基于驾驶员认知特征和视觉特性的高速公路景观设计方法研究
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摘要
公路景观设计对改善行车环境、愉悦驾驶员和乘客的旅途心情、提振驾驶员情绪、增加驾车注意力，进而减少交通事故，保障行车安全具有重要作用。公路景观设计涉及环境、人的行为学、工程和艺术等多个领域，具有多学科交叉的特点，传统的以绿化种植指导景观设计的落后思想和做法，大多从工程思维的角度出发，缺少对公众美学体验规律的了解，缺少对驾驶员和乘客视觉特性和认知规律的了解，已远远不能适应人们对公路美学的追求。因此，以驾驶员认知特性为基础，研究公路景观设计的规划与设计方法，探讨相关理论与技术问题，对建立和完善公路景观设计理论体系，提升公路景观设计理念具有重要的意义。本文主要完成的研究内容简要如下：
1、收集并全面分析了国内外相关研究发展概况，以公路景观设计发展的时间先后为主线，对比分析了其各个阶段研究的技术路线（手段）、研究的主要内容和典型成果，并指出了各个时期研究存在的主要问题。在此基础上，提出了本文需要重点突破和研究的主要内容及技术路线。
2、以室内测试和现场调查的方式，广泛开展了对驾驶员和乘客的景观认知特性和景观美学感知体验特征的研究，揭示了公众的偏爱与美的公路景观与路边特征、公路线形特征、建筑物特征的关系，得到了公众对公路景观的色彩认知特性，初步揭示了公众美学体验与公路景观美学处理手法的关系等重要规律。以此为基础，有针对性地提出了公路景观设计要点。
3、从公路景观的动态性和线状特征出发，探讨了公路景观段落划分方法。分别阐述并提出了考虑自然景观要素和人文景观要素的景观段落划分原则和方法，研究了自然景观要素的聚类统计方法。针对公路景观具有线状动态性特点，提出了适于公路景观段落规划的聚类节点控制法。以此为基础，结合依托项目，提出了高速公路景观段落划分方案。
4、以驾驶员的动视觉特性为基础，考虑公路工程的具体特点，探讨了距离、结构物形态和色彩等因素对驾驶员景观感知体验的影响，研究了基于驾驶员视觉特征的公路景观敏感度分级方法和分级标准，以敏感度分级为依据，研究了高速公路边坡的景观敏感度与边坡属性的关系。
5、以Kaplan环境认知模型为基础，探讨了公路景观设计中背景处理方法，重点分析了复杂性背景、一致性背景的处理手法，运用美学规律，研究了不同景观敏感度分级所包含的景观要素的设计手法；最后运用UC-Win/Road景观模拟软件对景观要素的景观效果、背景处理的前后对比景观效果加以验证。
上述研究成果对完善公路景观设计、特别是高速公路景观设计理论体系，丰富高速公路景观设计方法具有重要的参考价值，为公路景观设计指南或规划的编制奠定了基础。其中一些研究和测试方法为进一步开展高速公路景观研究指明了方向。
Highway landscape design plays an important role in improving travel environment, delightingdrivers and passengers, elevating drivers’ mood, thus reducing traffic accident and guaranteeingtraffic safety. Highway landscape design is a multi-interdisciplinary subject which involvesenvironment, human behavior, engineering, art and so on. Traditionally, highway landscape designis guided by greening. This method pays great attention to engineering, which is out-dated now. Itconsiders little about human aesthetic experience, human vision characteristics and cognitivecharacteristics, thus is far from meeting people’s desire for highway aesthetics. For this reason, theplanning and designing method of highway landscape and related theory and technology problemsis studied based on drivers’ cognitive characteristics. This is of great importance in building andperfecting the theoretical system of highway landscape design. The main content of this paper is asfollows:
The first,After collcting and analyzing the relevant abroad and domestic researches, inchronological order, the dissertation analyzes the technical routes, main contents and typical results,and proposes the main problems in different research periods. Based on this, the dissertationproposes the main ideas.
The second,Through laboratory test and field survey, drivers’ and passengers’ cognition andperception characteristics of highway landscape are studied extensively. The result reveals therelationship between human preference on highway landscape and roadside features, highwayalignment features and constructions. Human color cognition characteristics of highway landscapeare shown and the relationship between human aesthetic experience and highway landscapeprocessing methods are preliminarily revealed. On the basis of this, the important design points ofhighway landscape are put forward pointedly.
The third,The segment division of highway landscape is explored on account of its dynamicand linear characteristics. Considering the natural and humane landscape elements, the partitioningprinciple and method of highway landscape segment are elaborated respectively, Cluster AnalysisMethod used for natural landscape elements is studied. According to the dynamic and linearcharacteristics of highway landscape, the dissertation proposes the Cluster-node control methodused for highway landscape segment planning. In the basis of this, combining the project, thelandscape segments are proposed.
The fourth,Grounded on the dynamic vision characteristics of drivers and passengers, andconsidering the specific features of highway project, the dissertation researches the the influence of distance, structure and color on the landscape cognition of drivers, and studies the partipitionclassification method and principles of landscape sensitivity which is based on the vision charactersof drives. According to the classification of sensitivity, the dissertation studies the relationshipbetweem the landscape sensitivity and slope properties.
