基于离散小波变换的数字水印算法的研究
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摘要
随着网络通信的飞速发展以及多媒体技术的广泛应用,数字产品版权的保护问题变得越来越重要。数字水印技术已成为解决数字多媒体版权问题的主要工具。
本文分析讨论了数字水印技术的基本原理、典型算法及数字水印的攻击方法,提出了一种基于离散小波变换的数字水印算法。该算法使用推广的Arnold变换对水印进行置乱,提高了水印的安全性;将水印嵌入到原始图像离散小波变换的中频子带中,保证了算法的鲁棒性;利用人类视觉系统确定水印的嵌入强度,提高了水印的不可感知性;实现了水印的盲提取,增强了算法的适用性。本文对所提出的算法进行了VC++6.0仿真实验,并进行了性能分析。实验结果表明,所提的算法具有良好的鲁棒性,同时也很好地保证了水印的不可感知性。
With the rapid development of network communication and broad application of multimedia technology, copyright protection of digital median work is becoming more and more important. Digital watermarking is viewed as an effective tool for copyright protection of multimedia data.
At first the princip1e, typical algorithms and attack analysis of digital watermark is described. Then, a watermarking algorithm based on DWT is proposed. The watermark image is scrambled by a generalized Arnold transform so as to improve the security of the watermark; the watermark is embedded into the middle-frequency subband which guarantees the robustness of the algorithm; In order to implement the blind extraction, this paper improves an embedding algorithm based on HVS, which enhances the applicability of the algorithm. This paper tests the algorithm by VC++6.0, and quantity of experiment data shows that algorithm has good robustness, and the imperceptibility of watermark can be guaranteed at the same time.
本文分析讨论了数字水印技术的基本原理、典型算法及数字水印的攻击方法,提出了一种基于离散小波变换的数字水印算法。该算法使用推广的Arnold变换对水印进行置乱,提高了水印的安全性;将水印嵌入到原始图像离散小波变换的中频子带中,保证了算法的鲁棒性;利用人类视觉系统确定水印的嵌入强度,提高了水印的不可感知性;实现了水印的盲提取,增强了算法的适用性。本文对所提出的算法进行了VC++6.0仿真实验,并进行了性能分析。实验结果表明,所提的算法具有良好的鲁棒性,同时也很好地保证了水印的不可感知性。
With the rapid development of network communication and broad application of multimedia technology, copyright protection of digital median work is becoming more and more important. Digital watermarking is viewed as an effective tool for copyright protection of multimedia data.
At first the princip1e, typical algorithms and attack analysis of digital watermark is described. Then, a watermarking algorithm based on DWT is proposed. The watermark image is scrambled by a generalized Arnold transform so as to improve the security of the watermark; the watermark is embedded into the middle-frequency subband which guarantees the robustness of the algorithm; In order to implement the blind extraction, this paper improves an embedding algorithm based on HVS, which enhances the applicability of the algorithm. This paper tests the algorithm by VC++6.0, and quantity of experiment data shows that algorithm has good robustness, and the imperceptibility of watermark can be guaranteed at the same time.
引文
[1]Cox I.J, Kilian J, Leighton T,.Shamoon T. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for images, audio and video. Proc. Image Processing, 1996.Proceedings.,International Conference on Volume 3,16-19 Sept.1996 Page(s):243-246 vol.3.
[2]Van Schyndel R, Tirkel A. A Digital Watermark. In: IEEE Proceeding On International Conference On Image Processing, Austin, Tex, IEEE Press, 1994:86-90.
[3]I J Cox, M L Miller.数字水印.王颖,黄志蓓译.北京:电子工业出版社,2003:28-32.
[4]杨义先,钮心忻.数字水印理论与技术.高等教育出版社.2006(1):1-9.
[5]王颖,肖俊,王蕴红.数字水印原理与技术.科学出版社.2007(1):8-13.
[6]刘世栋,杨林,王建新.信息隐藏原理及数字水印技术的若干问题.计算机工程与应用,2003,12:158-160.
