粗糙目标激光散斑统计特性及其微运动检测
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摘要
粗糙目标的激光散斑特征在国防航天以及无损测量等领域倍受关注。激光散斑所携带的散射物体信息是激光雷达目标识别检测、机械视觉三维成像和空间三维度量的重要理论依据。本文研究了激光散斑强度相关函数、概率密度函数以及散斑图像的获取等基本特征；接收孔径对曲面目标散斑统计特性的影响；在不同光学系统中动态散斑的平移与沸腾状态特征分析；应用激光散斑测量目标振动旋转等微小运动等。论文的主要成果如下：
1.给出了激光散斑强度起伏的概率密度函数分布特征以及粗糙面的散斑强度相关函数和功率谱密度，建立了散斑图像的获取方法；进一步给出了探测器上两个独立散斑图样散斑强度的概率密度函数以及探测器上多个强度相等的散斑积分的统计概率密度分布。
2.研究了高斯波束照射旋转曲面目标在菲涅耳衍射区产生的动态散斑强度起伏的统计特性。推导了探测孔径尺寸大小不同时，旋转球的散斑强度起伏相关函数依赖于曲率半径的关系；分析了当探测孔径为方形时，粗糙圆柱旋转引起的散斑解相关特征；最后当入射光束照射面积大于圆柱表面尺寸时，从数值计算和实验测量两方面得到了空间相关长度和相关时间与圆柱半径以及旋转速度的变化关系。
3.在三种光学系统结构（自由空间，单透镜以及双透镜系统）与三种入射光束（平行光，高斯光束以及高斯谢尔模式光束）的五种组合情况下，推导了运动散射目标产生的动态散斑的空间-时间相关函数以及散斑强度起伏的功率谱密度；计算分析了不同光学结构、不同入射光束以及不同目标运动情况下散斑的平移和沸腾两种状态的特性。
4.推导了目标三维平移运动，正弦振动、角振动以及匀速旋转情况下目标的空间-时间相关函数表达式，数值计算各种运动状态下相关长度以及相关时间的特征，给出了因入射光束腰半径，光学系统参数以及目标运动速度变化时的关系曲线；通过理论和实验方法分析了平面波照射旋转圆柱的散斑强度功率谱密度分布以及旋转速度对接收信号带宽的影响。
5.研究了距离分辨激光雷达散射截面与激光频率变化引起的散斑强度起伏之间的关系；建立物理模型分析了散斑信号谱密度和被照射目标的距离分辨激光雷达散射截面的自相关函数之间的函数关系；最后应用统计方法给出了散斑波长解相关及距离分辨激光雷达散射截面的相位恢复方法。
The laser speckle characteristics of roughness targets have been intimately noticedby national defense and aerospace fields. Laser speckle that carry information of thetarget was basis for target discrimination with laser radar,3D imaging involvingmachine vision and dimensional metrology. The main achievements are as followings:the physical process and measurement methods of laser speckle, the probability densityfunction of speckle intensity and phase, the receiving aperture’s impact on the statisticalnature of speckle field from curved face objective, The analyzing for the dynamicproperties of two types of speckle motion, boiling and translation in opticalconfiguration and illumination light, the object motion parameters based on laserspeckle. There are main research results as follows:
1. The physical process of laser speckle is described in detail based on interferencetheory and summation rule of random vectors. A physical model of the instantaneousintensity at any point in scattered field, autocorrelation function and power spectraldensity of the laser speckle from a rough surface is provided separately. Probabilitydensity distribution of speckle intensity is given on receiving screen.
2. In order to explore the statistical properties of integrated intensity fluctuations ofdynamic speckles produced in the Fresnel diffraction field from a rotating curvatureobject under illumination of a Gaussian beam, the dependence of the curvature radius ofthe rotating diffuse object on the correlation time of the speckle intensity fluctuation isespecially expressed by taking into account the size of the detecting aperture. Indifferent detecting aperture, the correlation distance of the speckle intensity fluctuationis calculated from plane and sphere surface, and the relation of time correlation lengthof the speckle intensity fluctuation with the radius of curvature is given when thecurvature objects are rotating with constant angular velocity. And rotationaldecorrelation feature from a cylindrical on square receiving aperture is considered.Statistical property of dynamic speckles in the Fresnel diffraction field is describedwhen irradiated area is greater than cylinder surface. The changing relationship isobtained on both numerical computation and experimental which the space.timecross.correlation of dynamic speckles intensity fluctuations as cylindrical radius androtation speed.
3. The statistical properties of dynamic speckles produced by a moving diffuseobject are reviewed by a deduced space.time correlation function and power spectrumof speckle-intensity fluctuation for five combined cases of both optical configuration and illumination light. Three kinds of geometry (free-space, single-lens, and double-lens)of optical configuration are taken with three kinds of illumination light (Gaussian beam,plane-wave beam, and Gaussian Schell-model beam). Consequently, it is shown that thecross correlation function and the power spectrum are both Gaussian under someassumptions. Two types of speckle motion (boiling and translation) are also evaluatedunder different kinds of motion conditions, optical configuration and illumination lightfrom the dynamic properties.
4. The expressions of space-time correlation function of speckle.intensityfluctuation are derived when the object translation three.dimensional motion, sinevibration, angular vibratory and rotate at a constant speed are considered. Correlationlength and relative temporal in the different motion states is presented by means ofsimulated calculation. Curves of speckle-intensity fluctuation are drawn with waist sizeof the incident Gaussian beam, the parameter of optical system and the motion targetspeed. The distributional features of averaged power spectrum are analyzed and theimpact of speckle translation and speckle boiling caused by rotation cylinder on thereceived signal bandwidth is concluded.
