蕨麻多糖的免疫增强作用及自由基药理学研究
|
摘要
为探讨藏药蕨麻的有效成分-蕨麻多糖的免疫增强和自由基药理学作用,通过体内外试验,研究了蕨麻多糖对机体的免疫功能的影响。
采用流式细胞术检测蕨麻多糖对中性粒细胞呼吸爆发功能的影响。结果发现,蕨麻多糖可在中性粒细胞功能抑制时,在调理酵母多糖的刺激作用下,改善其免疫功能状态,增强中性粒细胞的呼吸爆发功能。采用环磷酰胺(Cy)作为免疫抑制剂,建立小鼠免疫抑制模型,测定和观察了小鼠脾脏指数、小鼠脾脏细胞内乳酸脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶活性,小鼠血清细胞因子IL-10、IL-6、IFN-γ水平,小鼠脾脏中过氧化氢酶、超氧化物岐化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力和机体脂质过氧化程度。结果显示,蕨麻多糖可不同程度地提高免疫抑制状态下小鼠脾脏细胞乳酸脱氢酶(Lactate dehydrogenase,LDH )和酸性磷酸酶(acid phosphatase , ACP)活性,可调整IL-10和IFN-γ的平衡,升高IL-6的水平。说明蕨麻多糖通过调节中性粒细胞呼吸爆发的强度,改善因免疫抑制而引起的小鼠脾脏酸性磷酸酶水平和乳酸脱氢酶水平的下降,激活巨噬细胞的活化状态,调节促诱生细胞因子IL-10、IL-6和IFN-γ水平,拮抗因环磷酰胺引起的免疫抑制,增强机体的免疫功能。蕨麻多糖可改善因免疫抑制而引起的过氧化氢酶、超氧化物岐化酶活力的降低,通过调节抗氧化酶类的活性而去除自由基和活性氧,减轻脂质过氧化程度,分解过氧化物,阻断过氧化链,使防御体系各成分之间通过相互协同、依赖、互补作用,共同通过改善机体的氧化还原状态调节机体的免疫状态。
通过蕨麻多糖不同剂量、不同途径对小鼠、兔、鸡的毒性作用和局部注射后的吸收情况,进行了蕨麻多糖的毒性试验,结果证明蕨麻多糖无毒副作用,给机体注射后可被机体缓慢吸收,造成长期持续性刺激,增强免疫效果。蕨麻多糖以不同剂量给鸡灌服或肌注,或配合新城疫弱毒疫苗给青年鸡免疫后,能升高淋巴细胞百分率,对巨噬细胞的活性具有一定的促进作用,具有促进淋巴细胞转化,升高ERFC、EAC的形成率,表明多糖对鸡的细胞免疫和体液免疫具有促进作用,能显著增强细胞和体液免疫功能,通过提高机体的非特异免疫功能而增强特异性免疫应答,达到免疫增效作用的目的。蕨麻多糖以不同途径、不同剂量免疫雏鸡,均可不同程度地提高雏鸡生长期增重;在一定程度可以提高红血球数量及血红蛋白量,从而提高机体供应养分和氧气能力,促进机体生长;对雏鸡免疫器官胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏均有不同程度的刺激作用,胸腺指数、法氏囊指数、脾脏指数都有不同程度的提高,显著促进了免疫器官的生长发育;结合新城疫疫苗,不同途径、不同剂量免疫雏鸡,可显著升高抗体水平,且抗体水平上升快,高峰值高,维持较高水平时间长,能显著增强疫苗的免疫效力。
The study was carried out to investigate the the effect of immuomodulation and free radical pharmacology of potentilla anserine polysaccharide (PAP), an effective constituent from potentilla anserine , a Tibetan medicine, for its clinical application.
Reactive oxygen species, stimulated by Opsonized Zymosan (OZ), was detected in neutrophilic leukocyte by flow cytometry. The result showed that PAP was able to potentialize respiratory burst produced by neutrophilic leukocyte in coordination with the stimulant under immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide (Cy) and induced immune response reaction in a concentration-dependent manner. The immunosuppressed model in mice was established by intraperitoneal injection with cyclophosphamide, 100 mg/kg body weight , to investigate the spleen index, the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH ), acid phosphatase (ACP),catalase (CAT) , superoxide dismutase(SOD), total antioxidant capacity( TAOC ) and the extent of lipid peroxidation(LPO)in spleen , the levels of interleukin-10(IL-10), interferon(IFN) and interleukin-6(IL-6)in serum. The results showed that PAP wae able to antagonize the immunosuppression induced by Cy and increase the activities of LDH and ACP, raise levels of IL-10,IFN and IL-6 ,which suggest that PAP can potentialize immune function by regulating respiratory burst produced by neutrophilic leukocyte, activating macrophage and modulating the levels of cytokine, such as IL-10, IFN, IL-6. PAP was able to improve the activity decrease of antioxidase , such as CAT and SOD, and the extent of lipid peroxidation , extenuate oxidative damage which demonstrate that there is certain relationship between PAP immunoloregulation and free radical reaction.
The toxicity test of PAP in mouse, rabbit or chicken showed that PAP has no adverse reaction and is able to enhance immune function by injection. PAP was able to reinforce immune function by enhancing function of cell mediated immunity or humoral-mediated immunity in chicken which suggest that PAP has a action on . specific immune response by potentializing nonspecific immune response. PAP was able to elevate body weight in growth phase, promote growth and development of imune organs,and raise the level of antibody combining newcastle disease vaccine in chicken.
采用流式细胞术检测蕨麻多糖对中性粒细胞呼吸爆发功能的影响。结果发现,蕨麻多糖可在中性粒细胞功能抑制时,在调理酵母多糖的刺激作用下,改善其免疫功能状态,增强中性粒细胞的呼吸爆发功能。采用环磷酰胺(Cy)作为免疫抑制剂,建立小鼠免疫抑制模型,测定和观察了小鼠脾脏指数、小鼠脾脏细胞内乳酸脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶活性,小鼠血清细胞因子IL-10、IL-6、IFN-γ水平,小鼠脾脏中过氧化氢酶、超氧化物岐化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力和机体脂质过氧化程度。结果显示,蕨麻多糖可不同程度地提高免疫抑制状态下小鼠脾脏细胞乳酸脱氢酶(Lactate dehydrogenase,LDH )和酸性磷酸酶(acid phosphatase , ACP)活性,可调整IL-10和IFN-γ的平衡,升高IL-6的水平。说明蕨麻多糖通过调节中性粒细胞呼吸爆发的强度,改善因免疫抑制而引起的小鼠脾脏酸性磷酸酶水平和乳酸脱氢酶水平的下降,激活巨噬细胞的活化状态,调节促诱生细胞因子IL-10、IL-6和IFN-γ水平,拮抗因环磷酰胺引起的免疫抑制,增强机体的免疫功能。蕨麻多糖可改善因免疫抑制而引起的过氧化氢酶、超氧化物岐化酶活力的降低,通过调节抗氧化酶类的活性而去除自由基和活性氧,减轻脂质过氧化程度,分解过氧化物,阻断过氧化链,使防御体系各成分之间通过相互协同、依赖、互补作用,共同通过改善机体的氧化还原状态调节机体的免疫状态。
通过蕨麻多糖不同剂量、不同途径对小鼠、兔、鸡的毒性作用和局部注射后的吸收情况,进行了蕨麻多糖的毒性试验,结果证明蕨麻多糖无毒副作用,给机体注射后可被机体缓慢吸收,造成长期持续性刺激,增强免疫效果。蕨麻多糖以不同剂量给鸡灌服或肌注,或配合新城疫弱毒疫苗给青年鸡免疫后,能升高淋巴细胞百分率,对巨噬细胞的活性具有一定的促进作用,具有促进淋巴细胞转化,升高ERFC、EAC的形成率,表明多糖对鸡的细胞免疫和体液免疫具有促进作用,能显著增强细胞和体液免疫功能,通过提高机体的非特异免疫功能而增强特异性免疫应答,达到免疫增效作用的目的。蕨麻多糖以不同途径、不同剂量免疫雏鸡,均可不同程度地提高雏鸡生长期增重;在一定程度可以提高红血球数量及血红蛋白量,从而提高机体供应养分和氧气能力,促进机体生长;对雏鸡免疫器官胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏均有不同程度的刺激作用,胸腺指数、法氏囊指数、脾脏指数都有不同程度的提高,显著促进了免疫器官的生长发育;结合新城疫疫苗,不同途径、不同剂量免疫雏鸡,可显著升高抗体水平,且抗体水平上升快,高峰值高,维持较高水平时间长,能显著增强疫苗的免疫效力。
The study was carried out to investigate the the effect of immuomodulation and free radical pharmacology of potentilla anserine polysaccharide (PAP), an effective constituent from potentilla anserine , a Tibetan medicine, for its clinical application.
Reactive oxygen species, stimulated by Opsonized Zymosan (OZ), was detected in neutrophilic leukocyte by flow cytometry. The result showed that PAP was able to potentialize respiratory burst produced by neutrophilic leukocyte in coordination with the stimulant under immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide (Cy) and induced immune response reaction in a concentration-dependent manner. The immunosuppressed model in mice was established by intraperitoneal injection with cyclophosphamide, 100 mg/kg body weight , to investigate the spleen index, the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH ), acid phosphatase (ACP),catalase (CAT) , superoxide dismutase(SOD), total antioxidant capacity( TAOC ) and the extent of lipid peroxidation(LPO)in spleen , the levels of interleukin-10(IL-10), interferon(IFN) and interleukin-6(IL-6)in serum. The results showed that PAP wae able to antagonize the immunosuppression induced by Cy and increase the activities of LDH and ACP, raise levels of IL-10,IFN and IL-6 ,which suggest that PAP can potentialize immune function by regulating respiratory burst produced by neutrophilic leukocyte, activating macrophage and modulating the levels of cytokine, such as IL-10, IFN, IL-6. PAP was able to improve the activity decrease of antioxidase , such as CAT and SOD, and the extent of lipid peroxidation , extenuate oxidative damage which demonstrate that there is certain relationship between PAP immunoloregulation and free radical reaction.
