吉林省土壤质量与土地利用结构优化研究
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摘要
吉林省是中国粮食主产区之一,在中国粮食安全保障体系中具有重要的地位和作用。但在人为因素的胁迫影响下,水土流失、土壤侵蚀等土地退化问题凸显,耕地产能与土地生态服务价值同步下降,如何统筹土地自然质量与经济社会发展需求,优化土地利用结构,成为吉林省统筹城乡发展,推进新型城市化的重要课题。土壤是土地生态系统中能量与物质交换枢纽,而土地生态系统又是土地利用规划与管理研究的前沿课题,因此基于土地生态系统理论与技术方法,探索吉林省经济社会发展进程中的土地自然生产能力恢复与重建,能够为区域土地利用规划与管理提供技术支撑。
论文基于GIS软件平台,运用能值理论、投入产出分析、模糊综合评判和灰色线性规划模型等技术手段,对吉林省土地利用结构优化进行了系统地分析、预测、规划与评价,得到如下结论：
1.基于ArcGIS软件,构建吉林省土地生态分区指标体系,通过PCA(主成分分析),筛选影响吉林省土地生态系统的主要因子,并通过计算因子载荷,确定因子影响权重；应用ArcGIS中的分析工具,完成各因子的空间叠加,形成吉林省生态分区基本单元；并最终根据综合模型计算结果,采用Geometrical Interval分类方法,实现吉林省土地生态分区,最终将吉林省分为3个一级生态区、8个二级生态区和28个生态单元。分区结果表明：气候、水文与地貌因素在宏观尺度上控制了土地生态系统演化环境,植被、土壤则在中微观尺度上制约着土地生态系统价值实现,经济社会活动改变了土地生态系统物质、能量流动的方向与速率,具有重构土地生态系统功能与价值的功效。
2.在土地生态分区的基础上,论文通过文献综合方法,构建了吉林省土壤肥力分级标准,运用模糊综合评判方法对吉林省土壤肥力进行了系统评价,将吉林省土壤质量分为四个等级。其中隶属一等质量的土壤面积占8.4%,二等、三等质量的土壤面积分别占33.2%和34.2%,四等质量的土壤面积的24.3%。从空间分布上看,质量较差的土壤大多分布在吉林省西部地区,而质量较好的土壤大多分布在长春周边,北至农安,东到吉林市,南到四平一带。土壤质量现状为土地利用结构与空间布局优化提供了自然物质基础。
3.吉林省土地利用现状与土壤质量等级的空间叠加分析结果表明：目前耕地、园地、林地和草地中高等级(四级)土壤面积分别占耕地总面积、园地总面积、林地总面积和草地总面积的20.52%、25.97%、23.57%和10.82%,农用地尤其是草地土壤质量退化比较普遍。将耕地、园地、林地和草地中高等级土壤面积占全省高等级土壤总面积的比重(35.67%、0.44%、51.64%和1.85%),与耕地、园地、林地和草地面积占全省土地面积比重(36.78%、0.36%、46.37%和3.61%)进行对比,可以看出吉林省农业用地空间布局基本合理,但需要一定程度的调整。
4.吉林省土壤质量等级与粮食单产水平的对比分析结果表明：受自然因素及人为因素双重影响,粮食产量由土壤自然肥力、种植结构以及投入水平等因素共同制约决定。吉林省东部山地区多山地,土壤质量等级较低,且受经济投入水平约束,土壤质量等级与粮食单产水平表现出较强的空间耦合性；而西部平原区虽存在水资源瓶颈制约因素,但受土壤改良及培肥等农业投入作用,粮食单产水平普遍高于土壤质量等级。
5.土壤-作物系统大量营养元素丰度对农用地产能的有效性分析结果表明：吉林省西部土壤改良工程与培肥技术投入对农用地产能提升的贡献明显；现阶段对该区持续的投入能够获得较高的产出；规模收益递减样本主要分布于吉林省中部,说明现阶段在该区持续施用氮、磷、钾肥对农用地产能提升无经济学意义。
6.为深入分析吉林省土壤-作物-经济社会系统中的物质、能量流动特征,探讨土地生态经济系统稳定条件,论文基于能值理论,以县域为单元,通过时间序列数据收集、统计与分析,对环境负载率、能值自给率、净能值产出率等评价指标进行了系统核算。计算结果表明：(1)目前吉林省的土地利用属于自然投入和经济社会投入并重的生产模式,农业生产系统产出总量的增加过多的依赖工业辅助能的投入和自然环境因素的亲合程度；(2)土地生态系统中最为突出的问题是环境负荷率的持续增大,土地过度开发,生态载荷过重,致使土壤肥力持续下降；(3)从空间分布上看,长春市域能值总产出要明显高于其他地区,中西部地区略好于东部地区。能值产出与土壤质量呈现出空间耦合性；(4)长春市域环境负载率高于东部的县市。长春市资源环境禀赋较好,科技发展水平很高,经济社会发展迅速,人口总量持续增长,环境负荷同步增加,已呈现过载迹象
7.论文应用投入产出分析,基于2002和2007年投入产出流量表,对吉林省农业在国民经济中的产业波及效应、收入带动能力以及提供就业机会等方面进行了系统分析。分析结果表明：(1)吉林省农业的产出带动能力和收入乘数效应都要略好于其他产业,说明了农业在吉林省的基础产业地位未变；(2)从劳动力乘数的计算结果来看,吉林省第三产业在创造就业机会的能力上超越了农业这一传统的劳动密集型产业,体现了吉林省新型城市化进入加速发展阶段。投入产出分析再次证明了城市化进程中土地利用管理的基本特征,体现了中国农村土地利用在城市化进程中的制度困境。
8.论文采用生态服务价值系数和生态经济效益系数作为土地利用结构优化模型效益参数,并通过相关约束条件的预测分析,最终形成了线性规划模型和灰色系统模型两种土地利用结构优化方案。基于MATLAB软件平台,对方案进行了调参计算,最终确定了吉林省土地利用结构优化结果：吉林省耕地最优规模应保持在553.1-551.0万公顷；园地最优规模应在10-13万公顷；林地最优规模应在957.9-1012.8万公顷；牧草地最优规模应在106-111万公顷；建设用地最优规模应保持在107.2-120.2万公顷。