5. The relationship between range resolved laser radar cross section and thefluctuating speckle intensity caused by scanning the laser frequency is describedtheoretically. The fundamental relation is established between the spectral density of thespeckle signal and the autocorrelation function of the range-resolved laser radar crosssection of illuminated object. The wavelength dependence of speckle and phaserecovery of range resolved laser radar cross section is presented using a statisticalmethod.
1.给出了激光散斑强度起伏的概率密度函数分布特征以及粗糙面的散斑强度相关函数和功率谱密度，建立了散斑图像的获取方法；进一步给出了探测器上两个独立散斑图样散斑强度的概率密度函数以及探测器上多个强度相等的散斑积分的统计概率密度分布。
2.研究了高斯波束照射旋转曲面目标在菲涅耳衍射区产生的动态散斑强度起伏的统计特性。推导了探测孔径尺寸大小不同时，旋转球的散斑强度起伏相关函数依赖于曲率半径的关系；分析了当探测孔径为方形时，粗糙圆柱旋转引起的散斑解相关特征；最后当入射光束照射面积大于圆柱表面尺寸时，从数值计算和实验测量两方面得到了空间相关长度和相关时间与圆柱半径以及旋转速度的变化关系。
3.在三种光学系统结构（自由空间，单透镜以及双透镜系统）与三种入射光束（平行光，高斯光束以及高斯谢尔模式光束）的五种组合情况下，推导了运动散射目标产生的动态散斑的空间-时间相关函数以及散斑强度起伏的功率谱密度；计算分析了不同光学结构、不同入射光束以及不同目标运动情况下散斑的平移和沸腾两种状态的特性。
4.推导了目标三维平移运动，正弦振动、角振动以及匀速旋转情况下目标的空间-时间相关函数表达式，数值计算各种运动状态下相关长度以及相关时间的特征，给出了因入射光束腰半径，光学系统参数以及目标运动速度变化时的关系曲线；通过理论和实验方法分析了平面波照射旋转圆柱的散斑强度功率谱密度分布以及旋转速度对接收信号带宽的影响。
5.研究了距离分辨激光雷达散射截面与激光频率变化引起的散斑强度起伏之间的关系；建立物理模型分析了散斑信号谱密度和被照射目标的距离分辨激光雷达散射截面的自相关函数之间的函数关系；最后应用统计方法给出了散斑波长解相关及距离分辨激光雷达散射截面的相位恢复方法。
The laser speckle characteristics of roughness targets have been intimately noticedby national defense and aerospace fields. Laser speckle that carry information of thetarget was basis for target discrimination with laser radar,3D imaging involvingmachine vision and dimensional metrology. The main achievements are as followings:the physical process and measurement methods of laser speckle, the probability densityfunction of speckle intensity and phase, the receiving aperture’s impact on the statisticalnature of speckle field from curved face objective, The analyzing for the dynamicproperties of two types of speckle motion, boiling and translation in opticalconfiguration and illumination light, the object motion parameters based on laserspeckle. There are main research results as follows:
1. The physical process of laser speckle is described in detail based on interferencetheory and summation rule of random vectors. A physical model of the instantaneousintensity at any point in scattered field, autocorrelation function and power spectraldensity of the laser speckle from a rough surface is provided separately. Probabilitydensity distribution of speckle intensity is given on receiving screen.
2. In order to explore the statistical properties of integrated intensity fluctuations ofdynamic speckles produced in the Fresnel diffraction field from a rotating curvatureobject under illumination of a Gaussian beam, the dependence of the curvature radius ofthe rotating diffuse object on the correlation time of the speckle intensity fluctuation isespecially expressed by taking into account the size of the detecting aperture. Indifferent detecting aperture, the correlation distance of the speckle intensity fluctuationis calculated from plane and sphere surface, and the relation of time correlation lengthof the speckle intensity fluctuation with the radius of curvature is given when thecurvature objects are rotating with constant angular velocity. And rotationaldecorrelation feature from a cylindrical on square receiving aperture is considered.Statistical property of dynamic speckles in the Fresnel diffraction field is describedwhen irradiated area is greater than cylinder surface. The changing relationship isobtained on both numerical computation and experimental which the space.timecross.correlation of dynamic speckles intensity fluctuations as cylindrical radius androtation speed.
3. The statistical properties of dynamic speckles produced by a moving diffuseobject are reviewed by a deduced space.time correlation function and power spectrumof speckle-intensity fluctuation for five combined cases of both optical configuration and illumination light. Three kinds of geometry (free-space, single-lens, and double-lens)of optical configuration are taken with three kinds of illumination light (Gaussian beam,plane-wave beam, and Gaussian Schell-model beam). Consequently, it is shown that thecross correlation function and the power spectrum are both Gaussian under someassumptions. Two types of speckle motion (boiling and translation) are also evaluatedunder different kinds of motion conditions, optical configuration and illumination lightfrom the dynamic properties.
4. The expressions of space-time correlation function of speckle.intensityfluctuation are derived when the object translation three.dimensional motion, sinevibration, angular vibratory and rotate at a constant speed are considered. Correlationlength and relative temporal in the different motion states is presented by means ofsimulated calculation. Curves of speckle-intensity fluctuation are drawn with waist sizeof the incident Gaussian beam, the parameter of optical system and the motion targetspeed. The distributional features of averaged power spectrum are analyzed and theimpact of speckle translation and speckle boiling caused by rotation cylinder on thereceived signal bandwidth is concluded.
5. The relationship between range resolved laser radar cross section and thefluctuating speckle intensity caused by scanning the laser frequency is describedtheoretically. The fundamental relation is established between the spectral density of thespeckle signal and the autocorrelation function of the range-resolved laser radar crosssection of illuminated object. The wavelength dependence of speckle and phaserecovery of range resolved laser radar cross section is presented using a statisticalmethod.
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