The toxicity test of PAP in mouse, rabbit or chicken showed that PAP has no adverse reaction and is able to enhance immune function by injection. PAP was able to reinforce immune function by enhancing function of cell mediated immunity or humoral-mediated immunity in chicken which suggest that PAP has a action on . specific immune response by potentializing nonspecific immune response. PAP was able to elevate body weight in growth phase, promote growth and development of imune organs,and raise the level of antibody combining newcastle disease vaccine in chicken.
引文
1焦克芳.糖类与生命科学研究进展[J].大学化学,1999,14(1):28-31.
2黄芳.活性多糖的研究进展[J].天然产物研究与开发,1999,11(5)90-98.
3王键.多糖的抗肿瘤及免疫研究进展[J].中国生化药物杂志,2001,22(1):52-54.
4 Joung Han Yim,Sung Jin Kim,Se Hun Ahn,et al. Antivirus effect of sulfated exopolysaccharide from the maine microalga Gyrodinium impudium strain KG03[J].Marine Biotechnology, 2004,6,1:7-25.
5 Benchun Miaoa, Meiyu Genga,1, Jing Lia, et al. Sulfated polymannuroguluronate, a novel anti-acquired immune deficienCy syndrome (AIDS) drug candidate, targeting CD4 in lymphoCytes[J]. Biochemical Pharmacology, 2004,68 : 641–649.
6 Laura B. Talarico, Rosiane G.M. Zibetti, Paula C.S. Faria, et al. Anti-herpes simplex virus activity of sulfated galactans from the red seaweeds Gymnogongrus griffithsiae and Cryptonemia crenulata[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules , 2004,34 : 63–71.
7 Mahmoud Huheihel, Vladimir Ishanu, Jacov Tal, et al. Activity of Porphyridium sp. Polysaccharide against herpes simplex viruses in vitro and in vivo[J].J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 2002, 50:189–200.
8 J. Fabregas, D. Garc?a, M. Fernandez-Alonso , et a l. In vitro inhibition of the replication of haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) and African swine fever virus (ASFV) by extracts from marine microalgae[J].Antiviral Research , 1999,44:67–73.
9 M.J. Carlucci, M. Ciancia, M.C. Matulewicz, et al. Antiherpetic activity and mode of action of natural carrageenans of diverse structural types[J].Antiviral Research, 1999,43 :93–102.
10 Dolore Garcia-Villalon,Carmen. Antivirus activity of sulfated polysaccharides against Afrian swine fever virus[J].Antiviral Resarch,1991,15:139-148.
11 Graciela Andrei,Erik De Clercq. Inhibitory effect o selected antiviral compounds on arenavirus replication in vitro[J]. Antiviral Resarch,1990,14:139-148.
12 Irene T.Schulza. Reversible inhibition of 2 dengue virus by agar polysaccharide [J].Virology,1964,22:79-90.
13 Mei Zhang, Peter C. K. Cheung, Vincent E. C. Ooia, et al. Evaluation of sulfated fungal b-glucans from the sclerotium of Pleurotus tuber-regium as a potential water-soluble anti-viral agent[J]. Carbohydrate Research, 2004,339:2297–2301.
14 Shin-Ichiro Nishimura, Hideaki Kaia, Katsuhiko Shinada, et al. Regioselective syntheses of sulfated polysaccharides: specific anti-HIV-1 activity of novel chitin sulfates[J].Carbohydrate Research, 1998,306 : 427-433.
15 David J. Schaeffer ,Victor S. Krylov. Anti-HIV Activity of Extracts and Compounds from Algae and Cyanobacteria[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety , 2000,45:208-227.
16 Toshiyuki Uryu,Naoya Ikushima,Kaname Katsuraya ,et al. Sulfated alkyl oligosaccharides with potent inhibitory effects on human immunodeficienCy virus infection[J]. Biochemical Pharmacology,1992,43:2385-2392.
17 Chaidedgumjorn Amornrut, Toshihiko Toida, Toshio Imanari, et al. A new sulfated b-galactan from clams with anti-HIV activity[J].Carbohydrate Research , 1999,321: 121–127.
18 Osamu Yoshida,Hideki Nakashima ,et al.Sulfation of the immunomodulation polysaccaride lentinan virus[J]. Biochemical Pharmacology,1988,37:2887-2891.
19 I.Yamamoto,K.Takayama,K.Honma et al. Synthesis,structure and antiriral activity of sulfated of cellulose and its branched derivatives[J].CarbohydratePolymers,1990,14:53-63.
20 M.Witvrouw,E.De Clercq ,et al. Sulfated polysaccharides extracted from sea algae as potential antiviral drugs[J]. General pharmacology,1997,29:497-511.
21耿美玉,辛现良,官华诗等.海洋硫酸类药物911抗艾滋病毒作用及其机理研究[J].中国药理学会通讯,2001,18(4):13-14.
22魏文青,丛建波,王明霞等.海藻硫酸多糖抗乙型肝炎病毒的实验研究[J].中华肝脏病杂志,2002,10(2):112.
23谭建劝.彩云多糖药理研究进展[J].中成药,1999,21(5):259-260.
24 Zhou M,Chen Y,Quyang Q,et al.Reduction of the oxidative injury to the rabbits with established atherosclerosis by protein bound polysaccharide from Corilous vesicolor [J].Am J Chin Med.2001,22 (1):1-4.
25邓成华.硫酸化虎奶多糖的制备及其抗氧化作用研究[J].中国生化药物杂志,2001,22 (1):1-4.
26 Xue C,Fang Y,Lin H,et al. Chemical characters and antioxidative propery of sulfated polysaccharides from Laminaria japonica[J].J Appl Phycol,2001,13(1):67-70.
27党月蓝.红毛五加多糖对实验性肝损伤的保护作用[J].中国中药杂志,1997,22(3):176-178.
28阎家林.中华猕猴桃多糖的提取及其对自由基的清除作用[J].中国生化药物杂志,1995,16(1):12-14.
29周惠平.浒苔多糖的降血脂及其对自由基了LPO蛤蟆量的影响[J].生物化学杂志,1995,16(1):161-165.
30黄元庆.自由基生命科学进展(第2集)[M].北京:原子能出版社,1994.97-100.
31许爱华.银杏外种皮对不同状态小鼠血清SOD和MDA形成的影响[J].中国中药杂志,1998,23(12):746-747.
32 Lee JM,Kwon H,Jeong H,etal.Inhibition of peroxidation and oxidative DNA damageby Ganoderma lucidum[J].Phytother Res,2001,15(3):245-249.
33肖湘,俞丽君,邱玉莹,等.油柑多糖的提取与清除氧自由基作用研究[J].中国药学杂志,1998,33(5):279—281.
34张摄涛,吴泉,张仁奇,等.茜草多糖的抗氧化作用[J].内蒙古医学院学报,1998,20(1):31—33.
35周学君,俞发.毛木耳多糖的抗氧化作用[J]I.中国医院药学杂志,2000,20(10):610—611.
36许燕萍,笆远螃,畅伟珠,等.风尾侧耳多糖的分离纯化及抗氧化作用[J].中国生化药物杂志,1997,18(2):59—62.
37 Volpi N,Tarugi P.1nfluence of chondroitin sulfate charge desity,sulfate group position,and molecular mass on Cu2+·mediated oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins:effect of normal human plasma-derived chondroitinsulfate[J]. J Biochem,1998,23(12):741-743.
38陈春英,罗湘,周井炎,等.箬叶多糖及其化学修饰物、亚硒酸钠和GSH对Cu2+诱导的LDL氧化修饰的保护作用[J].中国生物化学与分子生物学学报,1998,14(4):427-432.
39王立新.黄芪多糖.对内毒素致小鼠毒性损伤的作用[J],药学学报,1992(27)1:5-9.
40陈永祥.一贯煎多糖对小鼠肝损伤及SOD和LPO的影响[J].中国药学杂志,1999,34(4):239-241.
41沈映君,曾南,刘俊,等.通草及小通草多糖药理作用的初步研究[J].中国中药杂志,1998,23(12):741—743.
42周学君,俞发.毛木耳多糖的抗氧化作用[J]I.中国医院药学杂志,2000,20(10):610—611.
43方允中,郑荣梁.自由基生物学的理论与应用(第五章)[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:122~161.
44赵国华,陈宗道,李志孝,等.活性多糖的研究进展J .食品与发酵工业,2002 ,27 (7 ):45-48.
45 KennedYJ F,White C A.Bioactive Carboh ydratesM .Chichester:Ellis Horwood Limited,1983.
46吴东儒.糖类的生物化学[M] .北京:高等教育出版社,1987.
47张惟杰.糖复合物生化研究技术[M] .杭州:浙江大学出版社,1999.
48来鲁华,杨婷.寡糖的构象分析[J] .生物化学与生物物理进展,1995 ,22 (4) :290-291.
49 Peters T,Meyer B ,Stuike Prill R ,et al.A monte carlo method for conformational analysisof saccharides[J] .Car Res,1993 ,238:49.
50 Imberty A ,Perez S. Flexibilty in a tetrasaccharide fragment from the high mannose type of N2linked oligosaccharides [J] . Int J Biol Macromol ,1993 ,15 (2) :17.
