丁香杀虫活性的初步研究
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摘要
丁香(Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.)为桃金娘科蒲桃属植物,含有多种活性成分,具有抗菌、降压、降温、麻醉止痛等作用特点。本文以绿豆象(Callosobruchus chinensis Linnaeus)和玉米象(Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky)为主要对象,系统研究了丁香不同溶剂提取物的活性及对绿豆象和玉米象的作用方式,并进行了杀虫活性物质的初步分离和测定。结果如下:
选用乙醇、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、石油醚、甲醇6种极性不同的有机溶剂,采用超声波提取法提取丁香中的活性物质,提取液经浓缩得到膏状纯品并对绿豆象的生物活性进行测定,结果表明,乙醇提取物杀虫活性最高,在2500mg.L-1的浓度下,绿豆象成虫的侵害率为4.33%,产卵忌避率为90.46%,高于其他溶剂提取物。氯仿提取物的侵害率最高,为25.67%,产卵忌避率最低,为61.62%。不同溶剂提取物活性由高到低依次为:乙醇、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、甲醇、石油醚、氯仿。
系统研究了丁香乙醇提取物对绿豆象和玉米象的作用方式。结果表明,丁香对两种害虫的熏蒸、触杀、趋避作用都有很高活性。72h的熏蒸LD50值为12.41ppm和25.31ppm,熏蒸活性随浓度的增高而增强;72h的触杀LD50值为88.47μg.cm-2和672.67μg.cm-2,触杀活性随浓度的增高而增强;在3125μg.cm-2浓度下,72h趋避等级都可达到V级,趋避活性随时间的增高而降低。在种群抑制活性方面有较大差别,丁香提取物对绿豆象的种群抑制活性高,在5000mg.L-1的浓度下种群抑制率为96.55%,而对玉米象的抑制率只有21.71%,且浓度越高,种群抑制率越高。丁香提取物对绿豆象羽化时间也有影响,浓度越高羽化率越低,羽化时间越长。
采用张永志的方法对丁香活性物质进行分离纯化,经过乙醇总提、乙醚萃取、硅胶薄层层析,最后获得到活性物质的纯样,并进行活性测定,结果表明,纯化物对绿豆象和玉米象的72h的熏蒸LD50值分别为61.43ppm和303.49ppm,纯化物较乙醇粗提物的杀虫效果低,熏蒸绿豆象的LD50值约为粗提物的5倍,熏蒸玉米象的LD50值约为粗提物的12倍。
Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. belongs to Myrtaceae. Eugenia (L.). It contains many kinds of active constituents which have obvious pharmacological actions such as sterilization, anti-hypertension, cooling, numbness and acesodyne. In this paper, it was tested with Callosobruchus chinensis Linnaeus and Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky. The organic solvents of extracting insecticidal active material from Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. and the action mode of the extracting material to the pests were studied systematically, also separate active material from the plant. The results were as follows:
The ultrasonic extraction method was used to extract the active constituents in Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. by using some organic solvents, such as ethanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, petroleum ether and methanol. The insecticidal activities determination to Callosobruchus chinensis Linnaeus showed that the ethanol was the best extraction solvent. The ratio of damage was 4.33% and the deterrent rate of lay eggs was 90.46% at concentration of 2500mg.L-1. The activities of extraction solvent were: ethanol>ethyl acetate>acetone>methanol>petroleum ether>chloroform.
The bioassays of ethanol extract by ultrasonic extraction method against Callosobruchus chinensis Linnaeus and Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsk in laboratory were carried out. The bioassay showed that the toxicity of the extract was high. It was have obvious bioactivity on contacting activities, fumigation activities and the repellencies. The LD50 of contacting activities were 88.47μg.cm-2 and 672.67μg.cm-2 at 72h, the LD50 of fumigation activities were 12.41ppm and 25.31ppm at 72h, the LD50 of the repellencies were theⅤlevel. The higher concentration, the more obviously the effect on the pest was. There were obvious difference on experimental population between Callosobruchus chinensis Linnaeus with Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsk. At concentration of 5000mg.L-1, the reproduction inhibition rate of Callosobruchus chinensis Linnaeus was 96.55% and it was 21.71% of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsk. The extract had effect on eclosion, the higher concentration, the lower rate of eclosion.
The active material was obtained from the ethanol extracts by Zhang’s methods through systematic extraction, the extraction of ethylether and TLC. Then the bioactivity was tested. The results showed that the fumigation activities of The active material had effect on Callosobruchus chinensis Linnaeus and Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsk. The LD50 of the fumigation activities were 61.43ppm and 303.49ppm at 72h.It was higher than the ethanol extracts. The LD50 of Callosobruchus chinensis Linnaeus is 5 times than that of ethanol extracts, and The LD50 of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky is 12 times than that.