9.基于能值理论,论文对土地利用结构优化方案进行了投入产出分析。结果表明：(1)能值总产出和单位面积上的能值产出最高的方案均为线性规划方案,分别为2.0094×1023sej和1.0514×1011sej/m2；(2)能值总投入最多的优化方案为灰色系统模型方案,最低的能值投入方案是线性规划模型方案；(3)吉林省2020年能值密度将处在世界发达国家水平的水平上,表明吉林省的经济发展程度与经济发展层次是合理的,实现能值密度最高的是线性规划模型方案；(4)吉林省人均能值至2020年将达到1.5×1016sej/人以上,接近发达国家的水平,实现的人均能值最高的土地利用结构方案是灰色系统模型方案；(5)吉林省2020年环境负载最低的土地利用结构优化方案是线性规划模型；(6)各规划方案下吉林省土地生态价值核算结果表明：与2009年相比各规划方案下的吉林省土地生态服务价值均有不同程度的增长。其中线性规划方案增长幅度最大,到2020年吉林土地生态服务价值将达到2881.59亿元／年,比2009年增长6.39%。(7)基于土地自然生产能力恢复与重建以及统筹土地自然质量与经济社会发展需求,吉林省土地利用结构优化最佳方案是线性规划模型方案。
As one of the major grain producing areas of China, Jilin takes an important place in China's food security guarantee system. However, under the influence of human factors, the land degradation problems such as the loss of soil and water, the soil erosion become obviously, and both cultivated land production and land ecological service value decrease. Accordingly, it has been an important subject for Jilin Province to balance urban and rural development so as to promote the new urbanization, that how to coordinate land natural quality and the demands of economic social development. Soil is an exchange hub of energy and material in land ecosystem which is a foreland subject of the research between land use planning and management. Therefore, it could provide technical support for the regional land use planning and management to exploring the recovery and reconstruction of land natural production capacity in the process of economic social development of Jilin Province based on land ecosystem theory and technical method.
This paper systematically analyzes forecasts and evaluates land-use structure optimization of Jilin province based on GIS software platform. Methods employed are emergy theory, input-output analysis, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, and grey linear programming. The main research results are as follows:
1. The indicator system of land ecological regionalization in Jilin Province is built based on ArcGIS software. PCA (Principal Component Analysis) is used to select main factors which affect land ecosystem of Jilin Province, and calculating the factor loading to ascertain its influencing weight. Then, the basic unit of ecological zones is formed by applying analysis tools to complete the spatial overlay of factor. Finally, the author divides Jilin province into3ecological zones,8ecological sub regions and28ecological units. The results show that the evolution environment of land ecosystem is controlled by climate, hydrology and landform on a macro scale, while vegetation and soil restrict its realization of value on micro scale, and economic and social activities have changed the circulating direction and rate of material and energy of land ecosystem, thus it is able to reconstruct land ecosystem value.