51 A lban S Franz G Characterization of the anticoagulant actions of a sem isynthetic curdlan sulfate[ J]. Thromb Res, 2000, 99 (4 ) : 377-388.
52 Mashihi K N ,Lange W. Immunotherapectic of Infection Diseases[M] .Berlin:S pringer Verlag,1990 ,9:23-51.
53 Misaki H,Kaluta M ,et al. Studieson interrelationof structure and antitumor effectsof polysaccharides[J] .Car Res,1981 ,92:1152129.
54王长云,管华诗.多糖抗病毒作用研究进展.多糖抗病毒作用[J] .生物工程进展,2000 ,20(1 ) :17-20.
55梁宗岩,张翼伸.斜顶菌水溶性多糖的构象研究[J] .生物化学杂志,1985 ,1 (5) :141-147.
56 Bohn J ,Bermiller J N. 1→3–β-glucans as biological response modifiers:a review of structure2fuctional activity relationshipsJ .Carboh ydrate Polymers,1995 ,28:3-14.
57陈惠黎,王克夷.糖复合物的结构与功能[M] .上海:上海医科大学出版社,1997.
58 Nanba H,Kuroda H. The chemical structureof an antitumor polysaccharide in myceliaof cochliobolus myabeanusJ .Chem Pharm Bull ,1987 ,35:1 285.
59 Hamuro J ,Chihara G.. Mechanisms of action of antitumor polysaccharide. Effects of antilymphoCyte serum on the antitumor activity of ientinan[J] . Int J Cancer ,1971 ,8(1) :41-4 6.
60张丽萍,孙非,张翼伸.化学修饰对金顶侧耳多糖抗病毒CB5活性的影响[J] .生物化学杂志,1994 ,10 (2) :150-153.
61田庚元,冯宇澄.多糖类免疫调节剂的研究和应用[J] .化学进展,1994 ,6 (2 ) :114-124.
62 Sandula J ,Kogan G,Kacurakova M ,et al. Microbial 1→3 -glucans,their preparation ,physico2chemical characterization and immunomodulatory activity[J] .Carboh ydrate Polymers,1999 ,38:247-253.
63 Zhao J F,Hiroako K,Haruki Y. Hetero geneity and characterization of mitogenic and anti-complementary pectic polysaccharides from the roots of- GlyCyrrhiza uralensis Fisch et D.C. J .Carboh ydrate Research ,1991 ,219:149-172.
64 Hiroako K,Norito T,Zhao J F,et al. Pectic polysaccharide from roots of GlyCyrrhiza uralensis:possible contribution of neutral oligosaccharides in the galacturonase2resistant region to anti2complementary and mitogenic activities J . Planta Med,1996 ,62:14-19.
65张翼伸.怎样研究植物多糖[J] .生命的化学,1999 ,19 (6) :296-297.
66 Kwang W Y,Kiyohara H,Matsumoto T,et al. Intestinal immune s ystem modulating polysaccharides from rhizomesof Atractylodes iancea[J] . Planta Med,1998 ,64:714 2719.
67马秀俐,刘忠英.西洋参多糖(PPQ-d)的原子力显微镜观察[J].吉林大学自然科学学报,2000,1:105.
68 Shinya Ikeda. Heat-induced gelation of whey proteins observed by rheology, atomic force microscopy, and Raman scattering spectroscopy [ J ] .Food Hydrocolloids,2003,17(4):339.
69 Ridout MJ, Gunning AP,Parker ML,et al. Using AFM to image the internal structure of starch granules[J].Carbohydrate Polymers, 2002,50( 2):123.
70 Baldwin PM, Adler J, Davies MC, et al. High Resolution Imaging of Starch Granule Surfaces by Atomic Force Microscopy[J].Journal of Cereal Science, 1998,27:255.
71 Baker AA, Miles MJ, Helbert W. Internal structure of the Starch Granule Revealed by AFM[J].Carbohydr Res., 2001,330:249.
72 Gunning AP, Giardina TP, Faulds CB, et al. Surfactant mediated solubilisation of amylose and visualisation by atomic force microscopy [ J ] .Carbohydrate Polymers,2003,51:177.
73 Krok F, Szymonska J, Tomasik P, et al. Non-contact AFM investigation of influence of freezing process on the surface structure of potato starch granule[J].Applied Surface Science,2000,157(4):382.
74 Dimantov A, Kesselman E, Shimoni E. Surface characterization and dissolution properties of high amylose corn starch - pectin films[J].Food Hydrocolloids, 2004,18:29.
75魏芸,张天佑.羊肚菌多糖的分离纯化及组成结构分析[J].植物资源与环境学报,2000,9(2) :14.
76张艳萍,张虹.气相色谱法分析奇蒿多糖的单糖组成及其含量[J].食品与发酵工业,2005,31(2):108.
77陈帆,高央央.海洋药物羊栖菜中多糖的分离和结构分析[J].温州师范学院学报(自然科学版) , 2004, 25 (2):25.
78王述声,刘丹,周义发,等.榆耳水溶性多糖GIA的结构分析[J].高等学校化学学报,2005,26(5):856.
79林常青.质谱在多糖结构分析种的应用[J].分析测试技术与仪器,2005,11(3):221.
80张晓红,博·格日勒图.手党参多糖的结构分析[J].内蒙古大学学报, 2005,36 (2):148.
81 Akito N, Shizue I, Rie T, et al1. Identification of novel substituted fused aromatic compounds, meshimakobnol A and B, from natural Phellinus linteus fruit body[J].Tetrahedron Letters, 2004, 45: 5931.
82张劲松,韩炜炜.云芝子实体多糖化学结构的研究[J].药学学报,2001,36(9):664.
83 JagodzinskiPP W iaderkiew icz R Kurzaw ski G et al. M echanism of the inhibitory effect of curdlan sulfate on HIV infection in vitro[J ]. V irology, 1994, 202( 3 ): 735-745.
84田庚元,李寿桐,宋麦丽,等.牛膝多糖硫酸酯的合成及其抗病毒活性[J] .药学学报, 1995, 30 (2) : 107-111.
85 YoshidaO ,Nakashima H ,Yoshida T, et al. Sulfation of the immunomodulating polysaccharide lentinan: A noval strategy for antivirals to human immu nodeficienCy virus (H IV) [J]. Biochem Pharm, 1998, 37(7) : 2887-2889.
86邓成华,杨祥良,王雁,等.取代度对硫酸酯化虎奶多糖抗氧化活性的影响[J] .华中理工大学学报,2000, 28(5) : 104-107.
87王顺春,方积年.香菇多糖硫酸化衍生物的制备及其结构分析[J].生物化学与生物物理学报, 1999, 31(5 ): 30235.
88 Takano R Nagai T W u X et al . Sulfation of polysaccharide using monomethyl sulfate[ J]. Carbohydr Chem , 2000, 19(9) : 1185-1190.
89 Rider CC, Coombe DR, Harrop HA, et al .Anti-H IV-1 activity of chemically modified heparins :Cor relation between binding to the V3 loop of gp120 andinhibition of cellular H IV infection in vitro [J]. Biochemistry,, 1994, 33 (22) : 6974-6980.
90 YapaniM In Polysaccharides Syntheses Modifications and structure property relations [M ].Elsevier Am sterdam, 1988. 444-453.
91 Kojima T, Tabata K ,HirataA ,et al. Biological activity of sulfated schizophyllan[ J].AgricBiol Chem,1986, 50 (6) : 1635-1636.
92 M atsuzaki K, Yamamoto I, Sato T, et al. 13CNMR investigations of synthetic branched polysaccharides[J]. Carbohydr Polym,1986, 6( 2) : 155-163.
93 Dem leitner S KrausJ Franz G Synthesis and anti-tumor activity of derivatives of curdlan and lichenan branched at C-6[J]. Carbohydr Res, 1992, 226 (2) : 239-246.
94 Frazier CE ,W endler SL. Long chain branched celluloses by mild transglycosidation [J]. Carbohydr Polym, 1996, 31 (1 ): 11-18.
95 Samaranayake G, GlasserW, G Cellulose. derivatives with low DS I A novel aCylation system[ J]. Carbohydr Polym, 1993, 22( 1) : 127.
96 L illo LE M atsuhiro B Chem ical modification of carboxylated chitosan [J]. Carbohydr Polym, 1997, 34 (4 ): 397-401.
97 M isakiA, KakutaM, SasakiT, et al. Studieson in terrelation of structure and antitumor effects of polysaccharides: antitumor action of periodate-modified branched (1, 3 )-β-D-glucan of Auricularia aurcula-judae and other polysaccharides containing(1,3)- glycosidic linkages[J]. Carbohydr Res, ,1981, 92(1 ): 121-135.
98 Kath FA, Lange S, KulickeWM. Influence of the glycosidic linkage on the solution conformation of glucans [J]. Angew M akromol Chem,1999, 271 (11) :28-36.
99王雁,杨祥良,邓成华,等.羧甲基化虎奶多糖的制备及抗氧化性研究[J].生物化学与生物物理进展, 2000, 27 (4 ): 411-415.
100 CarlucciMJ, Pujol CA, Ciancia M, et al. Antiherpetic activity and mode of action of natural carrageenans of diverse structural types[ J ].Antiviral Res, 1999, 43 (2) : 93-102.
101 U ryu T, Ikushima N, Katsuraya K ,et al .Sulfated alkyl oligosaccharides with potent inhibitory effects on human immunodeficienCy virus infection [J]. Biochem Pharmacol, 1992, 43(11) : 2385-2392.
