基于脂肪酸指纹分析的牛肉产地溯源研究
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摘要
食品产地溯源技术是食品产业链风险管理的有效措施。生物体中脂肪酸组成和含量与其生长地域密切相关，为食品产地溯源研究与应用提供了可能。目前利用脂肪酸指纹分析进行食品产地溯源的研究主要集中在植物源性食品如橄榄油、咖啡豆等方面，不同地域来源动物组织中脂肪酸指纹信息有何差异，以及它们受地域、饲料、季节等因素的影响还不清楚。
牛肉营养品质好、价值高，是人们主要的肉食品之一。但受“疯牛病”、“口蹄疫”等人畜共患病的影响，牛肉质量安全问题备受关注，牛肉产地溯源技术体系亟待建立和完善。本研究系统分析脂肪酸指纹分析在牛肉产地溯源中的可行性，以及各项脂肪酸指标受地域、饲料、季节因素的影响，旨在建立牛肉产地脂肪酸指纹溯源指标体系和判别模型，为牛肉产地溯源技术研究与应用提供技术支撑。
本研究首先从代表我国四大肉牛产区的吉林、宁夏、贵州、河北地域随机采集牛肉样品，利用方差分析、多重比较分析和判别分析，比较四大区牛肉样品中脂肪酸组成及含量特征，各项指标对牛肉产地来源的判别情况，初步分析脂肪酸指纹分析技术对牛肉产地溯源的可行性，并初步筛选用于牛肉产地溯源的脂肪酸指标体系。然后通过在吉林长春控制饲料的牛模型试验，研究牛肌肉组织中脂肪酸组成及含量受喂养饲料变化的影响情况；通过在内蒙太仆寺旗、陕西杨凌、河南南阳三个地域的牛迁徙模型试验，分析地域、季节及其交互作用对牛肌肉中脂肪酸含量组成特征的影响，最后对初步建立的牛肉产地溯源脂肪酸指标体系和判别模型进行验证和确认，筛选有效脂肪酸指标体系并建立判别模型。通过分析得到以下结论：
(1)吉林、宁夏、贵州和河北四大牛肉产区的牛肉中脂肪酸组成和含量有显著差异。吉林和河北地区牛肉中的SFA含量显著高于贵州和宁夏地区；宁夏地区牛肉中C16:1和C18:1单不饱和脂肪酸含量均显著高于其他地区；贵州与河北地区牛肉中a-C18:3、C20:5和PUFA-n3极显著高于吉林和宁夏地区。通过判别分析，初步筛选出a-C18:3、C14:0、C17:0、SFA和MUFA五项可用于牛肉产地溯源的潜在指标，它们对四大牛肉产区的整体判别率为82.0%。
(2)吉林长春牛模型试验中，除了SFA和C16:1两种脂肪酸在不同饲料组之间有显著差异外，其余脂肪酸a-C18:3、C14:0、C16:0、C17:0、C18:0、C18:2、C20:5、MUFA和n-3PUFA均无显著差异。
(3)内蒙古太仆寺旗、陕西杨凌和河南南阳三个地域喂养的肉牛脂肪酸指纹特征不同，存在显著差异的脂肪酸为C14:0、C16:0、SFA、C16:1、C18:1、MUFA、C17:0、C18:0、a-C18:3、C20:5和PUFA-n3。C15:0、C17:0、a-C18:3和C18:1在内蒙古太仆寺旗不同饲养期之间存在显著差异；陕西杨凌在不同饲养期之间脂肪酸含量组成无显著差异。通过一般线性模型分析，筛选出C18:1、C20:5、PUFA-n3、a-C18:3、C14:0、C17:0和MUFA七项可用于牛肉产地溯源的参考指标，它们对各饲养期样品之间区分效果较好，而且地域特征明显。
(4)a-C18:3、C14:0、C17:0和MUFA是用于牛肉产地溯源的比较稳定的指标体系，它们对四大肉牛产区样品的整体判别率83.6%，判别效果较好。
(5)牛肉脂肪酸指纹分析是鉴别牛肉产地来源的一项潜在技术。
Food traceability techonology is an effective measure of the food chain risk management. Fattyacid composition and content of organisms closely related to the geographical environment of its growth,which provides the possibility of food traceability research and application. Fatty acid fingerprintanalysis of food traceability mainly focused on the plant-derived food such as olive oil, coffee. It’s notclear aboat the difference of fatty acid fingerprint information of animal-derived food tissues fromdifferent geographical sources, and the impact subject to region, feed, season and other factors is alsounclear.