2. On the basis of land ecological regionalization, this paper builds classification standard of soil fertility by the method of documentation and comprehensive analysis. The soil quality of Jilin province is evaluated using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, thus divided into four ranks. Among them, the soil area of first grade quality accounts for8.4%, and the second, third and fourth grade soil is33.2%,34.2%and24.3%. From the special distribute, low quality soil mostly surrounds the west area of Jilin Province, while high quality soil spreads around Changchun, between the northern of Nongan, the eastern of Jilin and the southern of Siping. The soil quality provided natural material base for land use structure and spatial distribution.
3. Spatial overlay analyzing land use status and soil quality in Jilin Province, the results showed that: cultivated land, garden plot, woodland and grassland in the high-grade (Grade4) soil area of cultivated land area, the total area of the garden, the total area of woodland and grassland of the total area distributed in20.52%,25.97%,23.57%and10.82%, and agricultural land soil quality degradation, particularly grassland, is relatively common. Compared the proportion of cultivated land, garden plot, woodland and grassland in the area of high-grade soil and province total area' high-grade soil (35.67%,0.44%,51.64%and1.85%), with that of cultivated land, garden plot, woodland and grassland area and province total land area'(36.78%,0.36%,46.37%and3.61%), it shows that the spatial distribution of agricultural land in Jilin province is reasonable, but requires a certain degree of adjustment.
4. Compared soil quality rating with unit level of grain in Jilin Province, it leads to the results that:with the impact of natural and human factors, grain production is decided jointly by the natural soil fertility, planting structure and input level factors. Mountain area of eastern Jilin province has lower grade of soil quality level, and by the constraint of economic input level, soil quality and unit level of grain show strong spatial coupling; although the western plain has a bottleneck of water resource, by the constraint of soil improvement and fertilizer and other agricultural inputs, unit level of grain is generally higher than the grade of soil quality.
5. After analyzing the productivity of soil-plant macronutrients abundance of agricultural land, it gets the results that: the soil improvement project and fertilizer inputs of western Jilin province can significantly enhance the contribution of agricultural land productivity; sustained investment at this stage can get higher outputs; the samples of diminishing returns to scale are mainly distributed in the middle of Jilin Province, so at present continued application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizer on agricultural land has no economic significance to improve agricultural productivity.
6. The purpose of this paper is to deeply analysis circulation characteristics of substances and energy in the soil-crop-economic society system, and to explore the stable condition of land eco-economic system. The evaluation indexes such as environment load rate, emergy self-sufficiency ratio and net emergy output rate are calculated by the data collection and analysis, using time series with county unit based on emergy theory. The calculated results indicate that:(1)The land use of Jilin province belongs to an production mode of paying equal attention to natural and social investment, and the total increase of agricultural production system depends on the input of industry supplemental energy and the affinity of natural environment;(2) The most outstanding problem in the land ecosystem is the continuous increase of environment load rate, the excessive development of land and the overweight ecological load which makes the soil fertility decline continually;(3) From the view of the space distribution, the total emergy output of Changchun district is significantly higher than the other regions, and the central and western region is slightly better than the eastern regions. Besides, the emergy output and soil quality show a space coupling;(4) the environment load rate of Changchun district is higher than the eastern counties. Changchun has good endowment in resources and environment, and possesses a high standard in science and technology development, its economy society is rapidly developing, the total population is continuously growing, the environment load is synchronously increasing and have already emerged some signs of overload.
7. This paper applied input-output analysis, based on the input-output form in2002and2007, and studied on agriculture with the industry spread effect, revenue promotion capacity and employment opportunities provided to the national economy of Jilin Province. The results show that:(1) agricultural output promoting ability and income multiplier effect should be slightly better than other industries in Jilin Province, which proves that the foundation industry status of agriculture has not changed;(2) from the calculation results of labor force multiplier, the tertiary industry has surpassed the traditional labor-intensive agriculture industry in employability, reflecting that the new urbanization in Jilin Province has entered into the stage of accelerated development. Input-output analysis has proved the basic characteristics of the land use management, demonstrating the difficulties in urbanization process of rural land utilization in China.
