旅游生态可持续发展初步研究
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摘要
二次世界大战后，特别是20世纪60年代至80年代，现代旅游的迅速发展，使人们无暇思考其发展方法问题。人们普遍认为旅游业是投入少，操作易，见效快，经济效益高，无副作用的“无烟工业”。但是，近十几年来，旅游业给旅游目的地的经济、环境、文化、社会等方面带来的负面影响也日渐显现出来，在传统发展观的影响下，一系列的生态和社会问题不断出现，旅游业健康发展所面临的问题愈加严峻。随着可持续发展理论的发展渗透，在中国掀起了生态旅游热潮，一方面给旅游地乃至整个旅游业经济的发展带来勃勃生机，另一方面也引发和加剧了一系列环境、社会问题，可见作为可持续旅游发展方向的生态旅游本身也存在着可持续发展的问题。本文从全局的角度将旅游作为一个系统来研究其可持续发展的问题，着重探讨发展旅游和保护环境的关系，集中分析研究目前我国发展旅游业过程中影响其发展的一系列问题、矛盾和成因，并就相应的对策建议进行研究和探讨，全文共三部分。
第一章介绍本研究问题的提出，研究目的、意义和研究方法、思路。
第二章阐述旅游生态与旅游生活问题。旅游生态主要是研究旅游系统与环境之间的相互关系及作用原理。旅游系统，也即旅游活动系统，包括“吃、住、行、游、购、娱”六大要素。游客在旅游活动过程中直接间接地影响着旅游的发展，从而引发了各种灾害事故的发生。要充分认识旅游灾害的严重性，并根据各种致灾因素采取相应的防御措施如发展生态旅游，制定科学的旅游规划，加强教育宣传等，同时加强旅游安全管理，建立先进完整的防控体系，从而使旅游活动得以顺利进行。
第三章阐述旅游生态与旅游城镇建设问题，以三峡库区大昌镇休闲农业旅游开发为例。大昌镇的旅游开发尽管起步晚，但由于旅游资源丰富，类型多样，特点突出，加上区位优势明显，开发不到十年时间已取得了丰硕的成果。然而仍存在一些问题，最大问题就是旅游产品结构调整问题，目前仅局限于传统观光型产品的开发。通过分析提出了休闲农业旅游开发应坚持可持续发展、经济与生态环境保护相协调等原则，政府主导型战略模式及开发对策，使该镇旅游业的发展符合市场经济体制和产业经济规律，也为三峡地区小城镇建设和发展具有一定的参考价值。
第四章阐述旅游生态与生态建筑建设问题，以金华生态建筑为例。本文主要研究金华生态建筑绿化现状和生活污水处理两方面。绿化研究以金华生态建筑中的生态综合楼、生态公厕、生态住宅等14个生态建筑单体绿化景观类型为调查对象，利用植物种数、丰富度、多样性指数、重要值和自然度等指标对金华生态建筑人工植物群落进行调查并评价。结果表明，金华生态建筑绿化方面颇有成就，但在绿化结构方面仍需加大调整力度，应重视地被植物和攀援植物，注意环保树种的应用。生活污水处理研究通过选取环保排放指标、卫生学指标和经济指标三方面进行调查取样得知，沼气净化池具有较好的处理效果，但某些方面仍有不足，如COD达标率不高、沼气质量低，须结合现代生物技术改进厌氧发酵池、池内微环境来提高污水处理能力。
After the Second World War, especially between the 1960s and 1980s, rapid advances in modern tourism have thrown up many problems and people ignore how to develop tourism. Tourism is being characterized by little investment, easy operation, efficiency, high profit and No-smoke industry without any side effect.
Unfortunately, it has become more and more obvious that tourism destinations are suffering the various side effects from tourism in economy, environment, culture and society. With the influence of traditional development, a series of ecological and social problems are prevalent and the prospect of healthy development of tourism seems to be increasingly serious.
With the acceptance of sustainable development, ecological tourism heat has been arising in China. On one hand, it brings profits to tourism destination and the whole tourism. On the other hand, it ignites and worsens a series of environmental and social problems. Thus, ecological tourism itself which is sustainable development oriented is a question of sustainable development. The paper analyzes the problem of sustainable development in the tourism system in a bird view and discusses about the relationship of tourism development and environmental protection, analyzes the problems and causes in the process of tourism development in our country at present, and correspondingly discuss some suggestions and solution. There are 3 parts in the paper.