Beef is of nutritional quality and high value, which is one of the main meat of the people. But bythe effect of “mad cow disease”,“foot and mouth disease” of zoonoses, beef quality and safety issuesare on concern, beef provenance system is urgent to be established and improved. In this study, thefeasibility of the fatty acid fingerprint analysis used for the origin tracing of the beef is systematicalyanalyzed, as well as the fatty acid indicators effected by region, feed, and seasonal factors. The studyaims at establishing beef faty acid fingerprint tracing indicator system and discriminant model, andsupplying technology supports for the research and application of beef tracing.
Firstly, this beef samples were collected randomly from the representative of China's four majorbeef producing areas of Jilin, Ningxia, Guizhou, Hebei. According to the analysis of variance, multiplecomparisons and discriminant analysis, the fatty acid composition and content characteristics of the beefsamples were compared among four major regions, the indicators of beef origin discrimination wereanalyzed, the feasibility of the fatty acid fingerprint analysis for beef tracing were preliminary analyzed,the potential traceability index of fatty acid were preliminary choosed. And then according to controlingthe feed of cattle model test in Changchun city, Jilin province, the influence on the fatty acidcomposition and content in bovine muscle tissue by changing feed were studied; According to the cattlemigration model test of Taipusiqi in the three regions of Inner Mongolia, Yangling city, Shaanxiprovince and Nanyang city, Henan province, the effect of region, season and their interactions on thecomposition of the fatty acid content of bovine muscle tissue were analyzed. Finally, the initialestablished fatty acid index system and the discriminant model of beef traceability were verified andvalidated, the effective fatty acid index system was screened, and the discriminant model wasestablished. According to the analysis,the following conclusions were obtained:
(1)The content and composition characteristics of fatty acid in beef samples from Jilin, Guizhou,Ningxia and Hebei are significantly different. The content of SFA are significantly higher in Jilin andHebei than that in Ningxia and Guizhou; the content of C16:1and C18:1in Ningxia are significantlyhigher than other areas; Guizhou and hebei obtain the extremely higher content of a-C18:3, C20:5andPUFA-n3than in Jilin and Ningxia. According to discriminant analysis, five potential indicators of a-C18:3, C14:0, C17:0, SFA and MUFA used for beef are preliminary screened. The overall classificationrate of four regions by the five indicators is82.0%.
(2)In controling the feed of cattle model test in Changchun city, Jilin province, the content of SFAand C16:1are significantly different among different feeding groups，the other fatty acids a-C18:3,C14:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C18:2, C20:5, MUFA and n-3PUFA show no difference.
(3)The beef samples from TP, YL and NY contain various content and composition characteristicsof fatty acid. There are significant difference of fatty acids C14:0, C16:0, SFA, C16:1, C18:1, MUFA,C17:0, C18:0, a-C18:3, C20:5and PUFA-n3. The contents of C15:0, C17:0, a-C18:3and C18:1differsignificantly among different breeding periods in TP; The fatty acid content show no significantdifference among different raising periods in YL. By the general linear model analysis, the sevenreference index of C18:1, C20:5, n-3PUFA, a-C18:3, C14:0, C17:0and MUFA which can be used tobeef origin traceability are filtered, and the samples of each feeding period are well distinguished, thegeographical characteristics are distinct.