8. This paper selected the ecological service value coefficient and the ecological economic benefit coefficient as the parameters to the optimization model of land use structure, with analyzed the prediction of the relevant constraints, finally formed two optimization schemes of land use structure, which were the linear programming and the gray system programming. Based on MATLAB platform, then calculated the parameters, and finally got the optimization land use structure of Jilin Province:the optimal scale of cultivated land should be kept between553.1and551.0million hectares; the garden plot should be in10to130000hectares; the forest land should be kept from957.9to1012.8million hectares; the grassland should be kept between106and111million hectares; and the land for construction should be kept from107.2to120.2million hectares.
9. Based on the emergy theory, studied on land use structure optimization scheme with input-output analysis showed that:(1) linear programming is the highest scheme in both vital and unit area emergy output, respectively as2.0094×1023sej and1.0514×1011sej/m2;(2) the optimization scheme which total investment is greatest is the grey system programming, while the opposite goes to the linear programming;(3)the emergy density of Jilin Province in2020will reach the level of the developed countries'in the world, which shows that Jilin Province has a reasonable economic development scheme, and the linear programming can provide the highest emergy density;(4) per capita emergy of Jilin Province will reach more than1.5×1016sej/person in2020, which is close to the level of the developed countries', and the scheme goes to the grey system programming;(5) the linear programming model can give us the lowest environment load in2020in Jilin Province;(6) based on the land natural production capacity recovering and reconstructing, and to co-ordinate the quality of land and the needs of economic and social development, the optimization scheme of land use structure in Jilin Province is the linear programming.
论文基于GIS软件平台,运用能值理论、投入产出分析、模糊综合评判和灰色线性规划模型等技术手段,对吉林省土地利用结构优化进行了系统地分析、预测、规划与评价,得到如下结论：
1.基于ArcGIS软件,构建吉林省土地生态分区指标体系,通过PCA(主成分分析),筛选影响吉林省土地生态系统的主要因子,并通过计算因子载荷,确定因子影响权重；应用ArcGIS中的分析工具,完成各因子的空间叠加,形成吉林省生态分区基本单元；并最终根据综合模型计算结果,采用Geometrical Interval分类方法,实现吉林省土地生态分区,最终将吉林省分为3个一级生态区、8个二级生态区和28个生态单元。分区结果表明：气候、水文与地貌因素在宏观尺度上控制了土地生态系统演化环境,植被、土壤则在中微观尺度上制约着土地生态系统价值实现,经济社会活动改变了土地生态系统物质、能量流动的方向与速率,具有重构土地生态系统功能与价值的功效。
2.在土地生态分区的基础上,论文通过文献综合方法,构建了吉林省土壤肥力分级标准,运用模糊综合评判方法对吉林省土壤肥力进行了系统评价,将吉林省土壤质量分为四个等级。其中隶属一等质量的土壤面积占8.4%,二等、三等质量的土壤面积分别占33.2%和34.2%,四等质量的土壤面积的24.3%。从空间分布上看,质量较差的土壤大多分布在吉林省西部地区,而质量较好的土壤大多分布在长春周边,北至农安,东到吉林市,南到四平一带。土壤质量现状为土地利用结构与空间布局优化提供了自然物质基础。
3.吉林省土地利用现状与土壤质量等级的空间叠加分析结果表明：目前耕地、园地、林地和草地中高等级(四级)土壤面积分别占耕地总面积、园地总面积、林地总面积和草地总面积的20.52%、25.97%、23.57%和10.82%,农用地尤其是草地土壤质量退化比较普遍。将耕地、园地、林地和草地中高等级土壤面积占全省高等级土壤总面积的比重(35.67%、0.44%、51.64%和1.85%),与耕地、园地、林地和草地面积占全省土地面积比重(36.78%、0.36%、46.37%和3.61%)进行对比,可以看出吉林省农业用地空间布局基本合理,但需要一定程度的调整。
