以绢蝶为代表的甘肃南部地区蝶类生物学、多样性及区系研究
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摘要
从绢蝶物种、种群、群落入手,开展对甘肃南部地区蝶类点、线、面多角度多层次研究。首先,采用野外观察、样方调查及室内饲养等方法研究了中国特有种君主绢蝶(Parnassius imperator Oberthur)的生物学特性及其生境需求,确定影响其种群分布的主要因子；其次,运用样线法调查了不同生境条件下绢蝶及蝶类物种多样性变化状况,分析了植被、海拔等环境因子对蝶类群落的影响,并对部分绢蝶种类进行了局部濒危评估；再次,通过全面普查研究了甘肃南部地区蝶类区系组成,结合地形、气候及植被状况对甘肃南部地区蝶类进行区划分析；最后,提出了甘肃南部地区绢蝶及蝶类的保护措施。主要研究结果如下：
1、君主绢蝶的生物学及其生境需求
1)君主绢蝶是我国特有的蝴蝶种类,分布于我国的青海、甘肃、四川、云南、西藏。在甘肃临夏州永靖县1年1代,以卵越冬。翌年3月中旬寄主植物灰绿黄堇Corydalis adunca Maxim发芽时,绢蝶卵同步孵化。幼虫4龄,平均历期为52天,4月中下旬为二龄幼虫高峰期。蛹期平均为47天。5月初始见其成虫,7月中旬至8月中旬为成虫高峰期,至9月下旬仍可见成虫活动。卵期一般为8个月。
2)君主绢蝶在甘肃省南部地区的适生区域很广,从海拔1900m到3600m都有其分布,主要在岩石裸露的山地及流石滩等地带活动。君主绢蝶在甘肃临夏州永靖县牙沟生境内是一个优势种群,其幼虫生存于阳光充足、气候干燥、有大量寄主植物的阳坡及半阳坡。君主绢蝶及其寄主植物灰绿黄堇都是中国的特有种,他们在国内及甘肃省内的分布均非常吻合,表明二者间协同进化关系非常紧密。
3)在临夏永靖县和甘南合作市分布的君主绢蝶是两个亚种,在永靖县牙沟地区发生的是君主绢蝶兰州亚种P.imperator gigas Kotsch,在合作市发生的是君主绢蝶祁连亚种P.imperator regulus (Bryk et Eisner)。
4)极端的异常气候是影响当年君主绢蝶种群数量的主要因子,人类的干扰活动是对君主绢蝶生存构成较大威胁的主要因素。
2、绢蝶物种多样性研究
1)绢蝶是高海拔和高纬度地区分布的蝶类代表。甘肃南部地区位于青藏高原与陇南山地、黄土高原的过渡地带,是绢蝶集中分布的地区之一,本研究确定在该地区绢蝶科蝴蝶有1属15种,占分布于中国总种数41种的36.6%。
2)样线调查结果显示,绢蝶在甘肃南部地区有比较明显的垂直分布,高山亚冰雪稀疏植被带、亚高山灌丛草甸带、山地森林草原带及山地草原带均有绢蝶分布。各生境中绢蝶多样性与蝶类多样性的变化趋势不一致。随着海拔升高,绢蝶科种类的物种丰富度S及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数呈逐渐上升趋势(R2=0.991,p<0.05),而蝶类的物种丰富度S(R2=0.988,p<0.05)及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数总体呈下降趋势(R2=0.961,p=0.079>0.05)。而植被状况对于蝶类分布也起着决定性的作用(R2=0.988,P<0.001)。
3)绢蝶种类的局部濒危评估
绢蝶是高原地区的特有物种,君主绢蝶(P.imperator)、依帕绢蝶(P.epaphus)、小红珠绢蝶(P.nomion)等三种绢蝶为甘肃南部地区常见种,元首绢蝶(P.cephalus)等八种绢蝶为甘肃南部地区偶见种,数量极少,物种濒危等级应确定为易危等级(Vulnerable)。
3、甘肃南部地区蝶类区系及地理区划
1)甘肃南部地区目前共有蝶类11科、136属、315种,蝶类物种非常丰富。区系分析得出：属于古北区的种类为137种,占总种数的43.5%；东洋区的种类100种,占31.7%；广布种78种,占24.8%,表明甘肃南部地区蝶类在区系组成上以古北种为主,但不占绝对优势,东洋种及广布种数量相对较多,共同聚合成一个蝶类物种丰富的区域。
2)本次调查共获得甘肃省蝶类新记录种51种,隶属于6科35属。其中粉蝶科7种,眼蝶科18种,蛱蝶科11种,蚬蝶科3种,灰蝶科7种,弄蝶科5种。丰富了甘肃省蝶类物种记录。
3)结合地形、气候及植被状况,通过聚类分析将甘肃南部地区蝶类进行地理区划,细分为3个不同类型的区域,分别是陇南南部中高山区、甘南青藏高原区、临夏山谷盆地区。这3个小区的蝶类各具特色,区系组成各有不同,各自反映着所在区域的生境特点。
4、保护建议及措施
保护蝶类赖以生存的环境,尤其是在生态脆弱地区和重点生态地区,尽量减少人为干扰；制定甘南高原等重点生态地区的动植物保护优先顺序；分级建立野生珍稀濒危物种资源保护区；建立珍稀动植物资源综合性繁育基地；继续开展对绢蝶和其他蝶类的生物学及生态学研究,对重要种类建立长期监测体系；在大尺度范围内开展蝶类生境丧失与恢复、气候变化等对蝴蝶的影响研究；在蝶类研究过程中,注重选择可作为环境变化评价的指示物种,探索以蝶类为指示物种的环境评估方法。