102 U ryu T, Katsurary Y, Yoshida T, et al. Synthesisof sulfated polysaccharide and oligosaccharide derivatives with potent anti-A IDS virus activity [J]. M acromol Sci: Pure Appl Chem, 1996, 33 (12) : 1863-1874.
103 Wang Y, Hollingsworth R I, KasperDL. Ozonolytic depolymerization of polysaccharide in aqueous solu tion [J]. Carbohydr Res, 1999, 319 (124) : 141-147.
104 Hjerde T, StokkeBT ,Sm idsrodO, et al. Free radical degradation of triple stranded scleroglucan by hydrogen peroxide and ferrousions [J]. Carbohydr Polym, 1998, 37 (1) : 41-48.
105 Colquhoun IJ, JayAJ, EaglesJ, et al. Structure and conformation of a novel genetically engineered polysaccharide P 2[J]. Carbohydr Res, 2001, 330(4) :325-333.
106 Jamas S, Easson DD, O stroff GR, et al. PGG- glucans: A novel class of macrophage activity immunomodulators [J]. ACS Symp Ser, 1991, 469 (1) :44-51.
107 Yoshizawa Y, Tsunehiro J, Nomura K, et al. In vitro macrophage stimulation activity of the enzymedegraded water soluble polysaccharide from amarin alga (Gracilaria verrucosa)[ J]. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 1996, 60 (10) : 1667-1671.
108 JoubertJJ ,Rensherg EJ ,PitoutMJ. A plate method for demonstrating the breakdown of heparin and chondroitin sulphate by bacteria[ J]. J M icrobiol M ethods, 1984, 2 (2) : 197-202.
109 Yoshizawa Y, Ametani A, Tsunehiro J, et al.M acrophage stimulation activity of the polysaccharide fraction from a marine alga (Porphybrayezoensis): structure function relationships and improved solubility [J]. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 1995, 59 (10) : 1933-1937.
110 Tabata K ItoW, Kojima T. Ultrosonic degradation of schizophyllan, an antitumor polysaccharide produced by schizophyllan commune fries [J]. Carbohydr Res, 1981, 89 (1) : 121-135.
111 Stahmann KP, Monschau N, Sahm H, et al. Structure properties of native and sonicated cinerean, aβ(1, 3) (1, 6)-D- glucan produced by B otrytis cinerea [J]. Carbohydr Res, 1995, 226( 1) : 115-128.
112 Chen RH, Chang JR, Shyur JS. Effects of ultrasonic conditions and storage in acidic solutions on changes in molecularweight and polydispersityof treated chi tosan [J]. Carbohydr Res, 1997, 299: 287-294.
113 Cheng YL ,Chun HC, Yeh An I, et al. Preliminary study on the degradation kineticsof agarose and carrageenans by ultrasound [J]. Food Hydrocolloids,1999, 13 (3) : 477-481.
114 LopezLL. Depolymerization method of heparin [P].U S: 4987195, 1991-05-12 (CA 1991, 111: 253892 e).
115杨冰何基渊吕环应用Fura-Ⅱ/AM检测大鼠多形核中性粒细胞内游离钙浓度.[J].北京中医药大学学报中医药实验研究 1999, 4( 22):35-36.
116贝冷胡天慧沈恂.一种改进的分离中性粒细胞的方法.[J].生物化学与生物物理进展1998,25(4) :359-363.
117 Gregor Rothe and Günte Valet. Flow Cytometric Analysis of Respiratory Burst Activity in PhagoCytes With Hydroethidine and 2’,7’-Dichlorofluorescin Journal of LeukoCyte Biology.[J].1990 ,47:440-448.
118 Ferrante A, Thong Y H. Optimal conditions for simultaneous purification of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leucoCytesfrom human blood by the hypaque-ficoll method[J].Immunol Methods, 1980 , 36(2) : 109～117.
119 Riccardi-Castagnoli and P. Granucci F. Opinion:Interpretation of the complexity of innate immune responses by functional genomics.[J]. Nat Rev Immunol.2002,2(11):881-889.]
120 Uthai sang sook S, Day NK. Innate immunity and its role against infections.[J]. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002,88:253-64.
121 Witko-Sarsat V, Rieu P, Descamps-Latscha B , et al. Neutrophils: molecules, functions and pathophysiological aspects[J].Lab Invest , 2000 , 80:617 - 653.
122 Hampton MB , Kettle AJ , Winterbourn CC. Inside the neutrophil phagosome: oxidants, myeloperoxidase , and bacterial killing[J] . Blood, 1998 , 92:3007 - 3017.
123胡天惠,贝泠,沈恂.嗜中性白细胞呼吸爆发与胞内外钙信号的关系研究[J].生物物理学报,1998,14(2):233~238.
124 Sando , J. J , Maurer , M , C , Bolen ,E. J. Role of cofactors in protein kinase C activation. Cellular Signalling , 1992,4:595- 609.
125 Berrid e ,M. J. Inositol tris hos hate and calcium si nallin[J] . Nature , 1993,361:315- 325.
126 Beutler. Innate immunity: an overview [J]. Molecular Immunology. 2004,40: 845–859.
127 Igor.A Schepetkin, Mark T. Quinn. Botanical polysaccharides:Macrophage immunomodulation and therapeutic potential International Immunopharmacology 2006,6 : 317– 333.
128荣康泰.免疫药理学概论[M].第1版.浙江:浙江科学技术出版社,1987. 14-35.
129张丽,梁中琴,顾振纶,等.蘑菇多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞作用的体外研究[J ].苏州大学学报医学版,2003 ,23 1 :10– 12.
130陈伟,林新华,陈俊等.库拉索芦荟多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的体外激活作用.中国药学杂志,2005, 40 (1):34~37.
131王鑫,马桂荣,郑宝灿等.SL-益生素对小白鼠体重及其吞噬细胞功能的影响.微生物学报,1995,35(6):455~459.
132金政,王启伟,李相伍,等.肝损伤后溶酶体和酸性磷酸酶活性改变和蓝靛果的作用[J].延边大学医学学报,2001 ,6 2 :79- 81.
133李万德.卡介苗活化的肺巨噬细胞对二氧化硅的反应:II溶酶体膜通透性变化的研究[J].中华结核与呼吸系统疾病杂志,1982 ,5 4 :239.
134 Strivastava R, Gupta M N. Acid Phosphatase[J] . J. Scientific Industrial Research. 1986 , 45:402—412.
135魏炜,张洪渊,石安静.育珠蚌酸性磷酸酶活力与免疫反应关系的研究[J].水生生物学报,2001,25(4):413-415.
136毛泽善,李立,马全祥.仙人掌提取物对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞酸性磷酸酶活性及吞噬功能的影响[J].新乡医学院学报, 2006,23(4):330-331.
137胡晓明.IL-10对肿瘤免疫的抑制[J].国外医学免疫学分册,2003,26(2):107-110.
138李越中.药物微生物技术[M].第1版.北京:化学工业出版社,2004.127-129.
139吴梧桐.生物技术药物学[M].第1版.北京:高等教育出版社,2003.80-93.
140杨吉成.羧甲基茯苓多糖对HPBL分泌IL-2、TNF、IL-6、IFN-γ的调节作用[J] .中国免疫学杂志,1997,13(5):293-295.
141 Han sang Bae,kim young Hee,lee Chang woo. Characteristic I mmunostimulation by angelan isolated from Angelica gigas nikai[J].Immunopharmacology,1998,40(1):39.
142 Liu F,Fung MC. Analysis of immunomodulating Cytokine mRNAs in the mouse induced by mushroom polysaccharides[J]. Life Sciences Including PharmacologyLetter,1999,64(12):1005~1011.
143苏定冯,缪朝玉,王永铭.药理学进展[M] .第1版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2002. 134~138.
144李丹,尚红,姜拥军,等.香菇多糖体外抗HIV的免疫调节作用的实验研究[J].中国免疫学杂志,2004,20(4): 253-255.
145 Strickland FM. Systematic Review of the Current Literature Related to Disability and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome[J]. Photo chem Photobiol,1999,69(2): 141-147.
146薛爱珍.中药多糖促诱生细胞因子的研究进展[J].浙江中西医结合杂志,2007,17(1):64-66.
147 Nystorm T. The free radical hypothesis of aging goes prob aryotic[J]. Cellular and molecular life science:CMLS, 2003,60(7): 1333-1341.】
148赵克然,杨毅军,曹道俊.氧自由基与临床.北京:中国医药出版社,2000,8-19.
149李月白.丙二醛对巨噬细胞免疫功能的影响[J].中国公共卫生学报,1995,14(4):254-255.
150张强,李通.脂质过氧化对小鼠淋巴细胞功能的影响[J].中国实验临床免疫学杂志,1994,6(3):4-7.
151 McCord J.M.,Irwin Fridovich.Superoxide dismutase:An enzymatic function for erythrocuprein(hemocuprein)[J].J Biol Chem,1969,244:6049～6055.
152 Grace S.C..Phylogenetic distribution of superoxide dismutase supports an endosymbiotic origin for chloroplasts and mitochondria[J].Life Sciences,1990,47:1875～1886.]
153 Kim E.J.,Kim H.P.,Hah Y.C.,et al.Differential expression of superoxide dismutases containing Ni and Fe/Zn in Streptomyces coelicotor [J].Eur.J.Biochem.,1996,241:178～185.
154 H.-D.,H.Youn,J.-W.Lee,et al.Unique isozymes of superoxide dis-mutases inStreptomyces griseus[J].Arch.Biochem.Biophys,1996,334:341～348.
155 Hong-Duk Youn,Eun-Ja Kim,Jung-Hye Roe,et al.A novel nickil-containing superoxide dismutase from Streptomyces spp[J].Biochem J.,1996,318:889～896.