选用乙醇、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、石油醚、甲醇6种极性不同的有机溶剂,采用超声波提取法提取丁香中的活性物质,提取液经浓缩得到膏状纯品并对绿豆象的生物活性进行测定,结果表明,乙醇提取物杀虫活性最高,在2500mg.L-1的浓度下,绿豆象成虫的侵害率为4.33%,产卵忌避率为90.46%,高于其他溶剂提取物。氯仿提取物的侵害率最高,为25.67%,产卵忌避率最低,为61.62%。不同溶剂提取物活性由高到低依次为:乙醇、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、甲醇、石油醚、氯仿。
系统研究了丁香乙醇提取物对绿豆象和玉米象的作用方式。结果表明,丁香对两种害虫的熏蒸、触杀、趋避作用都有很高活性。72h的熏蒸LD50值为12.41ppm和25.31ppm,熏蒸活性随浓度的增高而增强;72h的触杀LD50值为88.47μg.cm-2和672.67μg.cm-2,触杀活性随浓度的增高而增强;在3125μg.cm-2浓度下,72h趋避等级都可达到V级,趋避活性随时间的增高而降低。在种群抑制活性方面有较大差别,丁香提取物对绿豆象的种群抑制活性高,在5000mg.L-1的浓度下种群抑制率为96.55%,而对玉米象的抑制率只有21.71%,且浓度越高,种群抑制率越高。丁香提取物对绿豆象羽化时间也有影响,浓度越高羽化率越低,羽化时间越长。
采用张永志的方法对丁香活性物质进行分离纯化,经过乙醇总提、乙醚萃取、硅胶薄层层析,最后获得到活性物质的纯样,并进行活性测定,结果表明,纯化物对绿豆象和玉米象的72h的熏蒸LD50值分别为61.43ppm和303.49ppm,纯化物较乙醇粗提物的杀虫效果低,熏蒸绿豆象的LD50值约为粗提物的5倍,熏蒸玉米象的LD50值约为粗提物的12倍。
Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. belongs to Myrtaceae. Eugenia (L.). It contains many kinds of active constituents which have obvious pharmacological actions such as sterilization, anti-hypertension, cooling, numbness and acesodyne. In this paper, it was tested with Callosobruchus chinensis Linnaeus and Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky. The organic solvents of extracting insecticidal active material from Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. and the action mode of the extracting material to the pests were studied systematically, also separate active material from the plant. The results were as follows:
The ultrasonic extraction method was used to extract the active constituents in Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. by using some organic solvents, such as ethanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, petroleum ether and methanol. The insecticidal activities determination to Callosobruchus chinensis Linnaeus showed that the ethanol was the best extraction solvent. The ratio of damage was 4.33% and the deterrent rate of lay eggs was 90.46% at concentration of 2500mg.L-1. The activities of extraction solvent were: ethanol>ethyl acetate>acetone>methanol>petroleum ether>chloroform.
The bioassays of ethanol extract by ultrasonic extraction method against Callosobruchus chinensis Linnaeus and Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsk in laboratory were carried out. The bioassay showed that the toxicity of the extract was high. It was have obvious bioactivity on contacting activities, fumigation activities and the repellencies. The LD50 of contacting activities were 88.47μg.cm-2 and 672.67μg.cm-2 at 72h, the LD50 of fumigation activities were 12.41ppm and 25.31ppm at 72h, the LD50 of the repellencies were theⅤlevel. The higher concentration, the more obviously the effect on the pest was. There were obvious difference on experimental population between Callosobruchus chinensis Linnaeus with Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsk. At concentration of 5000mg.L-1, the reproduction inhibition rate of Callosobruchus chinensis Linnaeus was 96.55% and it was 21.71% of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsk. The extract had effect on eclosion, the higher concentration, the lower rate of eclosion.
The active material was obtained from the ethanol extracts by Zhang’s methods through systematic extraction, the extraction of ethylether and TLC. Then the bioactivity was tested. The results showed that the fumigation activities of The active material had effect on Callosobruchus chinensis Linnaeus and Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsk. The LD50 of the fumigation activities were 61.43ppm and 303.49ppm at 72h.It was higher than the ethanol extracts. The LD50 of Callosobruchus chinensis Linnaeus is 5 times than that of ethanol extracts, and The LD50 of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky is 12 times than that.
引文
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