This study deals with biology, diversity and fauna of butterflies in southern Gansu Province, including field route survey, observation at sample plots, indoor breeding etc. The biology of Parnassius imperator Oberthur is studied, focusing on its biological characteristics and habitat requirements, and so as to get main factors to make its nature population fluctuation. Diversity of Parnassius species and butterfly species in southern Gansu in different habitats are surveyed.The relation of butterfly diversity and environment factor as vegetation situation, altitude etc. are specially analysed. And local endangered degrees of some Parnassius species are assessed. Fauna of butterflies in southern Gansu is studied. By means of the cluster-analysis in combination with consideration of the landscape, climate and vegetation, the butterflies in southern Gansu are zoo-geographically divided. Several conservation measures are provided.
1. Biological characteristics and requirement to habitats of P. imperator.
P. imperator is an endemic species to China. It is univoltine in Yongjing County, and overwinters in egg stage on rocks nearby host plants Corydalis adunca (also endemic to China). Eggs hatch in mid-March the following year. The larvae stage includes 4 instars and last for 52 days. Duration of the larva period is from late March to late June. The pupae stage lasts about 47 days, and larvae pupate in early May. Adults emerge at the beginning of May and can fly fast. Peak quantity of adults ranges from mid-July to mid-August, however adults can still be found in late September. The egg stage lasts about eight months.
P. imperator is a dominant species in Yagou, Yongjing County. Adults like to stay and fly in valley with bare rocks and shrubs, larvae are found on sunny and semi-sunny slopes. Geographic distribution of P. imperator and its host plant C. adunca overlaps in China. This explains their close co-evolutionary relationship.
two subspecies of P. imperator are detected. P. imperator gigas Kotsch, occured in Yongjing county and P. imperator regulus (Bryk et Eisner) in Hezuo city.
Extremely abnormal climate, for example, Strong cooling, frost or snow, is the main factor that affects the population decline of P. imperator. Human disturbance is another threat affecting survival of P. imperator.
2. Diversity of Parnassius and butterfly species
Parnassius are the representative ones living in high altitude and the high latitudes areas and intensively distribute in Southern Gansu, which lies in the transition zone of Tibetan plateau, Longnan mountain land and loess plateau. In this areas 15 Parnassius species are recorded, which is a comparably large fraction (36.6%) of all 41 Parnassius species in China.