The fifth,Based on the Kaplan environmental cognitive model, the background processingmethods of highway landscape design are discussed. The processing methods of complicatedbackground and consistent background are analyzed. Using asthetic laws, the dissertation studies thedesign methods of landscape elements in different landscape zone. Finally, the simulation softwareUC-Win/Road is used to verify the processing effect.
Not only for perfecting the landscape design, especially for the theory system of freeways, butalso for enriching the freeway landscape design method, the above study results can provideimportant reference value and serve as a foundation for establishing guidance or planning forhighway landscape design. Several studis and tests show the way for further study in this field.
1、收集并全面分析了国内外相关研究发展概况，以公路景观设计发展的时间先后为主线，对比分析了其各个阶段研究的技术路线（手段）、研究的主要内容和典型成果，并指出了各个时期研究存在的主要问题。在此基础上，提出了本文需要重点突破和研究的主要内容及技术路线。
2、以室内测试和现场调查的方式，广泛开展了对驾驶员和乘客的景观认知特性和景观美学感知体验特征的研究，揭示了公众的偏爱与美的公路景观与路边特征、公路线形特征、建筑物特征的关系，得到了公众对公路景观的色彩认知特性，初步揭示了公众美学体验与公路景观美学处理手法的关系等重要规律。以此为基础，有针对性地提出了公路景观设计要点。
3、从公路景观的动态性和线状特征出发，探讨了公路景观段落划分方法。分别阐述并提出了考虑自然景观要素和人文景观要素的景观段落划分原则和方法，研究了自然景观要素的聚类统计方法。针对公路景观具有线状动态性特点，提出了适于公路景观段落规划的聚类节点控制法。以此为基础，结合依托项目，提出了高速公路景观段落划分方案。
4、以驾驶员的动视觉特性为基础，考虑公路工程的具体特点，探讨了距离、结构物形态和色彩等因素对驾驶员景观感知体验的影响，研究了基于驾驶员视觉特征的公路景观敏感度分级方法和分级标准，以敏感度分级为依据，研究了高速公路边坡的景观敏感度与边坡属性的关系。
5、以Kaplan环境认知模型为基础，探讨了公路景观设计中背景处理方法，重点分析了复杂性背景、一致性背景的处理手法，运用美学规律，研究了不同景观敏感度分级所包含的景观要素的设计手法；最后运用UC-Win/Road景观模拟软件对景观要素的景观效果、背景处理的前后对比景观效果加以验证。
上述研究成果对完善公路景观设计、特别是高速公路景观设计理论体系，丰富高速公路景观设计方法具有重要的参考价值，为公路景观设计指南或规划的编制奠定了基础。其中一些研究和测试方法为进一步开展高速公路景观研究指明了方向。
Highway landscape design plays an important role in improving travel environment, delightingdrivers and passengers, elevating drivers’ mood, thus reducing traffic accident and guaranteeingtraffic safety. Highway landscape design is a multi-interdisciplinary subject which involvesenvironment, human behavior, engineering, art and so on. Traditionally, highway landscape designis guided by greening. This method pays great attention to engineering, which is out-dated now. Itconsiders little about human aesthetic experience, human vision characteristics and cognitivecharacteristics, thus is far from meeting people’s desire for highway aesthetics. For this reason, theplanning and designing method of highway landscape and related theory and technology problemsis studied based on drivers’ cognitive characteristics. This is of great importance in building andperfecting the theoretical system of highway landscape design. The main content of this paper is asfollows:
The first,After collcting and analyzing the relevant abroad and domestic researches, inchronological order, the dissertation analyzes the technical routes, main contents and typical results,and proposes the main problems in different research periods. Based on this, the dissertationproposes the main ideas.
The second,Through laboratory test and field survey, drivers’ and passengers’ cognition andperception characteristics of highway landscape are studied extensively. The result reveals therelationship between human preference on highway landscape and roadside features, highwayalignment features and constructions. Human color cognition characteristics of highway landscapeare shown and the relationship between human aesthetic experience and highway landscapeprocessing methods are preliminarily revealed. On the basis of this, the important design points ofhighway landscape are put forward pointedly.
The third,The segment division of highway landscape is explored on account of its dynamicand linear characteristics. Considering the natural and humane landscape elements, the partitioningprinciple and method of highway landscape segment are elaborated respectively, Cluster AnalysisMethod used for natural landscape elements is studied. According to the dynamic and linearcharacteristics of highway landscape, the dissertation proposes the Cluster-node control methodused for highway landscape segment planning. In the basis of this, combining the project, thelandscape segments are proposed.
The fourth,Grounded on the dynamic vision characteristics of drivers and passengers, andconsidering the specific features of highway project, the dissertation researches the the influence of distance, structure and color on the landscape cognition of drivers, and studies the partipitionclassification method and principles of landscape sensitivity which is based on the vision charactersof drives. According to the classification of sensitivity, the dissertation studies the relationshipbetweem the landscape sensitivity and slope properties.
The fifth,Based on the Kaplan environmental cognitive model, the background processingmethods of highway landscape design are discussed. The processing methods of complicatedbackground and consistent background are analyzed. Using asthetic laws, the dissertation studies thedesign methods of landscape elements in different landscape zone. Finally, the simulation softwareUC-Win/Road is used to verify the processing effect.
Not only for perfecting the landscape design, especially for the theory system of freeways, butalso for enriching the freeway landscape design method, the above study results can provideimportant reference value and serve as a foundation for establishing guidance or planning forhighway landscape design. Several studis and tests show the way for further study in this field.
引文
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