侧嵌式管桩受力性能及桩土相互作用试验研究
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摘要
现代科学技术的不断进步及建筑结构对结构基础要求的提高促进了预应力混凝土管桩的广泛应用。但在工程实践中，为满足管桩桩基更高的承载力及变形要求，通常需要增大单桩桩长和桩径，导致混凝土用量加大、施工效率降低、经济成本增高。已有研究表明，当桩长或桩径增大到一定程度后将不能有效提高单桩极限承载力。因此通过改进桩型及施工工艺以改善管桩桩–土工作性状、提高单桩承载力成为预应力管桩发展的必然趋势。
本文结合吉林省教育厅“十一五”科研项目——侧嵌式管桩受力性能及桩土相互作用研究（吉教科合字2009第416号），在传统闭口型预应力混凝土管桩的基础上，采用一定工艺在其侧壁相应位置嵌入一定数量的预制短肢，形成异型管桩形式—侧嵌式管桩(CQPHC桩)，旨在通过侧肢副端承力及增大侧摩阻力来达到提高单桩承载力、降低综合成本的目的。
本文开展了侧嵌式管桩承载力与变形性能的室内模型试验研究，并根据桩身和桩周土相关物理性能参数，运用大型有限元软件ANSYS分别进行竖向与水平荷载作用下侧嵌式管桩的承载力、沉降变形及桩–土相互作用的数值分析，系统地模拟分析了不同桩身及桩周土参数对侧嵌式管桩竖向及水平承载性状的影响。同时，讨论确定了不同土质条件下侧肢的合理层间距、位置和数量，综合考察新桩型的经济性、施工可行性及侧肢张压设备的开发，并为其投入使用提供理论依据和技术支持。本文主要完成以下研究：
1、侧嵌式管桩因侧肢在竖向承载过程中发挥了一定的副端承作用，其竖向承载力较普通管桩显著提高。桩顶沉降量随侧肢布置位置的下移、数量的增多及层间距的减小而减小。即桩身下部密布侧肢更有助于提高侧嵌式管桩竖向极限承载力，有效控制桩顶沉降；但侧肢层间距过小也会导致层间土体扰动过大，侧肢副端承力难以得到充分发挥，分析结果表明侧肢层间净距为1000mm时对提高单桩竖向承载力最为有利；
2、桩周土体参数对侧嵌式管桩的承载与变形性能有显著影响，桩顶沉降量随桩周土体黏聚力、内摩擦角、桩–土摩擦系数、弹性模量的增大而减小。特别地，侧嵌式管桩竖向极限承载力并不随桩–土摩擦系数增大无限增长，当桩–土摩擦系数大于0.4以后，增大桩–土摩擦系数对提高单桩竖向极限承载力效果不再明显；
3、就侧嵌式管桩水平承载性状而言，各级荷载作用下加载位置以下的桩身水平位移均随桩入土深度的增大而逐渐减小。当荷载持续增大，土体逐渐产生塑性变形，水平位移增长速率加快。在保障土质条件及最小侧肢层间距的前提下，侧肢越靠近桩身上部、数量越多、间距越小，对桩水平极限承载力的提高、最大弯矩的降低作用越明显。但侧肢数量过多对桩顶及桩身水平位移影响均不再明显，故在桩身上部密排3-5层侧肢有助于侧嵌式管桩水平极限承载力的提高，而且具有良好经济性；
4、桩周土体参数对侧嵌式管桩桩顶水平位移亦有明显影响，桩顶水平位移随土体黏聚力、内摩擦角、弹性模量的增大而逐渐减小，其变化幅度也逐步减小。土体内摩擦角的变化能够有效改变桩身截面的最大弯矩，而土体弹性模量对侧嵌式管桩桩身水平位移作用相对最为显著；
5、根据相似理论进行侧嵌式管桩与普通管桩竖向承载性状的室内模型试验对比分析，模拟桩–土相互作用机理，对侧嵌式管桩承载与变形性能开展定性研究。试验分别对具有不同侧肢层间距、数量的侧嵌式管桩模型桩进行了竖向承载性状的研究，得出的结论与有限元分析的变化趋势基本一致。但由于模拟条件的限制，包括桩–土接触界面性状、模型桩桩身参数与土体物理性能参数等方面的模拟均与实际存在差异，导致试验与理论分析结果存在一定差异。
本文提出的侧嵌式管桩是一种新型预应力管桩，实现了桩身型式、承载机理、沉桩工艺的创新，文章系统地研究了侧嵌式管桩单桩竖向及水平承载性状的主要影响因素，为该桩的深入研究奠定了理论基础，且提供了一定的技术与经济参考，如果能够投入实际工程将实现良好的技术与经济效益。
With continuous progress of modern science and technology,andimprovement requirements of structure foundation, it is promoted to be widelyused of prestressed concrete pipe pile. But in order to meeting the requirementsof higher bearing capacity and less deformation of the single pipe pile inengineering practice, usually the pile body is longer and its diameter is larger, sothe dosage of concrete is increased, the construction efficiency is lower andeconomic cost is higher. Existing researches have shown that the single pileultimate bearing capacity can't be effectively improved after the pile length andpile diameter is increased to a certain extent. So it becomes the inevitable trendof development of prestressed pipe pile that it will be improved properties of pipepile-soil working together and the bearing capacity of single pile by improvingthe pile type and construction technology.