156 Chen,H.Y.,Liu,W.Y.The Molecular Evolution of Superoxide Dismutase Based on Its Distribution and Structure[J].Prog.Biochem.Biophys.1996,23(5):408～413.
157 Patel R.N.,Nripendra Singh,Shukla K.K.,et al.Synthesis,structure and biomimetic properties of Cu(II)-Cu(II)and Cu(II)-Zn(II)binuclear complexes:possible models for the chemistry of Cu-Zn superoxide dismu-tase[J].Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry,2005,99:651～663.
158 Yeung JH ,Chiu LC ,Ooi VE .Effect of polysaccharide peptide (PSP) on glutathione and protection against paracetamol-induced hepato toxicity in the rat. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharma col,1994,16 (10 ) :72.
159 WeiWS ,TanJQ ,GuoF ,etal. Effects of Coriolusversicolor polysaccharides on superoxide dismutase activities in mice. Acta pharmacol Sin ,1996 ,17(2 ) :174.
160娄宁,陈缓,周玫,等.云芝多糖对实验性动脉粥样硬化家兔的治疗作用[J] .第一军医大学学报,1995 ,15(3) :185～187.
161夏英.黄芪多糖(APS)免疫作用的实验研究[J].上海中医药杂志,1994,(11) :43.
162周金黄.中药药理与临床研究进展(第二册)[M] .北京:中国科学技术出版社,1993.35:1.
163李国莉,黄元庆,杨卫东,等.枸杞多糖对运动训练小鼠耐力及体内自由基防御体系的影响[J] .中国运动医学杂志,1998,17(1) :5 6～5 7.
164周惠萍.猴头菌多糖的抗衰老作用[J].中国药科大学学报,1991,2 2 (2 ) :86～88 .
165周惠萍.黑木耳多糖和银耳多糖的抗衰老作用[J] .中国药科大学学报,1989,2 0 (5 ) :30 3.]
166苗明三.怀山药多糖抗氧化作用研究[J] .中国医药学报,1997,12 (2 ) :2 2～2 4]
167陈永祥,王和生,靳风云,等.一贯煎多糖对小鼠肝损伤及SOD、LPO的影响[J].中国药学杂志,1999,34 (4) :2 39～2 41
168许爱华,王玲,陈华圣,等.银杏外种皮多糖延缓小鼠衰老的实验研究.中药材,1996 ,19(9) :46 6～46 8
169左绍远.螺旋藻多糖抗衰老作用的实验研究.中国中药杂志,1999,2 4(8) :490～491.
170古元冬,史建勋,胡卓逸.魔芋多糖的抗衰老作用.中草药,1999,30 (2 ) :12 7～12 8.
171 Kariya K ,Nakamura K .Mimicking of superoxidedismutas eacivity by protein–bound polysacchride of CoriolusversicolorQUEL ,andoxidative stress relief for cancer patients.MolBio ther,1992 ,4(1) :40.
172黄正良.红芪多糖抗衰老作用的实验研究.中草药,1992 ,2 3(9) :46 9～470.
173 Matsumoto T, et al. Regulation of immune complexes bindingof macrophages by pectic polysaccharide from Bupleurum falcatum L. : pharmacological evidencefor the requirement of intracellular calcium/calmodulin on Fc receptor up-regulation by bupleuran 2IIb[J].J Pharm Pharmacol , 1995 ,47 2 :152～156.
174 Stimpel M , et al. Macrophage activation and induction of macrophage Cytotoxicity by purified polysaccharide fractions from the plant Echinacea purpurea[J]. Infect Immun ,1984 ,46 3 :845～849.
175 Le C V. Complement receptor 3 CD11b/ CD18 mediates type I and type IIphagoCytosis during nonopsonic andopsonic phagoCytosis , respectively[J ]. JImmunol , 2002 , 169 4 :2003～2009.
176 Brown GD ,et al. Immune recognization , A new receptor for betaglucuns[J]. Nature ,2001 ,41(3):36～37.
177 Opanasopit P. Involvement of serum mannan binding proteins and mannose receptors in uptake of mannosylated liposomes by macrophages[J ]. Biochim Biophys Acta , 2001 ,1511(1) :134～145.
178 Goluboff E T. Galactosyl receptor in human testis and sperm is phage Cytotoxicity by purified polysaccharide fractions from the antigenically related to the minor C-type lectin variant of human and rat liver[J]. Mol Reprod Dev, 1995 , 40 (4) :460～466
179 Kopp E B ,et al. The Toll-receptor family and control of innate immunity[J ].Curr Opin Immunol , 1999 ,11 1 :13～18.
180 Gregory C D. CD142dependent clearance of apoptotic cells: relevance to the immune system[J]. Curr Opin Immunol , 2000 , 12(1) :27～34.
181 Gantner B N ,Simmons R M ,Canavera S J , et al. Collaborative induction of inflammatory responses by dectin21 and toll2like receptor 2[J ].J Exp Med , 2003 , 197: 1107～1117.
182 Yeo D Y, et al. Activition of mitogen-activited protein kinases and AP-1 by polysaccharide isolatedfrom the radix of Platycodon grandiflorum in RAW264. 7 cells[J ]. Cell Signal , 2004 , 4:1477～1487.
183 Brown GD , et al.Dectin21 mediates the biological effets of beta-glucuns[J]. J Exp Med,2003 ,197 9 :1119～1124.
2黄芳.活性多糖的研究进展[J].天然产物研究与开发,1999,11(5)90-98.
3王键.多糖的抗肿瘤及免疫研究进展[J].中国生化药物杂志,2001,22(1):52-54.
4 Joung Han Yim,Sung Jin Kim,Se Hun Ahn,et al. Antivirus effect of sulfated exopolysaccharide from the maine microalga Gyrodinium impudium strain KG03[J].Marine Biotechnology, 2004,6,1:7-25.
5 Benchun Miaoa, Meiyu Genga,1, Jing Lia, et al. Sulfated polymannuroguluronate, a novel anti-acquired immune deficienCy syndrome (AIDS) drug candidate, targeting CD4 in lymphoCytes[J]. Biochemical Pharmacology, 2004,68 : 641–649.
6 Laura B. Talarico, Rosiane G.M. Zibetti, Paula C.S. Faria, et al. Anti-herpes simplex virus activity of sulfated galactans from the red seaweeds Gymnogongrus griffithsiae and Cryptonemia crenulata[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules , 2004,34 : 63–71.
7 Mahmoud Huheihel, Vladimir Ishanu, Jacov Tal, et al. Activity of Porphyridium sp. Polysaccharide against herpes simplex viruses in vitro and in vivo[J].J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 2002, 50:189–200.
8 J. Fabregas, D. Garc?a, M. Fernandez-Alonso , et a l. In vitro inhibition of the replication of haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) and African swine fever virus (ASFV) by extracts from marine microalgae[J].Antiviral Research , 1999,44:67–73.
9 M.J. Carlucci, M. Ciancia, M.C. Matulewicz, et al. Antiherpetic activity and mode of action of natural carrageenans of diverse structural types[J].Antiviral Research, 1999,43 :93–102.
10 Dolore Garcia-Villalon,Carmen. Antivirus activity of sulfated polysaccharides against Afrian swine fever virus[J].Antiviral Resarch,1991,15:139-148.
11 Graciela Andrei,Erik De Clercq. Inhibitory effect o selected antiviral compounds on arenavirus replication in vitro[J]. Antiviral Resarch,1990,14:139-148.
12 Irene T.Schulza. Reversible inhibition of 2 dengue virus by agar polysaccharide [J].Virology,1964,22:79-90.
13 Mei Zhang, Peter C. K. Cheung, Vincent E. C. Ooia, et al. Evaluation of sulfated fungal b-glucans from the sclerotium of Pleurotus tuber-regium as a potential water-soluble anti-viral agent[J]. Carbohydrate Research, 2004,339:2297–2301.
14 Shin-Ichiro Nishimura, Hideaki Kaia, Katsuhiko Shinada, et al. Regioselective syntheses of sulfated polysaccharides: specific anti-HIV-1 activity of novel chitin sulfates[J].Carbohydrate Research, 1998,306 : 427-433.
15 David J. Schaeffer ,Victor S. Krylov. Anti-HIV Activity of Extracts and Compounds from Algae and Cyanobacteria[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety , 2000,45:208-227.
16 Toshiyuki Uryu,Naoya Ikushima,Kaname Katsuraya ,et al. Sulfated alkyl oligosaccharides with potent inhibitory effects on human immunodeficienCy virus infection[J]. Biochemical Pharmacology,1992,43:2385-2392.
17 Chaidedgumjorn Amornrut, Toshihiko Toida, Toshio Imanari, et al. A new sulfated b-galactan from clams with anti-HIV activity[J].Carbohydrate Research , 1999,321: 121–127.
18 Osamu Yoshida,Hideki Nakashima ,et al.Sulfation of the immunomodulation polysaccaride lentinan virus[J]. Biochemical Pharmacology,1988,37:2887-2891.
19 I.Yamamoto,K.Takayama,K.Honma et al. Synthesis,structure and antiriral activity of sulfated of cellulose and its branched derivatives[J].CarbohydratePolymers,1990,14:53-63.
20 M.Witvrouw,E.De Clercq ,et al. Sulfated polysaccharides extracted from sea algae as potential antiviral drugs[J]. General pharmacology,1997,29:497-511.
21耿美玉,辛现良,官华诗等.海洋硫酸类药物911抗艾滋病毒作用及其机理研究[J].中国药理学会通讯,2001,18(4):13-14.