Transect inventory across the major altitudinal vegetation zones covering the alpine sub-ice-snow and sparse vegetation zone, sub-alpine shrub-meadow zone, mountain forest and grassland zone, and hilly grassland zone shows that Parnassius species appear in all zones. The vertical distribution of Parnassius species is interesting because species richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity indicate contrary trends for Parnassius and total butterfly communities along the altitudinal gradient. While species richness and diversity of Parnassius increase with altitude (R2=0.991, p<0.05), these measures decrease for total butterfly communities (R2=0.988, p<0.05), but another hand, the vegetation situation is more important to butterfly communities distribution than its altitude (R2=0.988, p<0.001)
Parnassius can be considered as a typical genus for alpine regions in China. The most common species in the regions are P. imperator, P. epaphus and P. nomion. In the whole study area, eight species, including P. cephalus, are particularly rare and future viability of their populations might deserve particular attention.
3. Fauna of butterflies in southern Gansu and their geographic division
An inventory in southern Gansu province reveals 315 butterfly species belonging to 11 families and 136 genera. The predominant types appear to be the Palaearctic species, accounting for 43.5% of the total, followed by the Oriental species, accounting for 31.7%, the wide-spread species are the least in number, accounting for 24.8% of the total.
Cluster analysis in combination with consideration of the landscape, climate and vegetation of their distribution, the butterflies in southern Gansu are zoo-geographically divided into three regions: the middle-high mountain area in southern Longnan, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area in Gannan, the valley and basin area in Linxia. The butterfly compositions in three areas are distinctive, respectively reflecting their regions habitat characteristics.
51 species of butterflies are new records in Gansu province, they belong to 35 genera 6 families. Among them 7 species of Pieridae,18 species of Satyridae, 11species of Nymphalidae,3 species of Riodinidae,7 species of Lycaenidae,5 species of Hesperidae.
4. Conversation ideas and methods
Protect their habitats, especially in ecological fragile areas and key ecological region, and try to reduce human interference.
Need to carry out deep and persistent study on the biology and ecology of several rare species.
Work out the new criteria for threatened IUCN species in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
Set up some natural reserves for rare and threatened species.
Build comprehensive culturing base for rare and endangered species
Take example by foreign butterfly research technology, carry out some researches on the influence of butterfly by habitat loss or restore, and climate change in large scale.