[7]夏鸿斌,须文波,刘渊.数字水印技术.江南大学学报,Jun.2002,Vol.1 NO.2:134-137.
[8]张文彬,计时鸣,熊波.数字图像水印技术的研究.现代电子工程,2003 年第 1期:69-72.
[9]Schyndel R.A digital Watermark [J].IEEE Int.Conference on Image Proc.,IEEE,1994.
[10]Bender W,Cruhl D,Morimoto Net al.Techniques for data hiding[J].IBM System,1996,35:313-336.
[11]I.J.K Ouanaith et al, “Phase watermarking of digital images,” Proc. of ICIP’96, Vol’3, pp.239-242, 1996.
[12]M.H.Hayers, “The reconstruction of a multidimensional sequence from the phase or magnitude of the FFT”, IEEE Trans. On ASSP, NO.4 pp.140-154, 1992.
[13]I.J.K Ouanaith and T.Pun, ”Rotation, Scale and Translation invariant digital images,” Proc. Of ICIP’97, Vol.1, pp.536-539, 1997.
[14]Cox IJ, Killia J, Leighton et al. Secure Spread Spectrum watermarking for multimedia, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. Vol.8,No.12, pp.1673-1687,December 1997.
[15]E.Koch and J. Zhao.Towards Robust and Hidden Image Copyright LabelingProcessing Workshop, Thessaloniki,Greece,1995.
[16]A.G.Bors and I.Pitas.Embedding Parametric Digital Signatures in Images.European Conference on Signal Processing,EUSIPC096, Trieste, Italy,1996.
[17]蔡汉添,何俊辉.一种基于 DCT 中频的图像水印技术华南理工大学学报:自然科学版.2001,29(12):57-60.
[18]C .T Hsu and J.L.Wu,“Hidden Digital Watermarks in Images,”IEEE Trans on Image Proccssing,Vol.8,No.l,PP.58-68,1999.
[19]M.Barni,F.Bartolini, V.CaPpellini,A.Piva,A DCT-domain System for Robust Image Watermarking.Signal Processing,Vol.66,No.3,pp.303-317, 1998.
[20]郑江滨,赵荣椿.基于彩色分量的数字图像水印[J] .中国体视学与图像分析,2001,6(1):55-59.
[21]粟伟峰,杨小帆,柏森,赵利军,罗高文.基于离散余弦变换和边远检测的图像水印技术[J] .重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2004.12,12(27):78-81.
[22]Kundur D.,D.Hatzinakos.A Robust Digital Image Waermarking Method Using Wavelet-Based Fusion.In Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing,Oct.1997,Vol.1:544-547.
[23]Xia X.,Boncelet C.G.,Arce G.R., Wavelet Transform Based watermarking for digital images .Optics Express,1998,3(12):497-511.
[24]王向阳,杨红颖.一种基于离散小波变换的图像数字水印算法[J].微型机与应用,2003,2:50-52.
[25]王万良,管秋,杨旭东.小波域数字图像水印改进算法及其性能分析[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2004.9,9(16):1235-1239.
[26]石培新,王颖.一种带纠错编码的小波域盲水印算法[J].计算机工程与应用,2004,33:67-69.
[27]吕振肃,应隽,李宏.基于小波变换的低频数字水印嵌入算法[J]兰州大学学报,2004,40(6):39-42.
[28]王卫卫,杨波,宋国乡.基于图像小波变换低频系数的数字水印算法[J].信号处理,2001,17(6):554-557.
[29]徐颖.基于小波变换低频域的彩色图像水印技术的研究[J].长春大学学报,2004,14(6):43-45.
[30]Teskeridon S,Pitas I.Embedding self-similar watermarks in the wavelet domain[J].IEEE Int.Conf.on Acoustics,Systems and Signal Processing,2000:1967-1970.
[31]Kundur D.Improved digital watermarking through diversity and attack characterization[J].Proc.Workshop on Multimedia Security at ACM Multimedia’99,1999:53-58.