4.吉林省土壤质量等级与粮食单产水平的对比分析结果表明：受自然因素及人为因素双重影响,粮食产量由土壤自然肥力、种植结构以及投入水平等因素共同制约决定。吉林省东部山地区多山地,土壤质量等级较低,且受经济投入水平约束,土壤质量等级与粮食单产水平表现出较强的空间耦合性；而西部平原区虽存在水资源瓶颈制约因素,但受土壤改良及培肥等农业投入作用,粮食单产水平普遍高于土壤质量等级。
5.土壤-作物系统大量营养元素丰度对农用地产能的有效性分析结果表明：吉林省西部土壤改良工程与培肥技术投入对农用地产能提升的贡献明显；现阶段对该区持续的投入能够获得较高的产出；规模收益递减样本主要分布于吉林省中部,说明现阶段在该区持续施用氮、磷、钾肥对农用地产能提升无经济学意义。
6.为深入分析吉林省土壤-作物-经济社会系统中的物质、能量流动特征,探讨土地生态经济系统稳定条件,论文基于能值理论,以县域为单元,通过时间序列数据收集、统计与分析,对环境负载率、能值自给率、净能值产出率等评价指标进行了系统核算。计算结果表明：(1)目前吉林省的土地利用属于自然投入和经济社会投入并重的生产模式,农业生产系统产出总量的增加过多的依赖工业辅助能的投入和自然环境因素的亲合程度；(2)土地生态系统中最为突出的问题是环境负荷率的持续增大,土地过度开发,生态载荷过重,致使土壤肥力持续下降；(3)从空间分布上看,长春市域能值总产出要明显高于其他地区,中西部地区略好于东部地区。能值产出与土壤质量呈现出空间耦合性；(4)长春市域环境负载率高于东部的县市。长春市资源环境禀赋较好,科技发展水平很高,经济社会发展迅速,人口总量持续增长,环境负荷同步增加,已呈现过载迹象
7.论文应用投入产出分析,基于2002和2007年投入产出流量表,对吉林省农业在国民经济中的产业波及效应、收入带动能力以及提供就业机会等方面进行了系统分析。分析结果表明：(1)吉林省农业的产出带动能力和收入乘数效应都要略好于其他产业,说明了农业在吉林省的基础产业地位未变；(2)从劳动力乘数的计算结果来看,吉林省第三产业在创造就业机会的能力上超越了农业这一传统的劳动密集型产业,体现了吉林省新型城市化进入加速发展阶段。投入产出分析再次证明了城市化进程中土地利用管理的基本特征,体现了中国农村土地利用在城市化进程中的制度困境。
8.论文采用生态服务价值系数和生态经济效益系数作为土地利用结构优化模型效益参数,并通过相关约束条件的预测分析,最终形成了线性规划模型和灰色系统模型两种土地利用结构优化方案。基于MATLAB软件平台,对方案进行了调参计算,最终确定了吉林省土地利用结构优化结果：吉林省耕地最优规模应保持在553.1-551.0万公顷；园地最优规模应在10-13万公顷；林地最优规模应在957.9-1012.8万公顷；牧草地最优规模应在106-111万公顷；建设用地最优规模应保持在107.2-120.2万公顷。
9.基于能值理论,论文对土地利用结构优化方案进行了投入产出分析。结果表明：(1)能值总产出和单位面积上的能值产出最高的方案均为线性规划方案,分别为2.0094×1023sej和1.0514×1011sej/m2；(2)能值总投入最多的优化方案为灰色系统模型方案,最低的能值投入方案是线性规划模型方案；(3)吉林省2020年能值密度将处在世界发达国家水平的水平上,表明吉林省的经济发展程度与经济发展层次是合理的,实现能值密度最高的是线性规划模型方案；(4)吉林省人均能值至2020年将达到1.5×1016sej/人以上,接近发达国家的水平,实现的人均能值最高的土地利用结构方案是灰色系统模型方案；(5)吉林省2020年环境负载最低的土地利用结构优化方案是线性规划模型；(6)各规划方案下吉林省土地生态价值核算结果表明：与2009年相比各规划方案下的吉林省土地生态服务价值均有不同程度的增长。其中线性规划方案增长幅度最大,到2020年吉林土地生态服务价值将达到2881.59亿元／年,比2009年增长6.39%。(7)基于土地自然生产能力恢复与重建以及统筹土地自然质量与经济社会发展需求,吉林省土地利用结构优化最佳方案是线性规划模型方案。
As one of the major grain producing areas of China, Jilin takes an important place in China's food security guarantee system. However, under the influence of human factors, the land degradation problems such as the loss of soil and water, the soil erosion become obviously, and both cultivated land production and land ecological service value decrease. Accordingly, it has been an important subject for Jilin Province to balance urban and rural development so as to promote the new urbanization, that how to coordinate land natural quality and the demands of economic social development. Soil is an exchange hub of energy and material in land ecosystem which is a foreland subject of the research between land use planning and management. Therefore, it could provide technical support for the regional land use planning and management to exploring the recovery and reconstruction of land natural production capacity in the process of economic social development of Jilin Province based on land ecosystem theory and technical method.
