新型复合式膜生物反应器处理生活污水试验研究
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摘要
水资源短缺和水环境污染不仅制约了我国经济和社会的发展，而且危害了人民的健康，影响了社会的和谐与稳定。城市污水的处理与回用已成为世界各国解决水问题的必选策略。研究低耗高效的城市污水处理与回用技术具有重要的现实意义。
本课题自主开发了一种新型复合式膜生物反应器(HMBR)，它由间歇式生物反应器单元(SBR)和膜组件单元组成，利用混合液水头压力驱动出水，有效节省膜出水能耗，降低了膜生物反应器系统的运行费用；同时该系统结构简单，无需污泥回流设备，运行模式灵活，出水水质优良，达到城市中水回用标准，必将促进膜生物反应器技术在我国城市污水处理与回用领域的应用。
本试验装置典型运行工艺为：污水首先经过SBR的处理，其上清液进入膜组件中，经膜过滤后得到最终出水。SBR运行模式为：瞬时进水，厌氧搅拌5h，好氧曝气5h，静置沉淀1h，(进)出水1h，出水时对膜组件鼓气。试验装置运行期间除取样外没有排泥，一个运行周期的处理水量为总有效容积的50％。
本装置处理生活污水的试验结果表明：新型复合式膜生物反应器(HMBR)抗冲击负荷能力强，处理出水达到了《城市杂用水再生水水质标准(冲厕)》(GB／T18920-2002)的要求。进水COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP分别为83.2～497.6mg／L、7.7～22.5mg／L、12.5～29.9 mg／L和1.23～3.28mg／L时，其去除率平均分别为96％、96.6％、54.4％和96.9％。
在装置稳定运行期间，保持了较高的膜通量26.7～33.4L／m~2·h(平均为30.3L／m~2·h)，远远高于现有的一体式和分体式同类MBR，进一步表明新工艺可以有效控制膜污染。膜清洗试验表明：膜污染物以无机盐为主，且酸洗效果优于碱洗。
装置运行期间的微生物相分析结果表明：由于泥龄差异，混合液中原、后生动物的数量明显比同期传统SBR工艺的多，但是生物种类差异不大。HMBR中的污泥颜色较深，结构较松散，而传统SBR工艺则相反。
新工艺技术经济分析表明：新型复合式膜生物反应器装置能够有效降低污水处理的投资和运行费用，具有明显的竞争优势。随着膜材料的改进，其运行费用还可进一步降低，可望在分散式处理系统建设中得到大量应用。
The lack of water resourse and the contamination of water not only restrict the development of Chinese economy and society, but also do harm to the health of people and affect the harmony and stabilization of society. The only method of solving water question for every country is disposing and circulating the sewage. It has important significance to research new technique for disposing and circulating sewage with low cost and high efficiency.
A new hybrid membrane bioreactor (HMBR) was designed in this research. It consists of SBR and membrane unit. The mixture in SBR flows into the membrane unit under gravity pressure. This manner can save power and reduce the operation costs. HMBR has brief composition, no sludge return equipment, running mode and high effluent quality. HMBR will promote the application of MBR technology in sewage treatment field.
The operation mode of HMBR was as follows: first, wastewater flowed into the SBR. Then, after the disposal of SBR, the effluent of SBR as the influent of membrane unit flowed into the membrane unit under gravity pressure. Finally, the liquid filtrated through the hollow fiber membrane. SBR operation mode is: instantaneous influent, 5h-anaerobic, 5h-aerobic, 1h-settling, and 1h-drawing-out. The membrane unit was aerated when draw out. The lab-scale equipment was operated stably with no excess waste sludge discharged. The quantity of disposal in one circulation is 50% of whole reactor.
The new HMBR process was tested for domestic wastewater treatment. Results showed that the effluent quality was excellent, and came up to the water quality standard of GB/T18920-2002, China. As influent COD, NH_4~+-N, TP, and TN were 83.2-497.6 mg/L, 7.7-22.5 mg/L, 12.5-29.9 mg/L, and 1.23-3.28 mg/L, respectively, the averaged removal efficiencies were 96%, 96.6%, 54.4%, and 96.9%, respectively.
The test device has a relatively high flux in 26.7-33.4 L/m~2·h in stable operation (average 30.3 L/m~2·h), far higher than the integrated or seperated MBR. Membrane fouling has been controlled effectively. Results of the cleaning experiments showed that the pollutants are mainly inorganic pollutants and would be better washed by acid than NaOH solution.
