平等的困惑
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摘要
本文将围绕女性主义对“平等”的认识和追求，对女性主义的实践斗争进行理论分析和反思，其中又以自由主义女性主义和马克思主义女性主义为主要分析对象。
从男女平等观念的第一次提出到现在，二百余年已经过去了，在此期间，女性主义对平等的定义和表述并不是一成不变的，平等的意义越来越广泛和具体；同时，女性对平等的追求也逐渐走向普遍化和理论化，并取得了很大的进展。但是对平等的追求并非总是广得人心，对平等的不确切表述也一度使女性主义运动陷入困境和低潮，要对平等下一个定义也越来越难。对“平等”概念的不同理解关乎女性主义运动的方向和成败。但在以往的女性主义理论著述中，很少有就这一观点进行系统性分析的论述，本文即是以以平等概念为切入点，对从以自由主义女性主义为开端的传统女性主义到现代女性主义，以至当代女性主义的平等观进行一次总结，并着重讨论了当代女性主义平等观的一些新变化和新发展，对其特征进行综述性的分析。
在对这个问题做进一步了解和研究的过程中，我首先注意到传统女性主义平等观的缺陷，以及这些缺陷对女性主义运动实践的影响，在实践中女性主义者们试图对其进行修正和补充，随之发展出新的观点；当女性为自身争取到了一定的政治、经济权利，并大量进入公共劳动之后，现、当代女性主义所关注的问题更加广泛，视域更加开阔，其平等观有了新的内涵和外延，使女性主义运动呈现出新的面貌，这也是本文论述的重点。
女性主义理论的各个派别似乎永远处于困境之中，因为每一种主张一旦提出，都会受到来自于男权制方面的攻击以及其他女性主义派别的批评，或是在实践中暴露出缺陷，没有什么理论能恒久成立。各种女性主义理论之间的辩论，促使理论在自我反省并不断发展。就在不断的创新与否定之中，女性已经为自身在诸多方面争取到可贵的平等与权利，反对性别歧视思想在政治、经济斗争中不断的理论化、逻辑化，并深入人心。
This paper focuses on the feministic acquaintanceship and pursuance of the "equality", analyze and reflect theoretically the feministic practice and struggle, Liberalism-feminism and Marxism-feminism are the main analysis object.
From the ieda of male and female's equality have been brought forward for the first time, more the two hundred years have gone,in this period, feminism defined and stated the "equality"in many different ways,the meaning of equality was more and more wide and practical; Contemporary.female's pursure of equality was more and more generalization and theorization,and acquired significant progress. But the pursure of equality is not be welcomed at all time, Feminism had gotten bogged down because of the inexact state of equality. It is more and more difficult to define the "equality". The different comprehension about the conception of equality related to the way and success or defeat of Femism. But there is little discourse systematically upon the idea in the agone feminism writing .This paper focusing on the conception of equality , summarizes the feminism theory, includng the traditional Feminism which exordium is Liberalism-feminism ,the modern Feminism and the present Feminism, emphasizes the present feminism idea of equality and analyses its new change , new development and characters.
With studying and researching this issue, firstly I took notice of the limitation of the traditional feminism idea of equality and such limitation's influence to feminism practice, in practice feministst attempted to modify and renew it, at the same time , evolved new point of view ; when female gained some political and ecnomical rights and with more and more women enterd into public labor , the issues that the modern and present Feminism paid attention to are more entirer and more wide , the new idea of equality have new intension and extension , and give Feminism a new visage, that is the emphasis of this paper.
The various wings of feminism throry almost are down on there uppers for ever, because when a opinion have been brought forward ,it would be criticized by male male hegemony or some other feminism wings , or uncovered its limitation in the practice, there is no theory can exist constantly. The argue among the virous feminism theories, spurs the theories reflect themselves and develop themselves continually.Just in the continual innovation and denial , women have gotten significantly worshipful equality and rights, the idea of opposeing gender discrimination become more theoretic , logical and popular.