[32]周四清,余英林.基于多分辨率和 HVS 的盲图像水印隐藏方法[J].计算机工程与应用,2001(13):71-72.
[33]应隽,李宏,吕振肃.基于小波变换的自适应数字水印算法[J].船电技术,2003(5):36-39.
[34]罗铭耀.基于小波转换之彩色影像浮水印技术[D].国立东华大学资讯工程研究所硕士论文 2004.7.
[35]尹康康,潘志庚,石教英.一种强壮的网格水印算法.计算机辅助设计与图形学报.2001.13(2):102-107.
[36]I.J.Cox, J.M.G.Linnartz. Some general methods for tampering with watermarks. IEEE J. On Selected Areas in Communications. 1998, SAC-16(4):587-593.
[37]黄继武,SHI YunQ,姚若河.基于块分类的自适应图像水印算法[J].中国图形图像学报,1999,4(8):640-643.
[38]黄继武,SHI YunQ,一种自适应图像水印算法[J] .自动化学,1999,25(4):477-482.
[39]易开祥,石教英.一种自适应而为数字水印算法[C] .全国第二届信息隐藏学术研讨会论文集.北京:2000,6:108-112.
[40]张春田,苏育停,管晓康.多媒体数字水印技术[J] .通信学报,21(9):46-52.
[41]Hartung F,Girod B.Watermarking of MPEG-2 encoded video without decoding and re-encoding.SPIE Proceeding on Multimedia Computing and Networking[J],San Jose,1997, 3020:264-273.
[42]尹萍,刘振华.数字水印中的解释攻击及其解决方案.计算机应用研究.2001 (4):12-15.
[43]G.C.Langelaar, R.L.Lagendijk, J.Biemond. Removing spatial spread spectrum watermarks by non-linear filtering. EUSIPCO'98. 1998: 2281-2284.
[44]谢天保,刘听.图像隐藏技术的研究.计算机应用研究.2002(1): 69-70.
[45]http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/fapp2/. 2002.
[46]I.Pitas, “A method for signature casting on digital images,” Proc. Of ICIP’94,Vol.3, pp.215-218,1996.
[47]周利军,周源华,支争.基于 m 序列的多重图像水印.上海交通大学学报,2001,35(9):1317-1320.
[48] Niu Xiamu, Lu Zheming, Sun Shenghe. Digital watermarking of still images with gray-level digital watermarks.IEEE Trans.On Consumer Electronics,2000,46(1):838-843.
[49]丁玮,门伟齐,齐东旭.基于 Arnold 变换的数字图像置乱技术.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.2001 年 04 期:52-55.
[50]尹康康,石教英,潘志庚一种鲁棒性好的图像水印算法.软件学报,2001.
[51]刘畅.基于小波的数字图像水印技术研究:[硕士论文].西安电子科技大学,2006.
[52]Min-Jen Tsai and Hsiao-Ying Hung.Wavelet transform Based Digital Watermarking for Image Authentication [J].2005.
[53]张洪.基于小波变换的数字图像水印技术研究:[硕士学位论文] .电子科技大学,2006.
[54]成礼智,郭汉伟.小波与离散变换理论及工程实践.北京:清华大学出版社2005:211-213.
[55]彭玉华.小波变换与工程应用.北京:科学出版社.1999:27-31.
[56]D.L. Shinfeng, C.F. Chen. A Robust DCT Based Watermarking for Copy-right Protection[J].IEEE Transactions on consumer Electronics, 2000, 46(3), 415-421.
[57]C.C. Wang.Repeating Image Watermarking Technique by the Visual Cryptography[J].IEICE Transactions on Fundanmentals,2000,36(13), 1108-1110.
[2]Van Schyndel R, Tirkel A. A Digital Watermark. In: IEEE Proceeding On International Conference On Image Processing, Austin, Tex, IEEE Press, 1994:86-90.
[3]I J Cox, M L Miller.数字水印.王颖,黄志蓓译.北京:电子工业出版社,2003:28-32.