Combining the "11th Five-year Plan" research project of Jilin provinceeducation department—"Research on Mechanical Performance and Pile-SoilInteraction of Prestressed Concrete Pipe Pile with Side Embedded Precast ShortLimb "(2009No.416), it is adopted specific construction technology to embeddedsome precast short limb in side of the traditional closed pipe pile, that is formed special pile type, that is prestressed concrete pipe pile with sideembedded precast short limb（CQPHC）.The aim is to improve bearing capacityof single pile by the secondary end-bearing capacity from short limb andincreasing the capacity of side friction, and can reduce the comprehensive cost.
It has been carried out indoor model test research on the bearing capacityand deformation performance of CQPHC, and been respectively carried on thenumerical analysis on the bearing capacity and settlement deformation of singlepile, and the pile-soil interaction under the vertical and horizontal loads with theANSYS software according to the related parameters of physical properties of thepile and soil. And it is simulated and analyzed systematically on the influence ofdifferent parameters of the pile and soil on the bearing properties of CQPHC.Then, it is confirmed that reasonable distance, position and number of short limbin the different soil conditions, and considered comprehensive economy, theconstruction feasibility of new pile type and the design of the push-extendequipment. It is provided the certain reference value and theoretical basis for theactual engineering. The following research are mainly completed：
1.The vertical bearing capacity of CQPHC is significantly increased thanordinary pipe pile, due to the secondary end bearing effect of lateral limbs in theprocess of the vertical load. The settlement of pile top is decreased with themoving down of the location, the increasing of numbers and the decreasingdistance of lateral limbs, that is, it is more beneficial to the improvement of thevertical bearing of CQPHC and decreases of settlement of pile top that it is setclosely short limbs on the lower part of pile body. But, the too small distance canmake disturbance enlarged to the soil between the short limbs, so it is difficultthat the secondary end bearing effect of the short limb is given full play. Analysisresults have shown that, when the distance is1000mm, it is most favorable to improve the vertical bearing capacity of single pile;
2.The parameters of soil around the pile have obvious influences on thebearing and deformation performance of CQPHC. The settlement of pile top isdecreased with the increase of cohesion and angle of internal friction and frictioncoefficient and modulus of elasticity of soil. Particularly, the vertical ultimatebearing capacity of CQPHC is not always increase infinite with the increase offriction coefficient. When the pile-soil friction coefficient is greater than0.4, it isno longer obvious to improve the effect of single pile vertical ultimate bearingcapacity by increasing the friction coefficient;