Dell with the relationship between resource exploitation and protection administration, so as to making use of the limited resources sustainable.
1、君主绢蝶的生物学及其生境需求
1)君主绢蝶是我国特有的蝴蝶种类,分布于我国的青海、甘肃、四川、云南、西藏。在甘肃临夏州永靖县1年1代,以卵越冬。翌年3月中旬寄主植物灰绿黄堇Corydalis adunca Maxim发芽时,绢蝶卵同步孵化。幼虫4龄,平均历期为52天,4月中下旬为二龄幼虫高峰期。蛹期平均为47天。5月初始见其成虫,7月中旬至8月中旬为成虫高峰期,至9月下旬仍可见成虫活动。卵期一般为8个月。
2)君主绢蝶在甘肃省南部地区的适生区域很广,从海拔1900m到3600m都有其分布,主要在岩石裸露的山地及流石滩等地带活动。君主绢蝶在甘肃临夏州永靖县牙沟生境内是一个优势种群,其幼虫生存于阳光充足、气候干燥、有大量寄主植物的阳坡及半阳坡。君主绢蝶及其寄主植物灰绿黄堇都是中国的特有种,他们在国内及甘肃省内的分布均非常吻合,表明二者间协同进化关系非常紧密。
3)在临夏永靖县和甘南合作市分布的君主绢蝶是两个亚种,在永靖县牙沟地区发生的是君主绢蝶兰州亚种P.imperator gigas Kotsch,在合作市发生的是君主绢蝶祁连亚种P.imperator regulus (Bryk et Eisner)。
4)极端的异常气候是影响当年君主绢蝶种群数量的主要因子,人类的干扰活动是对君主绢蝶生存构成较大威胁的主要因素。
2、绢蝶物种多样性研究
1)绢蝶是高海拔和高纬度地区分布的蝶类代表。甘肃南部地区位于青藏高原与陇南山地、黄土高原的过渡地带,是绢蝶集中分布的地区之一,本研究确定在该地区绢蝶科蝴蝶有1属15种,占分布于中国总种数41种的36.6%。
2)样线调查结果显示,绢蝶在甘肃南部地区有比较明显的垂直分布,高山亚冰雪稀疏植被带、亚高山灌丛草甸带、山地森林草原带及山地草原带均有绢蝶分布。各生境中绢蝶多样性与蝶类多样性的变化趋势不一致。随着海拔升高,绢蝶科种类的物种丰富度S及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数呈逐渐上升趋势(R2=0.991,p<0.05),而蝶类的物种丰富度S(R2=0.988,p<0.05)及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数总体呈下降趋势(R2=0.961,p=0.079>0.05)。而植被状况对于蝶类分布也起着决定性的作用(R2=0.988,P<0.001)。
3)绢蝶种类的局部濒危评估
绢蝶是高原地区的特有物种,君主绢蝶(P.imperator)、依帕绢蝶(P.epaphus)、小红珠绢蝶(P.nomion)等三种绢蝶为甘肃南部地区常见种,元首绢蝶(P.cephalus)等八种绢蝶为甘肃南部地区偶见种,数量极少,物种濒危等级应确定为易危等级(Vulnerable)。
3、甘肃南部地区蝶类区系及地理区划
1)甘肃南部地区目前共有蝶类11科、136属、315种,蝶类物种非常丰富。区系分析得出：属于古北区的种类为137种,占总种数的43.5%；东洋区的种类100种,占31.7%；广布种78种,占24.8%,表明甘肃南部地区蝶类在区系组成上以古北种为主,但不占绝对优势,东洋种及广布种数量相对较多,共同聚合成一个蝶类物种丰富的区域。
2)本次调查共获得甘肃省蝶类新记录种51种,隶属于6科35属。其中粉蝶科7种,眼蝶科18种,蛱蝶科11种,蚬蝶科3种,灰蝶科7种,弄蝶科5种。丰富了甘肃省蝶类物种记录。
3)结合地形、气候及植被状况,通过聚类分析将甘肃南部地区蝶类进行地理区划,细分为3个不同类型的区域,分别是陇南南部中高山区、甘南青藏高原区、临夏山谷盆地区。这3个小区的蝶类各具特色,区系组成各有不同,各自反映着所在区域的生境特点。
4、保护建议及措施
保护蝶类赖以生存的环境,尤其是在生态脆弱地区和重点生态地区,尽量减少人为干扰；制定甘南高原等重点生态地区的动植物保护优先顺序；分级建立野生珍稀濒危物种资源保护区；建立珍稀动植物资源综合性繁育基地；继续开展对绢蝶和其他蝶类的生物学及生态学研究,对重要种类建立长期监测体系；在大尺度范围内开展蝶类生境丧失与恢复、气候变化等对蝴蝶的影响研究；在蝶类研究过程中,注重选择可作为环境变化评价的指示物种,探索以蝶类为指示物种的环境评估方法。
This study deals with biology, diversity and fauna of butterflies in southern Gansu Province, including field route survey, observation at sample plots, indoor breeding etc. The biology of Parnassius imperator Oberthur is studied, focusing on its biological characteristics and habitat requirements, and so as to get main factors to make its nature population fluctuation. Diversity of Parnassius species and butterfly species in southern Gansu in different habitats are surveyed.The relation of butterfly diversity and environment factor as vegetation situation, altitude etc. are specially analysed. And local endangered degrees of some Parnassius species are assessed. Fauna of butterflies in southern Gansu is studied. By means of the cluster-analysis in combination with consideration of the landscape, climate and vegetation, the butterflies in southern Gansu are zoo-geographically divided. Several conservation measures are provided.