[4]杨义先,钮心忻.数字水印理论与技术.高等教育出版社.2006(1):1-9.
[5]王颖,肖俊,王蕴红.数字水印原理与技术.科学出版社.2007(1):8-13.
[6]刘世栋,杨林,王建新.信息隐藏原理及数字水印技术的若干问题.计算机工程与应用,2003,12:158-160.
[7]夏鸿斌,须文波,刘渊.数字水印技术.江南大学学报,Jun.2002,Vol.1 NO.2:134-137.
[8]张文彬,计时鸣,熊波.数字图像水印技术的研究.现代电子工程,2003 年第 1期:69-72.
[9]Schyndel R.A digital Watermark [J].IEEE Int.Conference on Image Proc.,IEEE,1994.
[10]Bender W,Cruhl D,Morimoto Net al.Techniques for data hiding[J].IBM System,1996,35:313-336.
[11]I.J.K Ouanaith et al, “Phase watermarking of digital images,” Proc. of ICIP’96, Vol’3, pp.239-242, 1996.
[12]M.H.Hayers, “The reconstruction of a multidimensional sequence from the phase or magnitude of the FFT”, IEEE Trans. On ASSP, NO.4 pp.140-154, 1992.
[13]I.J.K Ouanaith and T.Pun, ”Rotation, Scale and Translation invariant digital images,” Proc. Of ICIP’97, Vol.1, pp.536-539, 1997.
[14]Cox IJ, Killia J, Leighton et al. Secure Spread Spectrum watermarking for multimedia, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. Vol.8,No.12, pp.1673-1687,December 1997.
[15]E.Koch and J. Zhao.Towards Robust and Hidden Image Copyright LabelingProcessing Workshop, Thessaloniki,Greece,1995.
[16]A.G.Bors and I.Pitas.Embedding Parametric Digital Signatures in Images.European Conference on Signal Processing,EUSIPC096, Trieste, Italy,1996.
[17]蔡汉添,何俊辉.一种基于 DCT 中频的图像水印技术华南理工大学学报:自然科学版.2001,29(12):57-60.
[18]C .T Hsu and J.L.Wu,“Hidden Digital Watermarks in Images,”IEEE Trans on Image Proccssing,Vol.8,No.l,PP.58-68,1999.
[19]M.Barni,F.Bartolini, V.CaPpellini,A.Piva,A DCT-domain System for Robust Image Watermarking.Signal Processing,Vol.66,No.3,pp.303-317, 1998.
[20]郑江滨,赵荣椿.基于彩色分量的数字图像水印[J] .中国体视学与图像分析,2001,6(1):55-59.
[21]粟伟峰,杨小帆,柏森,赵利军,罗高文.基于离散余弦变换和边远检测的图像水印技术[J] .重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2004.12,12(27):78-81.
[22]Kundur D.,D.Hatzinakos.A Robust Digital Image Waermarking Method Using Wavelet-Based Fusion.In Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing,Oct.1997,Vol.1:544-547.
[23]Xia X.,Boncelet C.G.,Arce G.R., Wavelet Transform Based watermarking for digital images .Optics Express,1998,3(12):497-511.
[24]王向阳,杨红颖.一种基于离散小波变换的图像数字水印算法[J].微型机与应用,2003,2:50-52.
[25]王万良,管秋,杨旭东.小波域数字图像水印改进算法及其性能分析[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2004.9,9(16):1235-1239.
[26]石培新,王颖.一种带纠错编码的小波域盲水印算法[J].计算机工程与应用,2004,33:67-69.
[27]吕振肃,应隽,李宏.基于小波变换的低频数字水印嵌入算法[J]兰州大学学报,2004,40(6):39-42.
[28]王卫卫,杨波,宋国乡.基于图像小波变换低频系数的数字水印算法[J].信号处理,2001,17(6):554-557.
[29]徐颖.基于小波变换低频域的彩色图像水印技术的研究[J].长春大学学报,2004,14(6):43-45.