Microbial examination shows that protozoan and metazoan in HMBR were
本课题自主开发了一种新型复合式膜生物反应器(HMBR)，它由间歇式生物反应器单元(SBR)和膜组件单元组成，利用混合液水头压力驱动出水，有效节省膜出水能耗，降低了膜生物反应器系统的运行费用；同时该系统结构简单，无需污泥回流设备，运行模式灵活，出水水质优良，达到城市中水回用标准，必将促进膜生物反应器技术在我国城市污水处理与回用领域的应用。
本试验装置典型运行工艺为：污水首先经过SBR的处理，其上清液进入膜组件中，经膜过滤后得到最终出水。SBR运行模式为：瞬时进水，厌氧搅拌5h，好氧曝气5h，静置沉淀1h，(进)出水1h，出水时对膜组件鼓气。试验装置运行期间除取样外没有排泥，一个运行周期的处理水量为总有效容积的50％。
本装置处理生活污水的试验结果表明：新型复合式膜生物反应器(HMBR)抗冲击负荷能力强，处理出水达到了《城市杂用水再生水水质标准(冲厕)》(GB／T18920-2002)的要求。进水COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP分别为83.2～497.6mg／L、7.7～22.5mg／L、12.5～29.9 mg／L和1.23～3.28mg／L时，其去除率平均分别为96％、96.6％、54.4％和96.9％。
在装置稳定运行期间，保持了较高的膜通量26.7～33.4L／m~2·h(平均为30.3L／m~2·h)，远远高于现有的一体式和分体式同类MBR，进一步表明新工艺可以有效控制膜污染。膜清洗试验表明：膜污染物以无机盐为主，且酸洗效果优于碱洗。
装置运行期间的微生物相分析结果表明：由于泥龄差异，混合液中原、后生动物的数量明显比同期传统SBR工艺的多，但是生物种类差异不大。HMBR中的污泥颜色较深，结构较松散，而传统SBR工艺则相反。
新工艺技术经济分析表明：新型复合式膜生物反应器装置能够有效降低污水处理的投资和运行费用，具有明显的竞争优势。随着膜材料的改进，其运行费用还可进一步降低，可望在分散式处理系统建设中得到大量应用。
The lack of water resourse and the contamination of water not only restrict the development of Chinese economy and society, but also do harm to the health of people and affect the harmony and stabilization of society. The only method of solving water question for every country is disposing and circulating the sewage. It has important significance to research new technique for disposing and circulating sewage with low cost and high efficiency.
A new hybrid membrane bioreactor (HMBR) was designed in this research. It consists of SBR and membrane unit. The mixture in SBR flows into the membrane unit under gravity pressure. This manner can save power and reduce the operation costs. HMBR has brief composition, no sludge return equipment, running mode and high effluent quality. HMBR will promote the application of MBR technology in sewage treatment field.
The operation mode of HMBR was as follows: first, wastewater flowed into the SBR. Then, after the disposal of SBR, the effluent of SBR as the influent of membrane unit flowed into the membrane unit under gravity pressure. Finally, the liquid filtrated through the hollow fiber membrane. SBR operation mode is: instantaneous influent, 5h-anaerobic, 5h-aerobic, 1h-settling, and 1h-drawing-out. The membrane unit was aerated when draw out. The lab-scale equipment was operated stably with no excess waste sludge discharged. The quantity of disposal in one circulation is 50% of whole reactor.
The new HMBR process was tested for domestic wastewater treatment. Results showed that the effluent quality was excellent, and came up to the water quality standard of GB/T18920-2002, China. As influent COD, NH_4~+-N, TP, and TN were 83.2-497.6 mg/L, 7.7-22.5 mg/L, 12.5-29.9 mg/L, and 1.23-3.28 mg/L, respectively, the averaged removal efficiencies were 96%, 96.6%, 54.4%, and 96.9%, respectively.
The test device has a relatively high flux in 26.7-33.4 L/m~2·h in stable operation (average 30.3 L/m~2·h), far higher than the integrated or seperated MBR. Membrane fouling has been controlled effectively. Results of the cleaning experiments showed that the pollutants are mainly inorganic pollutants and would be better washed by acid than NaOH solution.
Microbial examination shows that protozoan and metazoan in HMBR were
引文
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[2] 国家环境保护总局等．国家环境保护“十五”计划[M]．北京：中国环境科学出版社，2002
[3] 胡必彬．我国十大流域片水污染现状及主要特征[J]．重庆环境科学，2003，25(6)：15-17
[4] 安鼎年，张俊贞．污水回用技术国内外现状及发展远景[J]．中国环保产业，2003，56：1-3
[5] 朱杰，付永胜，魏剑斌等．MBR技术在废水处理中的研究现状及其展望[J]．污染防治技术，2003，16(4)：95-98
[6] 杨云龙，陈启斌．SBR工艺的现状与发展[J]．工业用水与废水，2002，2：7-9
[7] 韩玮．SBR内周期性变化的环境对反硝化聚磷的影响：[硕士学位论文]．西安：西安建筑科技大学，2004
[8] 熊丽芳，胡兆吉，王白杨等．膜生物反应器及其发展展望[J]．江西化工，2005，1：45-48
[9] 袁志容，赵敏．膜生物反应器技术及膜污染的探讨[J]．环境科学与管理，2005，30(6)：77-79
[10] StephensonT. Type of membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment An introduction[J]. Proceedings Of the 1st International Meeting On Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment, Cranfield University, Cranfild, UK, 1997
[11] Stephenson T, Judd S, Jefferson B, et al. Membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment[J]. London: IWA Publishing, 2000: 59-111
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