1. Biological characteristics and requirement to habitats of P. imperator.
P. imperator is an endemic species to China. It is univoltine in Yongjing County, and overwinters in egg stage on rocks nearby host plants Corydalis adunca (also endemic to China). Eggs hatch in mid-March the following year. The larvae stage includes 4 instars and last for 52 days. Duration of the larva period is from late March to late June. The pupae stage lasts about 47 days, and larvae pupate in early May. Adults emerge at the beginning of May and can fly fast. Peak quantity of adults ranges from mid-July to mid-August, however adults can still be found in late September. The egg stage lasts about eight months.
P. imperator is a dominant species in Yagou, Yongjing County. Adults like to stay and fly in valley with bare rocks and shrubs, larvae are found on sunny and semi-sunny slopes. Geographic distribution of P. imperator and its host plant C. adunca overlaps in China. This explains their close co-evolutionary relationship.
two subspecies of P. imperator are detected. P. imperator gigas Kotsch, occured in Yongjing county and P. imperator regulus (Bryk et Eisner) in Hezuo city.
Extremely abnormal climate, for example, Strong cooling, frost or snow, is the main factor that affects the population decline of P. imperator. Human disturbance is another threat affecting survival of P. imperator.
2. Diversity of Parnassius and butterfly species
Parnassius are the representative ones living in high altitude and the high latitudes areas and intensively distribute in Southern Gansu, which lies in the transition zone of Tibetan plateau, Longnan mountain land and loess plateau. In this areas 15 Parnassius species are recorded, which is a comparably large fraction (36.6%) of all 41 Parnassius species in China.
Transect inventory across the major altitudinal vegetation zones covering the alpine sub-ice-snow and sparse vegetation zone, sub-alpine shrub-meadow zone, mountain forest and grassland zone, and hilly grassland zone shows that Parnassius species appear in all zones. The vertical distribution of Parnassius species is interesting because species richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity indicate contrary trends for Parnassius and total butterfly communities along the altitudinal gradient. While species richness and diversity of Parnassius increase with altitude (R2=0.991, p<0.05), these measures decrease for total butterfly communities (R2=0.988, p<0.05), but another hand, the vegetation situation is more important to butterfly communities distribution than its altitude (R2=0.988, p<0.001)
Parnassius can be considered as a typical genus for alpine regions in China. The most common species in the regions are P. imperator, P. epaphus and P. nomion. In the whole study area, eight species, including P. cephalus, are particularly rare and future viability of their populations might deserve particular attention.
3. Fauna of butterflies in southern Gansu and their geographic division
An inventory in southern Gansu province reveals 315 butterfly species belonging to 11 families and 136 genera. The predominant types appear to be the Palaearctic species, accounting for 43.5% of the total, followed by the Oriental species, accounting for 31.7%, the wide-spread species are the least in number, accounting for 24.8% of the total.
Cluster analysis in combination with consideration of the landscape, climate and vegetation of their distribution, the butterflies in southern Gansu are zoo-geographically divided into three regions: the middle-high mountain area in southern Longnan, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area in Gannan, the valley and basin area in Linxia. The butterfly compositions in three areas are distinctive, respectively reflecting their regions habitat characteristics.
51 species of butterflies are new records in Gansu province, they belong to 35 genera 6 families. Among them 7 species of Pieridae,18 species of Satyridae, 11species of Nymphalidae,3 species of Riodinidae,7 species of Lycaenidae,5 species of Hesperidae.
4. Conversation ideas and methods
Protect their habitats, especially in ecological fragile areas and key ecological region, and try to reduce human interference.
Need to carry out deep and persistent study on the biology and ecology of several rare species.
Work out the new criteria for threatened IUCN species in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
Set up some natural reserves for rare and threatened species.
Build comprehensive culturing base for rare and endangered species
Take example by foreign butterfly research technology, carry out some researches on the influence of butterfly by habitat loss or restore, and climate change in large scale.
Dell with the relationship between resource exploitation and protection administration, so as to making use of the limited resources sustainable.
引文
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