[30]Teskeridon S,Pitas I.Embedding self-similar watermarks in the wavelet domain[J].IEEE Int.Conf.on Acoustics,Systems and Signal Processing,2000:1967-1970.
[31]Kundur D.Improved digital watermarking through diversity and attack characterization[J].Proc.Workshop on Multimedia Security at ACM Multimedia’99,1999:53-58.
[32]周四清,余英林.基于多分辨率和 HVS 的盲图像水印隐藏方法[J].计算机工程与应用,2001(13):71-72.
[33]应隽,李宏,吕振肃.基于小波变换的自适应数字水印算法[J].船电技术,2003(5):36-39.
[34]罗铭耀.基于小波转换之彩色影像浮水印技术[D].国立东华大学资讯工程研究所硕士论文 2004.7.
[35]尹康康,潘志庚,石教英.一种强壮的网格水印算法.计算机辅助设计与图形学报.2001.13(2):102-107.
[36]I.J.Cox, J.M.G.Linnartz. Some general methods for tampering with watermarks. IEEE J. On Selected Areas in Communications. 1998, SAC-16(4):587-593.
[37]黄继武,SHI YunQ,姚若河.基于块分类的自适应图像水印算法[J].中国图形图像学报,1999,4(8):640-643.
[38]黄继武,SHI YunQ,一种自适应图像水印算法[J] .自动化学,1999,25(4):477-482.
[39]易开祥,石教英.一种自适应而为数字水印算法[C] .全国第二届信息隐藏学术研讨会论文集.北京:2000,6:108-112.
[40]张春田,苏育停,管晓康.多媒体数字水印技术[J] .通信学报,21(9):46-52.
[41]Hartung F,Girod B.Watermarking of MPEG-2 encoded video without decoding and re-encoding.SPIE Proceeding on Multimedia Computing and Networking[J],San Jose,1997, 3020:264-273.
[42]尹萍,刘振华.数字水印中的解释攻击及其解决方案.计算机应用研究.2001 (4):12-15.
[43]G.C.Langelaar, R.L.Lagendijk, J.Biemond. Removing spatial spread spectrum watermarks by non-linear filtering. EUSIPCO'98. 1998: 2281-2284.
[44]谢天保,刘听.图像隐藏技术的研究.计算机应用研究.2002(1): 69-70.
[45]http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/fapp2/. 2002.
[46]I.Pitas, “A method for signature casting on digital images,” Proc. Of ICIP’94,Vol.3, pp.215-218,1996.
[47]周利军,周源华,支争.基于 m 序列的多重图像水印.上海交通大学学报,2001,35(9):1317-1320.
[48] Niu Xiamu, Lu Zheming, Sun Shenghe. Digital watermarking of still images with gray-level digital watermarks.IEEE Trans.On Consumer Electronics,2000,46(1):838-843.
[49]丁玮,门伟齐,齐东旭.基于 Arnold 变换的数字图像置乱技术.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.2001 年 04 期:52-55.
[50]尹康康,石教英,潘志庚一种鲁棒性好的图像水印算法.软件学报,2001.
[51]刘畅.基于小波的数字图像水印技术研究:[硕士论文].西安电子科技大学,2006.
[52]Min-Jen Tsai and Hsiao-Ying Hung.Wavelet transform Based Digital Watermarking for Image Authentication [J].2005.
[53]张洪.基于小波变换的数字图像水印技术研究:[硕士学位论文] .电子科技大学,2006.
[54]成礼智,郭汉伟.小波与离散变换理论及工程实践.北京:清华大学出版社2005:211-213.
[55]彭玉华.小波变换与工程应用.北京:科学出版社.1999:27-31.
[56]D.L. Shinfeng, C.F. Chen. A Robust DCT Based Watermarking for Copy-right Protection[J].IEEE Transactions on consumer Electronics, 2000, 46(3), 415-421.
[57]C.C. Wang.Repeating Image Watermarking Technique by the Visual Cryptography[J].IEICE Transactions on Fundanmentals,2000,36(13), 1108-1110.