22魏文青,丛建波,王明霞等.海藻硫酸多糖抗乙型肝炎病毒的实验研究[J].中华肝脏病杂志,2002,10(2):112.
23谭建劝.彩云多糖药理研究进展[J].中成药,1999,21(5):259-260.
24 Zhou M,Chen Y,Quyang Q,et al.Reduction of the oxidative injury to the rabbits with established atherosclerosis by protein bound polysaccharide from Corilous vesicolor [J].Am J Chin Med.2001,22 (1):1-4.
25邓成华.硫酸化虎奶多糖的制备及其抗氧化作用研究[J].中国生化药物杂志,2001,22 (1):1-4.
26 Xue C,Fang Y,Lin H,et al. Chemical characters and antioxidative propery of sulfated polysaccharides from Laminaria japonica[J].J Appl Phycol,2001,13(1):67-70.
27党月蓝.红毛五加多糖对实验性肝损伤的保护作用[J].中国中药杂志,1997,22(3):176-178.
28阎家林.中华猕猴桃多糖的提取及其对自由基的清除作用[J].中国生化药物杂志,1995,16(1):12-14.
29周惠平.浒苔多糖的降血脂及其对自由基了LPO蛤蟆量的影响[J].生物化学杂志,1995,16(1):161-165.
30黄元庆.自由基生命科学进展(第2集)[M].北京:原子能出版社,1994.97-100.
31许爱华.银杏外种皮对不同状态小鼠血清SOD和MDA形成的影响[J].中国中药杂志,1998,23(12):746-747.
32 Lee JM,Kwon H,Jeong H,etal.Inhibition of peroxidation and oxidative DNA damageby Ganoderma lucidum[J].Phytother Res,2001,15(3):245-249.
33肖湘,俞丽君,邱玉莹,等.油柑多糖的提取与清除氧自由基作用研究[J].中国药学杂志,1998,33(5):279—281.
34张摄涛,吴泉,张仁奇,等.茜草多糖的抗氧化作用[J].内蒙古医学院学报,1998,20(1):31—33.
35周学君,俞发.毛木耳多糖的抗氧化作用[J]I.中国医院药学杂志,2000,20(10):610—611.
36许燕萍,笆远螃,畅伟珠,等.风尾侧耳多糖的分离纯化及抗氧化作用[J].中国生化药物杂志,1997,18(2):59—62.
37 Volpi N,Tarugi P.1nfluence of chondroitin sulfate charge desity,sulfate group position,and molecular mass on Cu2+·mediated oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins:effect of normal human plasma-derived chondroitinsulfate[J]. J Biochem,1998,23(12):741-743.
38陈春英,罗湘,周井炎,等.箬叶多糖及其化学修饰物、亚硒酸钠和GSH对Cu2+诱导的LDL氧化修饰的保护作用[J].中国生物化学与分子生物学学报,1998,14(4):427-432.
39王立新.黄芪多糖.对内毒素致小鼠毒性损伤的作用[J],药学学报,1992(27)1:5-9.
40陈永祥.一贯煎多糖对小鼠肝损伤及SOD和LPO的影响[J].中国药学杂志,1999,34(4):239-241.
41沈映君,曾南,刘俊,等.通草及小通草多糖药理作用的初步研究[J].中国中药杂志,1998,23(12):741—743.
42周学君,俞发.毛木耳多糖的抗氧化作用[J]I.中国医院药学杂志,2000,20(10):610—611.
43方允中,郑荣梁.自由基生物学的理论与应用(第五章)[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:122~161.
44赵国华,陈宗道,李志孝,等.活性多糖的研究进展J .食品与发酵工业,2002 ,27 (7 ):45-48.
45 KennedYJ F,White C A.Bioactive Carboh ydratesM .Chichester:Ellis Horwood Limited,1983.
46吴东儒.糖类的生物化学[M] .北京:高等教育出版社,1987.
47张惟杰.糖复合物生化研究技术[M] .杭州:浙江大学出版社,1999.
48来鲁华,杨婷.寡糖的构象分析[J] .生物化学与生物物理进展,1995 ,22 (4) :290-291.
49 Peters T,Meyer B ,Stuike Prill R ,et al.A monte carlo method for conformational analysisof saccharides[J] .Car Res,1993 ,238:49.
50 Imberty A ,Perez S. Flexibilty in a tetrasaccharide fragment from the high mannose type of N2linked oligosaccharides [J] . Int J Biol Macromol ,1993 ,15 (2) :17.
51 A lban S Franz G Characterization of the anticoagulant actions of a sem isynthetic curdlan sulfate[ J]. Thromb Res, 2000, 99 (4 ) : 377-388.
52 Mashihi K N ,Lange W. Immunotherapectic of Infection Diseases[M] .Berlin:S pringer Verlag,1990 ,9:23-51.
53 Misaki H,Kaluta M ,et al. Studieson interrelationof structure and antitumor effectsof polysaccharides[J] .Car Res,1981 ,92:1152129.
54王长云,管华诗.多糖抗病毒作用研究进展.多糖抗病毒作用[J] .生物工程进展,2000 ,20(1 ) :17-20.
55梁宗岩,张翼伸.斜顶菌水溶性多糖的构象研究[J] .生物化学杂志,1985 ,1 (5) :141-147.
56 Bohn J ,Bermiller J N. 1→3–β-glucans as biological response modifiers:a review of structure2fuctional activity relationshipsJ .Carboh ydrate Polymers,1995 ,28:3-14.
57陈惠黎,王克夷.糖复合物的结构与功能[M] .上海:上海医科大学出版社,1997.
58 Nanba H,Kuroda H. The chemical structureof an antitumor polysaccharide in myceliaof cochliobolus myabeanusJ .Chem Pharm Bull ,1987 ,35:1 285.
59 Hamuro J ,Chihara G.. Mechanisms of action of antitumor polysaccharide. Effects of antilymphoCyte serum on the antitumor activity of ientinan[J] . Int J Cancer ,1971 ,8(1) :41-4 6.
60张丽萍,孙非,张翼伸.化学修饰对金顶侧耳多糖抗病毒CB5活性的影响[J] .生物化学杂志,1994 ,10 (2) :150-153.
61田庚元,冯宇澄.多糖类免疫调节剂的研究和应用[J] .化学进展,1994 ,6 (2 ) :114-124.
62 Sandula J ,Kogan G,Kacurakova M ,et al. Microbial 1→3 -glucans,their preparation ,physico2chemical characterization and immunomodulatory activity[J] .Carboh ydrate Polymers,1999 ,38:247-253.
63 Zhao J F,Hiroako K,Haruki Y. Hetero geneity and characterization of mitogenic and anti-complementary pectic polysaccharides from the roots of- GlyCyrrhiza uralensis Fisch et D.C. J .Carboh ydrate Research ,1991 ,219:149-172.
64 Hiroako K,Norito T,Zhao J F,et al. Pectic polysaccharide from roots of GlyCyrrhiza uralensis:possible contribution of neutral oligosaccharides in the galacturonase2resistant region to anti2complementary and mitogenic activities J . Planta Med,1996 ,62:14-19.
65张翼伸.怎样研究植物多糖[J] .生命的化学,1999 ,19 (6) :296-297.
66 Kwang W Y,Kiyohara H,Matsumoto T,et al. Intestinal immune s ystem modulating polysaccharides from rhizomesof Atractylodes iancea[J] . Planta Med,1998 ,64:714 2719.
67马秀俐,刘忠英.西洋参多糖(PPQ-d)的原子力显微镜观察[J].吉林大学自然科学学报,2000,1:105.
68 Shinya Ikeda. Heat-induced gelation of whey proteins observed by rheology, atomic force microscopy, and Raman scattering spectroscopy [ J ] .Food Hydrocolloids,2003,17(4):339.
69 Ridout MJ, Gunning AP,Parker ML,et al. Using AFM to image the internal structure of starch granules[J].Carbohydrate Polymers, 2002,50( 2):123.
70 Baldwin PM, Adler J, Davies MC, et al. High Resolution Imaging of Starch Granule Surfaces by Atomic Force Microscopy[J].Journal of Cereal Science, 1998,27:255.
71 Baker AA, Miles MJ, Helbert W. Internal structure of the Starch Granule Revealed by AFM[J].Carbohydr Res., 2001,330:249.
72 Gunning AP, Giardina TP, Faulds CB, et al. Surfactant mediated solubilisation of amylose and visualisation by atomic force microscopy [ J ] .Carbohydrate Polymers,2003,51:177.
73 Krok F, Szymonska J, Tomasik P, et al. Non-contact AFM investigation of influence of freezing process on the surface structure of potato starch granule[J].Applied Surface Science,2000,157(4):382.
74 Dimantov A, Kesselman E, Shimoni E. Surface characterization and dissolution properties of high amylose corn starch - pectin films[J].Food Hydrocolloids, 2004,18:29.
75魏芸,张天佑.羊肚菌多糖的分离纯化及组成结构分析[J].植物资源与环境学报,2000,9(2) :14.
76张艳萍,张虹.气相色谱法分析奇蒿多糖的单糖组成及其含量[J].食品与发酵工业,2005,31(2):108.
77陈帆,高央央.海洋药物羊栖菜中多糖的分离和结构分析[J].温州师范学院学报(自然科学版) , 2004, 25 (2):25.
78王述声,刘丹,周义发,等.榆耳水溶性多糖GIA的结构分析[J].高等学校化学学报,2005,26(5):856.
79林常青.质谱在多糖结构分析种的应用[J].分析测试技术与仪器,2005,11(3):221.
80张晓红,博·格日勒图.手党参多糖的结构分析[J].内蒙古大学学报, 2005,36 (2):148.