In the first part the paper introduces the problem researched and puts forward researching purpose, meaning and method.
In the second part tourism ecology and life are discussed. Tourism ecology mainly concerns the correlation and the functional principle between tourism system and environment. Tourism system deals with 6 items: eating, sheltering, traveling, shopping and entertaining. The visitors influence the development of the tourism destination directly and indirectly during their sightseeing, causing occurrence of disasters and accidents. The consequence of disaster should be alarmed and such defense measures should be adopted according to various factors leading to disasters as developing ecological tourism, making scientific tour plans, strengthening educational propagandas, tourism management of safety and setting up advanced and complete defending and controlling system so that the tourism may be started without trouble.
The third part deals with the problems of tourism ecology and development of the tourism cities and towns. Take Dachang Town in Three Gorges Reservoir Region as an example. It is far from early for Dachang Town to develop its tourism industry. But it has gained desirable fruits in less than 10 years thanks to its abundant tour resources, the diverse type, the outstanding qualities, plus the obvious advantage in location. However, there still remain some problems. The biggest problem is the structural adjustment of tourism products, which are limited to the development of traditional sightseeing type currently. This part puts forward that the development of recreational agriculture tourism should be in line with the principle of sustainable development and the coordination of the economy and environmental protection and also put forward the government-guiding mode and plans of development so that the development of tourism in the town can conform to the market economy rule. Meanwhile, it offers some reference for the construction and development in Yangtze gorges area.
In the fourth part, tourism ecology and ecological architecture are discussed. Take the ecological architectures as an example. The paper mainly deals with two aspects: the current greening situation of ecological architecture and disposal of sewage. In the greening research a survey is carried out among 14 landscapes including ecological comprehensive buildings, ecological public toilets, ecological houses and so on. And the man-made community of ecological architecture has been investigated and evaluated by the total number of species, richness, index of diversity, the important values and naturalness. As is shown in the result, the ecological architecture is satisfactory. But it still needs to strengthen the adjustment of greening structure, to attach importance to ground cover plants and climbing plants, and to pay attention to the application of environmental tree species. Sampling investigation is carried out on environment emission index, hygiene index and economy index in the research of sewage disposal. Biogas cleaning chamber works well, but deficiency still exists in some aspects such as low COD confirmation and low biogas quality. We should improve Anaerobe-Fermented-room and its micro-environment through modern biological technology to enhance the ability of sewage disposal.
第一章介绍本研究问题的提出，研究目的、意义和研究方法、思路。
第二章阐述旅游生态与旅游生活问题。旅游生态主要是研究旅游系统与环境之间的相互关系及作用原理。旅游系统，也即旅游活动系统，包括“吃、住、行、游、购、娱”六大要素。游客在旅游活动过程中直接间接地影响着旅游的发展，从而引发了各种灾害事故的发生。要充分认识旅游灾害的严重性，并根据各种致灾因素采取相应的防御措施如发展生态旅游，制定科学的旅游规划，加强教育宣传等，同时加强旅游安全管理，建立先进完整的防控体系，从而使旅游活动得以顺利进行。
第三章阐述旅游生态与旅游城镇建设问题，以三峡库区大昌镇休闲农业旅游开发为例。大昌镇的旅游开发尽管起步晚，但由于旅游资源丰富，类型多样，特点突出，加上区位优势明显，开发不到十年时间已取得了丰硕的成果。然而仍存在一些问题，最大问题就是旅游产品结构调整问题，目前仅局限于传统观光型产品的开发。通过分析提出了休闲农业旅游开发应坚持可持续发展、经济与生态环境保护相协调等原则，政府主导型战略模式及开发对策，使该镇旅游业的发展符合市场经济体制和产业经济规律，也为三峡地区小城镇建设和发展具有一定的参考价值。
第四章阐述旅游生态与生态建筑建设问题，以金华生态建筑为例。本文主要研究金华生态建筑绿化现状和生活污水处理两方面。绿化研究以金华生态建筑中的生态综合楼、生态公厕、生态住宅等14个生态建筑单体绿化景观类型为调查对象，利用植物种数、丰富度、多样性指数、重要值和自然度等指标对金华生态建筑人工植物群落进行调查并评价。结果表明，金华生态建筑绿化方面颇有成就，但在绿化结构方面仍需加大调整力度，应重视地被植物和攀援植物，注意环保树种的应用。生活污水处理研究通过选取环保排放指标、卫生学指标和经济指标三方面进行调查取样得知，沼气净化池具有较好的处理效果，但某些方面仍有不足，如COD达标率不高、沼气质量低，须结合现代生物技术改进厌氧发酵池、池内微环境来提高污水处理能力。
After the Second World War, especially between the 1960s and 1980s, rapid advances in modern tourism have thrown up many problems and people ignore how to develop tourism. Tourism is being characterized by little investment, easy operation, efficiency, high profit and No-smoke industry without any side effect.