(4)a-C18:3, C14:0, C17:0and MUFA are relatively stable index system for beef provenance, theoverall discriminant rate of four beef-producing regions is83.6%, which shows good judging effect.
(5)Fatty acid fingerprinting technology is a potencial technology of beef origin tracing.
牛肉营养品质好、价值高，是人们主要的肉食品之一。但受“疯牛病”、“口蹄疫”等人畜共患病的影响，牛肉质量安全问题备受关注，牛肉产地溯源技术体系亟待建立和完善。本研究系统分析脂肪酸指纹分析在牛肉产地溯源中的可行性，以及各项脂肪酸指标受地域、饲料、季节因素的影响，旨在建立牛肉产地脂肪酸指纹溯源指标体系和判别模型，为牛肉产地溯源技术研究与应用提供技术支撑。
本研究首先从代表我国四大肉牛产区的吉林、宁夏、贵州、河北地域随机采集牛肉样品，利用方差分析、多重比较分析和判别分析，比较四大区牛肉样品中脂肪酸组成及含量特征，各项指标对牛肉产地来源的判别情况，初步分析脂肪酸指纹分析技术对牛肉产地溯源的可行性，并初步筛选用于牛肉产地溯源的脂肪酸指标体系。然后通过在吉林长春控制饲料的牛模型试验，研究牛肌肉组织中脂肪酸组成及含量受喂养饲料变化的影响情况；通过在内蒙太仆寺旗、陕西杨凌、河南南阳三个地域的牛迁徙模型试验，分析地域、季节及其交互作用对牛肌肉中脂肪酸含量组成特征的影响，最后对初步建立的牛肉产地溯源脂肪酸指标体系和判别模型进行验证和确认，筛选有效脂肪酸指标体系并建立判别模型。通过分析得到以下结论：
(1)吉林、宁夏、贵州和河北四大牛肉产区的牛肉中脂肪酸组成和含量有显著差异。吉林和河北地区牛肉中的SFA含量显著高于贵州和宁夏地区；宁夏地区牛肉中C16:1和C18:1单不饱和脂肪酸含量均显著高于其他地区；贵州与河北地区牛肉中a-C18:3、C20:5和PUFA-n3极显著高于吉林和宁夏地区。通过判别分析，初步筛选出a-C18:3、C14:0、C17:0、SFA和MUFA五项可用于牛肉产地溯源的潜在指标，它们对四大牛肉产区的整体判别率为82.0%。
(2)吉林长春牛模型试验中，除了SFA和C16:1两种脂肪酸在不同饲料组之间有显著差异外，其余脂肪酸a-C18:3、C14:0、C16:0、C17:0、C18:0、C18:2、C20:5、MUFA和n-3PUFA均无显著差异。
(3)内蒙古太仆寺旗、陕西杨凌和河南南阳三个地域喂养的肉牛脂肪酸指纹特征不同，存在显著差异的脂肪酸为C14:0、C16:0、SFA、C16:1、C18:1、MUFA、C17:0、C18:0、a-C18:3、C20:5和PUFA-n3。C15:0、C17:0、a-C18:3和C18:1在内蒙古太仆寺旗不同饲养期之间存在显著差异；陕西杨凌在不同饲养期之间脂肪酸含量组成无显著差异。通过一般线性模型分析，筛选出C18:1、C20:5、PUFA-n3、a-C18:3、C14:0、C17:0和MUFA七项可用于牛肉产地溯源的参考指标，它们对各饲养期样品之间区分效果较好，而且地域特征明显。
(4)a-C18:3、C14:0、C17:0和MUFA是用于牛肉产地溯源的比较稳定的指标体系，它们对四大肉牛产区样品的整体判别率83.6%，判别效果较好。
(5)牛肉脂肪酸指纹分析是鉴别牛肉产地来源的一项潜在技术。
Food traceability techonology is an effective measure of the food chain risk management. Fattyacid composition and content of organisms closely related to the geographical environment of its growth,which provides the possibility of food traceability research and application. Fatty acid fingerprintanalysis of food traceability mainly focused on the plant-derived food such as olive oil, coffee. It’s notclear aboat the difference of fatty acid fingerprint information of animal-derived food tissues fromdifferent geographical sources, and the impact subject to region, feed, season and other factors is alsounclear.