81 Akito N, Shizue I, Rie T, et al1. Identification of novel substituted fused aromatic compounds, meshimakobnol A and B, from natural Phellinus linteus fruit body[J].Tetrahedron Letters, 2004, 45: 5931.
82张劲松,韩炜炜.云芝子实体多糖化学结构的研究[J].药学学报,2001,36(9):664.
83 JagodzinskiPP W iaderkiew icz R Kurzaw ski G et al. M echanism of the inhibitory effect of curdlan sulfate on HIV infection in vitro[J ]. V irology, 1994, 202( 3 ): 735-745.
84田庚元,李寿桐,宋麦丽,等.牛膝多糖硫酸酯的合成及其抗病毒活性[J] .药学学报, 1995, 30 (2) : 107-111.
85 YoshidaO ,Nakashima H ,Yoshida T, et al. Sulfation of the immunomodulating polysaccharide lentinan: A noval strategy for antivirals to human immu nodeficienCy virus (H IV) [J]. Biochem Pharm, 1998, 37(7) : 2887-2889.
86邓成华,杨祥良,王雁,等.取代度对硫酸酯化虎奶多糖抗氧化活性的影响[J] .华中理工大学学报,2000, 28(5) : 104-107.
87王顺春,方积年.香菇多糖硫酸化衍生物的制备及其结构分析[J].生物化学与生物物理学报, 1999, 31(5 ): 30235.
88 Takano R Nagai T W u X et al . Sulfation of polysaccharide using monomethyl sulfate[ J]. Carbohydr Chem , 2000, 19(9) : 1185-1190.
89 Rider CC, Coombe DR, Harrop HA, et al .Anti-H IV-1 activity of chemically modified heparins :Cor relation between binding to the V3 loop of gp120 andinhibition of cellular H IV infection in vitro [J]. Biochemistry,, 1994, 33 (22) : 6974-6980.
90 YapaniM In Polysaccharides Syntheses Modifications and structure property relations [M ].Elsevier Am sterdam, 1988. 444-453.
91 Kojima T, Tabata K ,HirataA ,et al. Biological activity of sulfated schizophyllan[ J].AgricBiol Chem,1986, 50 (6) : 1635-1636.
92 M atsuzaki K, Yamamoto I, Sato T, et al. 13CNMR investigations of synthetic branched polysaccharides[J]. Carbohydr Polym,1986, 6( 2) : 155-163.
93 Dem leitner S KrausJ Franz G Synthesis and anti-tumor activity of derivatives of curdlan and lichenan branched at C-6[J]. Carbohydr Res, 1992, 226 (2) : 239-246.
94 Frazier CE ,W endler SL. Long chain branched celluloses by mild transglycosidation [J]. Carbohydr Polym, 1996, 31 (1 ): 11-18.
95 Samaranayake G, GlasserW, G Cellulose. derivatives with low DS I A novel aCylation system[ J]. Carbohydr Polym, 1993, 22( 1) : 127.
96 L illo LE M atsuhiro B Chem ical modification of carboxylated chitosan [J]. Carbohydr Polym, 1997, 34 (4 ): 397-401.
97 M isakiA, KakutaM, SasakiT, et al. Studieson in terrelation of structure and antitumor effects of polysaccharides: antitumor action of periodate-modified branched (1, 3 )-β-D-glucan of Auricularia aurcula-judae and other polysaccharides containing(1,3)- glycosidic linkages[J]. Carbohydr Res, ,1981, 92(1 ): 121-135.
98 Kath FA, Lange S, KulickeWM. Influence of the glycosidic linkage on the solution conformation of glucans [J]. Angew M akromol Chem,1999, 271 (11) :28-36.
99王雁,杨祥良,邓成华,等.羧甲基化虎奶多糖的制备及抗氧化性研究[J].生物化学与生物物理进展, 2000, 27 (4 ): 411-415.
100 CarlucciMJ, Pujol CA, Ciancia M, et al. Antiherpetic activity and mode of action of natural carrageenans of diverse structural types[ J ].Antiviral Res, 1999, 43 (2) : 93-102.
101 U ryu T, Ikushima N, Katsuraya K ,et al .Sulfated alkyl oligosaccharides with potent inhibitory effects on human immunodeficienCy virus infection [J]. Biochem Pharmacol, 1992, 43(11) : 2385-2392.
102 U ryu T, Katsurary Y, Yoshida T, et al. Synthesisof sulfated polysaccharide and oligosaccharide derivatives with potent anti-A IDS virus activity [J]. M acromol Sci: Pure Appl Chem, 1996, 33 (12) : 1863-1874.
103 Wang Y, Hollingsworth R I, KasperDL. Ozonolytic depolymerization of polysaccharide in aqueous solu tion [J]. Carbohydr Res, 1999, 319 (124) : 141-147.
104 Hjerde T, StokkeBT ,Sm idsrodO, et al. Free radical degradation of triple stranded scleroglucan by hydrogen peroxide and ferrousions [J]. Carbohydr Polym, 1998, 37 (1) : 41-48.
105 Colquhoun IJ, JayAJ, EaglesJ, et al. Structure and conformation of a novel genetically engineered polysaccharide P 2[J]. Carbohydr Res, 2001, 330(4) :325-333.
106 Jamas S, Easson DD, O stroff GR, et al. PGG- glucans: A novel class of macrophage activity immunomodulators [J]. ACS Symp Ser, 1991, 469 (1) :44-51.
107 Yoshizawa Y, Tsunehiro J, Nomura K, et al. In vitro macrophage stimulation activity of the enzymedegraded water soluble polysaccharide from amarin alga (Gracilaria verrucosa)[ J]. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 1996, 60 (10) : 1667-1671.
108 JoubertJJ ,Rensherg EJ ,PitoutMJ. A plate method for demonstrating the breakdown of heparin and chondroitin sulphate by bacteria[ J]. J M icrobiol M ethods, 1984, 2 (2) : 197-202.
109 Yoshizawa Y, Ametani A, Tsunehiro J, et al.M acrophage stimulation activity of the polysaccharide fraction from a marine alga (Porphybrayezoensis): structure function relationships and improved solubility [J]. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 1995, 59 (10) : 1933-1937.
110 Tabata K ItoW, Kojima T. Ultrosonic degradation of schizophyllan, an antitumor polysaccharide produced by schizophyllan commune fries [J]. Carbohydr Res, 1981, 89 (1) : 121-135.
111 Stahmann KP, Monschau N, Sahm H, et al. Structure properties of native and sonicated cinerean, aβ(1, 3) (1, 6)-D- glucan produced by B otrytis cinerea [J]. Carbohydr Res, 1995, 226( 1) : 115-128.
112 Chen RH, Chang JR, Shyur JS. Effects of ultrasonic conditions and storage in acidic solutions on changes in molecularweight and polydispersityof treated chi tosan [J]. Carbohydr Res, 1997, 299: 287-294.
113 Cheng YL ,Chun HC, Yeh An I, et al. Preliminary study on the degradation kineticsof agarose and carrageenans by ultrasound [J]. Food Hydrocolloids,1999, 13 (3) : 477-481.
114 LopezLL. Depolymerization method of heparin [P].U S: 4987195, 1991-05-12 (CA 1991, 111: 253892 e).
115杨冰何基渊吕环应用Fura-Ⅱ/AM检测大鼠多形核中性粒细胞内游离钙浓度.[J].北京中医药大学学报中医药实验研究 1999, 4( 22):35-36.
116贝冷胡天慧沈恂.一种改进的分离中性粒细胞的方法.[J].生物化学与生物物理进展1998,25(4) :359-363.
117 Gregor Rothe and Günte Valet. Flow Cytometric Analysis of Respiratory Burst Activity in PhagoCytes With Hydroethidine and 2’,7’-Dichlorofluorescin Journal of LeukoCyte Biology.[J].1990 ,47:440-448.
118 Ferrante A, Thong Y H. Optimal conditions for simultaneous purification of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leucoCytesfrom human blood by the hypaque-ficoll method[J].Immunol Methods, 1980 , 36(2) : 109～117.
119 Riccardi-Castagnoli and P. Granucci F. Opinion:Interpretation of the complexity of innate immune responses by functional genomics.[J]. Nat Rev Immunol.2002,2(11):881-889.]
120 Uthai sang sook S, Day NK. Innate immunity and its role against infections.[J]. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002,88:253-64.
121 Witko-Sarsat V, Rieu P, Descamps-Latscha B , et al. Neutrophils: molecules, functions and pathophysiological aspects[J].Lab Invest , 2000 , 80:617 - 653.
122 Hampton MB , Kettle AJ , Winterbourn CC. Inside the neutrophil phagosome: oxidants, myeloperoxidase , and bacterial killing[J] . Blood, 1998 , 92:3007 - 3017.
123胡天惠,贝泠,沈恂.嗜中性白细胞呼吸爆发与胞内外钙信号的关系研究[J].生物物理学报,1998,14(2):233~238.
124 Sando , J. J , Maurer , M , C , Bolen ,E. J. Role of cofactors in protein kinase C activation. Cellular Signalling , 1992,4:595- 609.
125 Berrid e ,M. J. Inositol tris hos hate and calcium si nallin[J] . Nature , 1993,361:315- 325.
126 Beutler. Innate immunity: an overview [J]. Molecular Immunology. 2004,40: 845–859.
127 Igor.A Schepetkin, Mark T. Quinn. Botanical polysaccharides:Macrophage immunomodulation and therapeutic potential International Immunopharmacology 2006,6 : 317– 333.
128荣康泰.免疫药理学概论[M].第1版.浙江:浙江科学技术出版社,1987. 14-35.