从男女平等观念的第一次提出到现在，二百余年已经过去了，在此期间，女性主义对平等的定义和表述并不是一成不变的，平等的意义越来越广泛和具体；同时，女性对平等的追求也逐渐走向普遍化和理论化，并取得了很大的进展。但是对平等的追求并非总是广得人心，对平等的不确切表述也一度使女性主义运动陷入困境和低潮，要对平等下一个定义也越来越难。对“平等”概念的不同理解关乎女性主义运动的方向和成败。但在以往的女性主义理论著述中，很少有就这一观点进行系统性分析的论述，本文即是以以平等概念为切入点，对从以自由主义女性主义为开端的传统女性主义到现代女性主义，以至当代女性主义的平等观进行一次总结，并着重讨论了当代女性主义平等观的一些新变化和新发展，对其特征进行综述性的分析。
在对这个问题做进一步了解和研究的过程中，我首先注意到传统女性主义平等观的缺陷，以及这些缺陷对女性主义运动实践的影响，在实践中女性主义者们试图对其进行修正和补充，随之发展出新的观点；当女性为自身争取到了一定的政治、经济权利，并大量进入公共劳动之后，现、当代女性主义所关注的问题更加广泛，视域更加开阔，其平等观有了新的内涵和外延，使女性主义运动呈现出新的面貌，这也是本文论述的重点。
女性主义理论的各个派别似乎永远处于困境之中，因为每一种主张一旦提出，都会受到来自于男权制方面的攻击以及其他女性主义派别的批评，或是在实践中暴露出缺陷，没有什么理论能恒久成立。各种女性主义理论之间的辩论，促使理论在自我反省并不断发展。就在不断的创新与否定之中，女性已经为自身在诸多方面争取到可贵的平等与权利，反对性别歧视思想在政治、经济斗争中不断的理论化、逻辑化，并深入人心。
This paper focuses on the feministic acquaintanceship and pursuance of the "equality", analyze and reflect theoretically the feministic practice and struggle, Liberalism-feminism and Marxism-feminism are the main analysis object.
From the ieda of male and female's equality have been brought forward for the first time, more the two hundred years have gone,in this period, feminism defined and stated the "equality"in many different ways,the meaning of equality was more and more wide and practical; Contemporary.female's pursure of equality was more and more generalization and theorization,and acquired significant progress. But the pursure of equality is not be welcomed at all time, Feminism had gotten bogged down because of the inexact state of equality. It is more and more difficult to define the "equality". The different comprehension about the conception of equality related to the way and success or defeat of Femism. But there is little discourse systematically upon the idea in the agone feminism writing .This paper focusing on the conception of equality , summarizes the feminism theory, includng the traditional Feminism which exordium is Liberalism-feminism ,the modern Feminism and the present Feminism, emphasizes the present feminism idea of equality and analyses its new change , new development and characters.
With studying and researching this issue, firstly I took notice of the limitation of the traditional feminism idea of equality and such limitation's influence to feminism practice, in practice feministst attempted to modify and renew it, at the same time , evolved new point of view ; when female gained some political and ecnomical rights and with more and more women enterd into public labor , the issues that the modern and present Feminism paid attention to are more entirer and more wide , the new idea of equality have new intension and extension , and give Feminism a new visage, that is the emphasis of this paper.
The various wings of feminism throry almost are down on there uppers for ever, because when a opinion have been brought forward ,it would be criticized by male male hegemony or some other feminism wings , or uncovered its limitation in the practice, there is no theory can exist constantly. The argue among the virous feminism theories, spurs the theories reflect themselves and develop themselves continually.Just in the continual innovation and denial , women have gotten significantly worshipful equality and rights, the idea of opposeing gender discrimination become more theoretic , logical and popular.
引文
张晓玲《妇女与人权》，第45页，新华出版社，1998。
[英]玛丽·沃斯通克拉大特(Mary Wollstonecraft)，《女权辩护》(A Vindication of the Rights of Women)，商务印书馆，1995。
[英]约翰·斯图亚特·穆勒(John Stuard Mill)，《妇女的屈从地位》(The Subjection of Women)，商务印书馆，1995。
[法]Andrée Michel《女权主义》，第79页，张南星译，[台]远流出版公司，1989。
马缨，《工业革命与英国妇女》，上海社会科学院出版社，1993。
恩格斯《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》。
Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering(Berkeley: University of California Perss, 1978.)
