probe light through the atoms is changed from transparency to be vanished when increasing the power of counter-propagating via R from0to1. We also demonstrate that in the three-level Cs atomic system, the high efficiency coherent reflection signal is rather generated experimentally even when the frequency of fields are not satisfied with the condition of phase matching (or Bragg reflection), that is ωe>ωp. Comparing with the results of experiment, we supply the theory that the dispersion compensation, that is the phase mismatching is compensated for by anomalous dispersion due to the strong absorption of the probe.
3) For further verify the universality of the theory on the dispersion compensation, we do research in experiment in the case that changing the energy levels acted by the coupling and probe lights, in which the frequencies of all fields should be satisfied with the condition of phase matching (for Cs atom Di line, the phase matching angle is θ=0.42°), and the generation of coherent reflection is demonstrated experimentally. Furthermore, we also measure the relation of coherent reflection with the probe's frequency detuning. We also theoretically elaborate the four-wave mixing process on the condition of phase matching and phase mismatching, respectively, and the theory of dispersion compensation interpret the experimental results well. The high reflection efficiency of signal are also generated in wide range of detuning of the coupling fields and the results have many potential applications in quantum optics and quantum information, such as the multi-channel information processing, tunable optical switching.
4) The coherent reflection is also investigated experimentally in the case of degenerate two level systems (where the frequencies of coupling and probe light are equal), which includes three sorts:Fg>Fe, Fg=Fe and Fg
Ⅰ. In a hot atom system, the coherent reflection signal with high efficiency is obtained at the case that the frequencies of interacting fields are not satisfied with the condition of phase matching (or Bragg reflection), and the relation of coherent reflection with probe detuning is also investigated in different condition of standing-wave. In theory, based on four-wave mixing process, we supply the theory of anomalous dispersion compensate the phase mismatching.
Ⅱ. Based on the dispersion compensation, we compare the relation of coherent reflection at the case that the frequencies of coupling and probe lights are and are not satisfied with the condition of phase matching. We also investigate the change of intensity of co-and counter-propagating fields after interacting with atoms, and the experimental results supply the physical mechanism of four-photon interaction. The atoms absorb the probe and the counter-propagating coupling field, and meanwhile emit the co-propagating coupling field and the reflected field. The probe and the co-propagating coupling field form a Doppler-free pair, and the reflected and the counter-propagating coupling fields form another Doppler-free pair, so that we have Doppler-free reflection, because both pairs are at two-photon resonance. In fitting the theory to the experiment, we put forward to the concept of effective length, and find that it play the key action in the case of phase mismatching.
Ⅲ. The coherent reflection is also investigated experimentally in the degenerate two level systems. We find that in the same experimental parameters, different level structures cause different results:when Fg>Fe, the reflection efficiency is highest; and when Fg=Fe, the reflection intensity is much smaller than that in the case of Fg>Fe, but the line-width of signal is narrower than that above. However, when Fg
引文
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