129张丽,梁中琴,顾振纶,等.蘑菇多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞作用的体外研究[J ].苏州大学学报医学版,2003 ,23 1 :10– 12.
130陈伟,林新华,陈俊等.库拉索芦荟多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的体外激活作用.中国药学杂志,2005, 40 (1):34~37.
131王鑫,马桂荣,郑宝灿等.SL-益生素对小白鼠体重及其吞噬细胞功能的影响.微生物学报,1995,35(6):455~459.
132金政,王启伟,李相伍,等.肝损伤后溶酶体和酸性磷酸酶活性改变和蓝靛果的作用[J].延边大学医学学报,2001 ,6 2 :79- 81.
133李万德.卡介苗活化的肺巨噬细胞对二氧化硅的反应:II溶酶体膜通透性变化的研究[J].中华结核与呼吸系统疾病杂志,1982 ,5 4 :239.
134 Strivastava R, Gupta M N. Acid Phosphatase[J] . J. Scientific Industrial Research. 1986 , 45:402—412.
135魏炜,张洪渊,石安静.育珠蚌酸性磷酸酶活力与免疫反应关系的研究[J].水生生物学报,2001,25(4):413-415.
136毛泽善,李立,马全祥.仙人掌提取物对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞酸性磷酸酶活性及吞噬功能的影响[J].新乡医学院学报, 2006,23(4):330-331.
137胡晓明.IL-10对肿瘤免疫的抑制[J].国外医学免疫学分册,2003,26(2):107-110.
138李越中.药物微生物技术[M].第1版.北京:化学工业出版社,2004.127-129.
139吴梧桐.生物技术药物学[M].第1版.北京:高等教育出版社,2003.80-93.
140杨吉成.羧甲基茯苓多糖对HPBL分泌IL-2、TNF、IL-6、IFN-γ的调节作用[J] .中国免疫学杂志,1997,13(5):293-295.
141 Han sang Bae,kim young Hee,lee Chang woo. Characteristic I mmunostimulation by angelan isolated from Angelica gigas nikai[J].Immunopharmacology,1998,40(1):39.
142 Liu F,Fung MC. Analysis of immunomodulating Cytokine mRNAs in the mouse induced by mushroom polysaccharides[J]. Life Sciences Including PharmacologyLetter,1999,64(12):1005~1011.
143苏定冯,缪朝玉,王永铭.药理学进展[M] .第1版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2002. 134~138.
144李丹,尚红,姜拥军,等.香菇多糖体外抗HIV的免疫调节作用的实验研究[J].中国免疫学杂志,2004,20(4): 253-255.
145 Strickland FM. Systematic Review of the Current Literature Related to Disability and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome[J]. Photo chem Photobiol,1999,69(2): 141-147.
146薛爱珍.中药多糖促诱生细胞因子的研究进展[J].浙江中西医结合杂志,2007,17(1):64-66.
147 Nystorm T. The free radical hypothesis of aging goes prob aryotic[J]. Cellular and molecular life science:CMLS, 2003,60(7): 1333-1341.】
148赵克然,杨毅军,曹道俊.氧自由基与临床.北京:中国医药出版社,2000,8-19.
149李月白.丙二醛对巨噬细胞免疫功能的影响[J].中国公共卫生学报,1995,14(4):254-255.
150张强,李通.脂质过氧化对小鼠淋巴细胞功能的影响[J].中国实验临床免疫学杂志,1994,6(3):4-7.
151 McCord J.M.,Irwin Fridovich.Superoxide dismutase:An enzymatic function for erythrocuprein(hemocuprein)[J].J Biol Chem,1969,244:6049～6055.
152 Grace S.C..Phylogenetic distribution of superoxide dismutase supports an endosymbiotic origin for chloroplasts and mitochondria[J].Life Sciences,1990,47:1875～1886.]
153 Kim E.J.,Kim H.P.,Hah Y.C.,et al.Differential expression of superoxide dismutases containing Ni and Fe/Zn in Streptomyces coelicotor [J].Eur.J.Biochem.,1996,241:178～185.
154 H.-D.,H.Youn,J.-W.Lee,et al.Unique isozymes of superoxide dis-mutases inStreptomyces griseus[J].Arch.Biochem.Biophys,1996,334:341～348.
155 Hong-Duk Youn,Eun-Ja Kim,Jung-Hye Roe,et al.A novel nickil-containing superoxide dismutase from Streptomyces spp[J].Biochem J.,1996,318:889～896.
156 Chen,H.Y.,Liu,W.Y.The Molecular Evolution of Superoxide Dismutase Based on Its Distribution and Structure[J].Prog.Biochem.Biophys.1996,23(5):408～413.
157 Patel R.N.,Nripendra Singh,Shukla K.K.,et al.Synthesis,structure and biomimetic properties of Cu(II)-Cu(II)and Cu(II)-Zn(II)binuclear complexes:possible models for the chemistry of Cu-Zn superoxide dismu-tase[J].Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry,2005,99:651～663.
158 Yeung JH ,Chiu LC ,Ooi VE .Effect of polysaccharide peptide (PSP) on glutathione and protection against paracetamol-induced hepato toxicity in the rat. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharma col,1994,16 (10 ) :72.
159 WeiWS ,TanJQ ,GuoF ,etal. Effects of Coriolusversicolor polysaccharides on superoxide dismutase activities in mice. Acta pharmacol Sin ,1996 ,17(2 ) :174.
160娄宁,陈缓,周玫,等.云芝多糖对实验性动脉粥样硬化家兔的治疗作用[J] .第一军医大学学报,1995 ,15(3) :185～187.
161夏英.黄芪多糖(APS)免疫作用的实验研究[J].上海中医药杂志,1994,(11) :43.
162周金黄.中药药理与临床研究进展(第二册)[M] .北京:中国科学技术出版社,1993.35:1.
163李国莉,黄元庆,杨卫东,等.枸杞多糖对运动训练小鼠耐力及体内自由基防御体系的影响[J] .中国运动医学杂志,1998,17(1) :5 6～5 7.
164周惠萍.猴头菌多糖的抗衰老作用[J].中国药科大学学报,1991,2 2 (2 ) :86～88 .
165周惠萍.黑木耳多糖和银耳多糖的抗衰老作用[J] .中国药科大学学报,1989,2 0 (5 ) :30 3.]
166苗明三.怀山药多糖抗氧化作用研究[J] .中国医药学报,1997,12 (2 ) :2 2～2 4]
167陈永祥,王和生,靳风云,等.一贯煎多糖对小鼠肝损伤及SOD、LPO的影响[J].中国药学杂志,1999,34 (4) :2 39～2 41
168许爱华,王玲,陈华圣,等.银杏外种皮多糖延缓小鼠衰老的实验研究.中药材,1996 ,19(9) :46 6～46 8
169左绍远.螺旋藻多糖抗衰老作用的实验研究.中国中药杂志,1999,2 4(8) :490～491.
170古元冬,史建勋,胡卓逸.魔芋多糖的抗衰老作用.中草药,1999,30 (2 ) :12 7～12 8.
171 Kariya K ,Nakamura K .Mimicking of superoxidedismutas eacivity by protein–bound polysacchride of CoriolusversicolorQUEL ,andoxidative stress relief for cancer patients.MolBio ther,1992 ,4(1) :40.
172黄正良.红芪多糖抗衰老作用的实验研究.中草药,1992 ,2 3(9) :46 9～470.
173 Matsumoto T, et al. Regulation of immune complexes bindingof macrophages by pectic polysaccharide from Bupleurum falcatum L. : pharmacological evidencefor the requirement of intracellular calcium/calmodulin on Fc receptor up-regulation by bupleuran 2IIb[J].J Pharm Pharmacol , 1995 ,47 2 :152～156.
174 Stimpel M , et al. Macrophage activation and induction of macrophage Cytotoxicity by purified polysaccharide fractions from the plant Echinacea purpurea[J]. Infect Immun ,1984 ,46 3 :845～849.
175 Le C V. Complement receptor 3 CD11b/ CD18 mediates type I and type IIphagoCytosis during nonopsonic andopsonic phagoCytosis , respectively[J ]. JImmunol , 2002 , 169 4 :2003～2009.
176 Brown GD ,et al. Immune recognization , A new receptor for betaglucuns[J]. Nature ,2001 ,41(3):36～37.
177 Opanasopit P. Involvement of serum mannan binding proteins and mannose receptors in uptake of mannosylated liposomes by macrophages[J ]. Biochim Biophys Acta , 2001 ,1511(1) :134～145.
178 Goluboff E T. Galactosyl receptor in human testis and sperm is phage Cytotoxicity by purified polysaccharide fractions from the antigenically related to the minor C-type lectin variant of human and rat liver[J]. Mol Reprod Dev, 1995 , 40 (4) :460～466
179 Kopp E B ,et al. The Toll-receptor family and control of innate immunity[J ].Curr Opin Immunol , 1999 ,11 1 :13～18.
180 Gregory C D. CD142dependent clearance of apoptotic cells: relevance to the immune system[J]. Curr Opin Immunol , 2000 , 12(1) :27～34.
181 Gantner B N ,Simmons R M ,Canavera S J , et al. Collaborative induction of inflammatory responses by dectin21 and toll2like receptor 2[J ].J Exp Med , 2003 , 197: 1107～1117.
182 Yeo D Y, et al. Activition of mitogen-activited protein kinases and AP-1 by polysaccharide isolatedfrom the radix of Platycodon grandiflorum in RAW264. 7 cells[J ]. Cell Signal , 2004 , 4:1477～1487.
183 Brown GD , et al.Dectin21 mediates the biological effets of beta-glucuns[J]. J Exp Med,2003 ,197 9 :1119～1124.