3.In terms of horizontal load-bearing properties, under the various loads, thehorizontal displacement of pile top under the loaded position decreases graduallywith the increasing of depth. When the loads continue to increase, the plasticdeformation of soil gradually produces, the growth rate of the horizontaldisplacement speeds up. In the case of good soil conditions and spacing to beallowed, if short limbs are more close to the upper part of the body, their quantityare more and their distance are smaller, that the effects of improvement of thehorizontal bearing capacity and reducing the maximum bending moment aremore obvious. But their effects are not obvious on the horizontal displacement ofpile top and body while the number of short limbs are too many. So it isbeneficial to the improvement of the level ultimate bearing capacity that it is setclosely3to5layer short limbs on the upper department of pile body, and it has agood economy;
4.The parameters of soil around the pile have obvious effect on thehorizontal displacement of pile of CQPHC top, too. With the increase of cohesion,angle of internal friction and modulus of elasticity of soil, The horizontaldisplacement of pile top is decreased gradually and the magnificence of changes also reduce gradually. Because of the change of the internal friction angle of soil,the maximum bending moment of the section of pile can effectively be changed,while the elastic modulus has the most significant effect to the levelsdisplacement of CQPHC;
5.According to the similarity theory, the contrast analysis is to be carried outabout indoor model test between ordinary pipe pile and CQPHC. It is simulatedto the mechanism of pile-soil interaction, and carried out the qualitative researchpile on the bearing and deformation performance. The indoor model test iscarried on to the vertical bearing properties research by the model piles withdifferent spacing and number of short limbs, and its result is almost the samewith the changing trends of the finite element analysis. But there exist certaindifferences between experiment and theoretical analysis results because of thelimitation of simulation conditions, including the differences of properties ofcontact interface, model parameters of pile body and the physical propertiesparameters of soil.
CQPHC is a new kind of prestressed pipe pile, they are realized that theinnovation of pile type, load-bearing mechanism and pile driving technology. Itis systematically studied the main influence factors on bearing characters ofCQPHC, which lay the theoretical foundation for the further study on CQPHCand provide a certain reference value for technology and economy. If it can beput into the practical engineering, the good technology and economic benefit willbe achieved.
本文结合吉林省教育厅“十一五”科研项目——侧嵌式管桩受力性能及桩土相互作用研究（吉教科合字2009第416号），在传统闭口型预应力混凝土管桩的基础上，采用一定工艺在其侧壁相应位置嵌入一定数量的预制短肢，形成异型管桩形式—侧嵌式管桩(CQPHC桩)，旨在通过侧肢副端承力及增大侧摩阻力来达到提高单桩承载力、降低综合成本的目的。