Beef is of nutritional quality and high value, which is one of the main meat of the people. But bythe effect of “mad cow disease”,“foot and mouth disease” of zoonoses, beef quality and safety issuesare on concern, beef provenance system is urgent to be established and improved. In this study, thefeasibility of the fatty acid fingerprint analysis used for the origin tracing of the beef is systematicalyanalyzed, as well as the fatty acid indicators effected by region, feed, and seasonal factors. The studyaims at establishing beef faty acid fingerprint tracing indicator system and discriminant model, andsupplying technology supports for the research and application of beef tracing.
Firstly, this beef samples were collected randomly from the representative of China's four majorbeef producing areas of Jilin, Ningxia, Guizhou, Hebei. According to the analysis of variance, multiplecomparisons and discriminant analysis, the fatty acid composition and content characteristics of the beefsamples were compared among four major regions, the indicators of beef origin discrimination wereanalyzed, the feasibility of the fatty acid fingerprint analysis for beef tracing were preliminary analyzed,the potential traceability index of fatty acid were preliminary choosed. And then according to controlingthe feed of cattle model test in Changchun city, Jilin province, the influence on the fatty acidcomposition and content in bovine muscle tissue by changing feed were studied; According to the cattlemigration model test of Taipusiqi in the three regions of Inner Mongolia, Yangling city, Shaanxiprovince and Nanyang city, Henan province, the effect of region, season and their interactions on thecomposition of the fatty acid content of bovine muscle tissue were analyzed. Finally, the initialestablished fatty acid index system and the discriminant model of beef traceability were verified andvalidated, the effective fatty acid index system was screened, and the discriminant model wasestablished. According to the analysis,the following conclusions were obtained:
(1)The content and composition characteristics of fatty acid in beef samples from Jilin, Guizhou,Ningxia and Hebei are significantly different. The content of SFA are significantly higher in Jilin andHebei than that in Ningxia and Guizhou; the content of C16:1and C18:1in Ningxia are significantlyhigher than other areas; Guizhou and hebei obtain the extremely higher content of a-C18:3, C20:5andPUFA-n3than in Jilin and Ningxia. According to discriminant analysis, five potential indicators of a-C18:3, C14:0, C17:0, SFA and MUFA used for beef are preliminary screened. The overall classificationrate of four regions by the five indicators is82.0%.
(2)In controling the feed of cattle model test in Changchun city, Jilin province, the content of SFAand C16:1are significantly different among different feeding groups，the other fatty acids a-C18:3,C14:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C18:2, C20:5, MUFA and n-3PUFA show no difference.
(3)The beef samples from TP, YL and NY contain various content and composition characteristicsof fatty acid. There are significant difference of fatty acids C14:0, C16:0, SFA, C16:1, C18:1, MUFA,C17:0, C18:0, a-C18:3, C20:5and PUFA-n3. The contents of C15:0, C17:0, a-C18:3and C18:1differsignificantly among different breeding periods in TP; The fatty acid content show no significantdifference among different raising periods in YL. By the general linear model analysis, the sevenreference index of C18:1, C20:5, n-3PUFA, a-C18:3, C14:0, C17:0and MUFA which can be used tobeef origin traceability are filtered, and the samples of each feeding period are well distinguished, thegeographical characteristics are distinct.
(4)a-C18:3, C14:0, C17:0and MUFA are relatively stable index system for beef provenance, theoverall discriminant rate of four beef-producing regions is83.6%, which shows good judging effect.
(5)Fatty acid fingerprinting technology is a potencial technology of beef origin tracing.
引文
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