Unfortunately, it has become more and more obvious that tourism destinations are suffering the various side effects from tourism in economy, environment, culture and society. With the influence of traditional development, a series of ecological and social problems are prevalent and the prospect of healthy development of tourism seems to be increasingly serious.
With the acceptance of sustainable development, ecological tourism heat has been arising in China. On one hand, it brings profits to tourism destination and the whole tourism. On the other hand, it ignites and worsens a series of environmental and social problems. Thus, ecological tourism itself which is sustainable development oriented is a question of sustainable development. The paper analyzes the problem of sustainable development in the tourism system in a bird view and discusses about the relationship of tourism development and environmental protection, analyzes the problems and causes in the process of tourism development in our country at present, and correspondingly discuss some suggestions and solution. There are 3 parts in the paper.
In the first part the paper introduces the problem researched and puts forward researching purpose, meaning and method.
In the second part tourism ecology and life are discussed. Tourism ecology mainly concerns the correlation and the functional principle between tourism system and environment. Tourism system deals with 6 items: eating, sheltering, traveling, shopping and entertaining. The visitors influence the development of the tourism destination directly and indirectly during their sightseeing, causing occurrence of disasters and accidents. The consequence of disaster should be alarmed and such defense measures should be adopted according to various factors leading to disasters as developing ecological tourism, making scientific tour plans, strengthening educational propagandas, tourism management of safety and setting up advanced and complete defending and controlling system so that the tourism may be started without trouble.
The third part deals with the problems of tourism ecology and development of the tourism cities and towns. Take Dachang Town in Three Gorges Reservoir Region as an example. It is far from early for Dachang Town to develop its tourism industry. But it has gained desirable fruits in less than 10 years thanks to its abundant tour resources, the diverse type, the outstanding qualities, plus the obvious advantage in location. However, there still remain some problems. The biggest problem is the structural adjustment of tourism products, which are limited to the development of traditional sightseeing type currently. This part puts forward that the development of recreational agriculture tourism should be in line with the principle of sustainable development and the coordination of the economy and environmental protection and also put forward the government-guiding mode and plans of development so that the development of tourism in the town can conform to the market economy rule. Meanwhile, it offers some reference for the construction and development in Yangtze gorges area.
In the fourth part, tourism ecology and ecological architecture are discussed. Take the ecological architectures as an example. The paper mainly deals with two aspects: the current greening situation of ecological architecture and disposal of sewage. In the greening research a survey is carried out among 14 landscapes including ecological comprehensive buildings, ecological public toilets, ecological houses and so on. And the man-made community of ecological architecture has been investigated and evaluated by the total number of species, richness, index of diversity, the important values and naturalness. As is shown in the result, the ecological architecture is satisfactory. But it still needs to strengthen the adjustment of greening structure, to attach importance to ground cover plants and climbing plants, and to pay attention to the application of environmental tree species. Sampling investigation is carried out on environment emission index, hygiene index and economy index in the research of sewage disposal. Biogas cleaning chamber works well, but deficiency still exists in some aspects such as low COD confirmation and low biogas quality. We should improve Anaerobe-Fermented-room and its micro-environment through modern biological technology to enhance the ability of sewage disposal.
引文
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[1] Pan JM(潘建民)，2004．Research on the Construction and Development of China Top Tourist City(中国创建与发展优秀旅游城市研究)．Beijing：China Tour Publishing House(中国旅游出版社)，56-71．
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[1] Xiao Y(肖珩)，2004．Analyzing Ecological Architecture(解读生态建筑)．Sichuan Architectural(四川建筑)，24(6)：25-26．
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[4] Yu YG(余义耕)，Liu SY(刘顺炎)，2002．Eco-building in Jinhua of Zhejiang Province(金华生态建筑)．Urban Environment & Urban Ecology(城市环境与城市生态)，15(1)：53-55．
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