本文开展了侧嵌式管桩承载力与变形性能的室内模型试验研究，并根据桩身和桩周土相关物理性能参数，运用大型有限元软件ANSYS分别进行竖向与水平荷载作用下侧嵌式管桩的承载力、沉降变形及桩–土相互作用的数值分析，系统地模拟分析了不同桩身及桩周土参数对侧嵌式管桩竖向及水平承载性状的影响。同时，讨论确定了不同土质条件下侧肢的合理层间距、位置和数量，综合考察新桩型的经济性、施工可行性及侧肢张压设备的开发，并为其投入使用提供理论依据和技术支持。本文主要完成以下研究：
1、侧嵌式管桩因侧肢在竖向承载过程中发挥了一定的副端承作用，其竖向承载力较普通管桩显著提高。桩顶沉降量随侧肢布置位置的下移、数量的增多及层间距的减小而减小。即桩身下部密布侧肢更有助于提高侧嵌式管桩竖向极限承载力，有效控制桩顶沉降；但侧肢层间距过小也会导致层间土体扰动过大，侧肢副端承力难以得到充分发挥，分析结果表明侧肢层间净距为1000mm时对提高单桩竖向承载力最为有利；
2、桩周土体参数对侧嵌式管桩的承载与变形性能有显著影响，桩顶沉降量随桩周土体黏聚力、内摩擦角、桩–土摩擦系数、弹性模量的增大而减小。特别地，侧嵌式管桩竖向极限承载力并不随桩–土摩擦系数增大无限增长，当桩–土摩擦系数大于0.4以后，增大桩–土摩擦系数对提高单桩竖向极限承载力效果不再明显；
3、就侧嵌式管桩水平承载性状而言，各级荷载作用下加载位置以下的桩身水平位移均随桩入土深度的增大而逐渐减小。当荷载持续增大，土体逐渐产生塑性变形，水平位移增长速率加快。在保障土质条件及最小侧肢层间距的前提下，侧肢越靠近桩身上部、数量越多、间距越小，对桩水平极限承载力的提高、最大弯矩的降低作用越明显。但侧肢数量过多对桩顶及桩身水平位移影响均不再明显，故在桩身上部密排3-5层侧肢有助于侧嵌式管桩水平极限承载力的提高，而且具有良好经济性；
4、桩周土体参数对侧嵌式管桩桩顶水平位移亦有明显影响，桩顶水平位移随土体黏聚力、内摩擦角、弹性模量的增大而逐渐减小，其变化幅度也逐步减小。土体内摩擦角的变化能够有效改变桩身截面的最大弯矩，而土体弹性模量对侧嵌式管桩桩身水平位移作用相对最为显著；
5、根据相似理论进行侧嵌式管桩与普通管桩竖向承载性状的室内模型试验对比分析，模拟桩–土相互作用机理，对侧嵌式管桩承载与变形性能开展定性研究。试验分别对具有不同侧肢层间距、数量的侧嵌式管桩模型桩进行了竖向承载性状的研究，得出的结论与有限元分析的变化趋势基本一致。但由于模拟条件的限制，包括桩–土接触界面性状、模型桩桩身参数与土体物理性能参数等方面的模拟均与实际存在差异，导致试验与理论分析结果存在一定差异。
本文提出的侧嵌式管桩是一种新型预应力管桩，实现了桩身型式、承载机理、沉桩工艺的创新，文章系统地研究了侧嵌式管桩单桩竖向及水平承载性状的主要影响因素，为该桩的深入研究奠定了理论基础，且提供了一定的技术与经济参考，如果能够投入实际工程将实现良好的技术与经济效益。
With continuous progress of modern science and technology,andimprovement requirements of structure foundation, it is promoted to be widelyused of prestressed concrete pipe pile. But in order to meeting the requirementsof higher bearing capacity and less deformation of the single pipe pile inengineering practice, usually the pile body is longer and its diameter is larger, sothe dosage of concrete is increased, the construction efficiency is lower andeconomic cost is higher. Existing researches have shown that the single pileultimate bearing capacity can't be effectively improved after the pile length andpile diameter is increased to a certain extent. So it becomes the inevitable trendof development of prestressed pipe pile that it will be improved properties of pipepile-soil working together and the bearing capacity of single pile by improvingthe pile type and construction technology.
Combining the "11th Five-year Plan" research project of Jilin provinceeducation department—"Research on Mechanical Performance and Pile-SoilInteraction of Prestressed Concrete Pipe Pile with Side Embedded Precast ShortLimb "(2009No.416), it is adopted specific construction technology to embeddedsome precast short limb in side of the traditional closed pipe pile, that is formed special pile type, that is prestressed concrete pipe pile with sideembedded precast short limb（CQPHC）.The aim is to improve bearing capacityof single pile by the secondary end-bearing capacity from short limb andincreasing the capacity of side friction, and can reduce the comprehensive cost.