Dorothy Dinnerstein: The Mermaid and the Minotaur: Sexual Srrangements and Human Malaise(New York: Horper Colophon Books,1997.)
Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice, (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1982).
肖巍《女性主义伦理学》，第36-37页，四川人民出版社，2000。
朱丽叶·米切尔Juliet Mitchell《妇女，最漫长的革命》(Women: the Longest Revolution)，见于李银河主编《妇女，最漫长的革命》，生活·读书·新知三联书店，1997，第33页。
Margaret Benston, ("The Political Economy of Women's Liberation", Monthly Review 21, no.4)等。
Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James, "Women and the Subversion of the Community", in Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James The Power of Women and the Subversion of Community(Bristol, England: Falling Wall Press, 1972).
[古希腊]亚里士多德，《尼各马科伦理学》，第110页，中国社会科学出版社，1990。Feminist Frameworks: Alternative Theoretical Accounts of the Relations between Women and Men, edited by Alison M. Jagger and Paula S. Rothenberg, p. 121. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1984.
[美]艾莉森·贾格《性别差异与男女平等》，见于《社会性别研究选译》，王政 杜芳琴主编，生活·读书·新知三联书店，第208页，1998。
朱丽叶·米切尔Juliet Mitchell《妇女，最漫长的革命》(Women: the Longest Revolution)，参见于李银河主编《妇女，最漫长的革命》。
Gayle Rubin, The Traffic in Women: Notes on the "Political Economy" of Sex, Rayna R. Reiter, 1975。
bell hooks, Feminist Theory, from Margin to Center, Boston, 1984.
柏棣，《平等与差异：西方后现代主义女性主义理论》，见于鲍晓兰主编《西方女性主义研究评介》，生活·读书·新知三联书店，第14页，1995。
[英]玛丽·沃斯通克拉大特(Mary Wollstonecraft)，《女权辩护》(A Vindication of the Rights of Women)，商务印书馆，1995。
[英]约翰·斯图亚特·穆勒(John Stuard Mill)，《妇女的屈从地位》(The Subjection of Women)，商务印书馆，1995。
[法]Andrée Michel《女权主义》，第79页，张南星译，[台]远流出版公司，1989。
马缨，《工业革命与英国妇女》，上海社会科学院出版社，1993。
恩格斯《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》。
Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering(Berkeley: University of California Perss, 1978.)
Dorothy Dinnerstein: The Mermaid and the Minotaur: Sexual Srrangements and Human Malaise(New York: Horper Colophon Books,1997.)
Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice, (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1982).
肖巍《女性主义伦理学》，第36-37页，四川人民出版社，2000。
朱丽叶·米切尔Juliet Mitchell《妇女，最漫长的革命》(Women: the Longest Revolution)，见于李银河主编《妇女，最漫长的革命》，生活·读书·新知三联书店，1997，第33页。
Margaret Benston, ("The Political Economy of Women's Liberation", Monthly Review 21, no.4)等。
Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James, "Women and the Subversion of the Community", in Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James The Power of Women and the Subversion of Community(Bristol, England: Falling Wall Press, 1972).
[古希腊]亚里士多德，《尼各马科伦理学》，第110页，中国社会科学出版社，1990。Feminist Frameworks: Alternative Theoretical Accounts of the Relations between Women and Men, edited by Alison M. Jagger and Paula S. Rothenberg, p. 121. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1984.
[美]艾莉森·贾格《性别差异与男女平等》，见于《社会性别研究选译》，王政 杜芳琴主编，生活·读书·新知三联书店，第208页，1998。
朱丽叶·米切尔Juliet Mitchell《妇女，最漫长的革命》(Women: the Longest Revolution)，参见于李银河主编《妇女，最漫长的革命》。
Gayle Rubin, The Traffic in Women: Notes on the "Political Economy" of Sex, Rayna R. Reiter, 1975。
bell hooks, Feminist Theory, from Margin to Center, Boston, 1984.
柏棣，《平等与差异：西方后现代主义女性主义理论》，见于鲍晓兰主编《西方女性主义研究评介》，生活·读书·新知三联书店，第14页，1995。