It has been carried out indoor model test research on the bearing capacityand deformation performance of CQPHC, and been respectively carried on thenumerical analysis on the bearing capacity and settlement deformation of singlepile, and the pile-soil interaction under the vertical and horizontal loads with theANSYS software according to the related parameters of physical properties of thepile and soil. And it is simulated and analyzed systematically on the influence ofdifferent parameters of the pile and soil on the bearing properties of CQPHC.Then, it is confirmed that reasonable distance, position and number of short limbin the different soil conditions, and considered comprehensive economy, theconstruction feasibility of new pile type and the design of the push-extendequipment. It is provided the certain reference value and theoretical basis for theactual engineering. The following research are mainly completed：
1.The vertical bearing capacity of CQPHC is significantly increased thanordinary pipe pile, due to the secondary end bearing effect of lateral limbs in theprocess of the vertical load. The settlement of pile top is decreased with themoving down of the location, the increasing of numbers and the decreasingdistance of lateral limbs, that is, it is more beneficial to the improvement of thevertical bearing of CQPHC and decreases of settlement of pile top that it is setclosely short limbs on the lower part of pile body. But, the too small distance canmake disturbance enlarged to the soil between the short limbs, so it is difficultthat the secondary end bearing effect of the short limb is given full play. Analysisresults have shown that, when the distance is1000mm, it is most favorable to improve the vertical bearing capacity of single pile;
2.The parameters of soil around the pile have obvious influences on thebearing and deformation performance of CQPHC. The settlement of pile top isdecreased with the increase of cohesion and angle of internal friction and frictioncoefficient and modulus of elasticity of soil. Particularly, the vertical ultimatebearing capacity of CQPHC is not always increase infinite with the increase offriction coefficient. When the pile-soil friction coefficient is greater than0.4, it isno longer obvious to improve the effect of single pile vertical ultimate bearingcapacity by increasing the friction coefficient;
3.In terms of horizontal load-bearing properties, under the various loads, thehorizontal displacement of pile top under the loaded position decreases graduallywith the increasing of depth. When the loads continue to increase, the plasticdeformation of soil gradually produces, the growth rate of the horizontaldisplacement speeds up. In the case of good soil conditions and spacing to beallowed, if short limbs are more close to the upper part of the body, their quantityare more and their distance are smaller, that the effects of improvement of thehorizontal bearing capacity and reducing the maximum bending moment aremore obvious. But their effects are not obvious on the horizontal displacement ofpile top and body while the number of short limbs are too many. So it isbeneficial to the improvement of the level ultimate bearing capacity that it is setclosely3to5layer short limbs on the upper department of pile body, and it has agood economy;
4.The parameters of soil around the pile have obvious effect on thehorizontal displacement of pile of CQPHC top, too. With the increase of cohesion,angle of internal friction and modulus of elasticity of soil, The horizontaldisplacement of pile top is decreased gradually and the magnificence of changes also reduce gradually. Because of the change of the internal friction angle of soil,the maximum bending moment of the section of pile can effectively be changed,while the elastic modulus has the most significant effect to the levelsdisplacement of CQPHC;
5.According to the similarity theory, the contrast analysis is to be carried outabout indoor model test between ordinary pipe pile and CQPHC. It is simulatedto the mechanism of pile-soil interaction, and carried out the qualitative researchpile on the bearing and deformation performance. The indoor model test iscarried on to the vertical bearing properties research by the model piles withdifferent spacing and number of short limbs, and its result is almost the samewith the changing trends of the finite element analysis. But there exist certaindifferences between experiment and theoretical analysis results because of thelimitation of simulation conditions, including the differences of properties ofcontact interface, model parameters of pile body and the physical propertiesparameters of soil.
CQPHC is a new kind of prestressed pipe pile, they are realized that theinnovation of pile type, load-bearing mechanism and pile driving technology. Itis systematically studied the main influence factors on bearing characters ofCQPHC, which lay the theoretical foundation for the further study on CQPHCand provide a certain reference value for technology and economy. If it can beput into the practical engineering, the good technology and economic benefit willbe achieved.
引文
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