This paper systematically analyzes forecasts and evaluates land-use structure optimization of Jilin province based on GIS software platform. Methods employed are emergy theory, input-output analysis, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, and grey linear programming. The main research results are as follows:
1. The indicator system of land ecological regionalization in Jilin Province is built based on ArcGIS software. PCA (Principal Component Analysis) is used to select main factors which affect land ecosystem of Jilin Province, and calculating the factor loading to ascertain its influencing weight. Then, the basic unit of ecological zones is formed by applying analysis tools to complete the spatial overlay of factor. Finally, the author divides Jilin province into3ecological zones,8ecological sub regions and28ecological units. The results show that the evolution environment of land ecosystem is controlled by climate, hydrology and landform on a macro scale, while vegetation and soil restrict its realization of value on micro scale, and economic and social activities have changed the circulating direction and rate of material and energy of land ecosystem, thus it is able to reconstruct land ecosystem value.
2. On the basis of land ecological regionalization, this paper builds classification standard of soil fertility by the method of documentation and comprehensive analysis. The soil quality of Jilin province is evaluated using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, thus divided into four ranks. Among them, the soil area of first grade quality accounts for8.4%, and the second, third and fourth grade soil is33.2%,34.2%and24.3%. From the special distribute, low quality soil mostly surrounds the west area of Jilin Province, while high quality soil spreads around Changchun, between the northern of Nongan, the eastern of Jilin and the southern of Siping. The soil quality provided natural material base for land use structure and spatial distribution.
3. Spatial overlay analyzing land use status and soil quality in Jilin Province, the results showed that: cultivated land, garden plot, woodland and grassland in the high-grade (Grade4) soil area of cultivated land area, the total area of the garden, the total area of woodland and grassland of the total area distributed in20.52%,25.97%,23.57%and10.82%, and agricultural land soil quality degradation, particularly grassland, is relatively common. Compared the proportion of cultivated land, garden plot, woodland and grassland in the area of high-grade soil and province total area' high-grade soil (35.67%,0.44%,51.64%and1.85%), with that of cultivated land, garden plot, woodland and grassland area and province total land area'(36.78%,0.36%,46.37%and3.61%), it shows that the spatial distribution of agricultural land in Jilin province is reasonable, but requires a certain degree of adjustment.
4. Compared soil quality rating with unit level of grain in Jilin Province, it leads to the results that:with the impact of natural and human factors, grain production is decided jointly by the natural soil fertility, planting structure and input level factors. Mountain area of eastern Jilin province has lower grade of soil quality level, and by the constraint of economic input level, soil quality and unit level of grain show strong spatial coupling; although the western plain has a bottleneck of water resource, by the constraint of soil improvement and fertilizer and other agricultural inputs, unit level of grain is generally higher than the grade of soil quality.
5. After analyzing the productivity of soil-plant macronutrients abundance of agricultural land, it gets the results that: the soil improvement project and fertilizer inputs of western Jilin province can significantly enhance the contribution of agricultural land productivity; sustained investment at this stage can get higher outputs; the samples of diminishing returns to scale are mainly distributed in the middle of Jilin Province, so at present continued application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizer on agricultural land has no economic significance to improve agricultural productivity.
6. The purpose of this paper is to deeply analysis circulation characteristics of substances and energy in the soil-crop-economic society system, and to explore the stable condition of land eco-economic system. The evaluation indexes such as environment load rate, emergy self-sufficiency ratio and net emergy output rate are calculated by the data collection and analysis, using time series with county unit based on emergy theory. The calculated results indicate that:(1)The land use of Jilin province belongs to an production mode of paying equal attention to natural and social investment, and the total increase of agricultural production system depends on the input of industry supplemental energy and the affinity of natural environment;(2) The most outstanding problem in the land ecosystem is the continuous increase of environment load rate, the excessive development of land and the overweight ecological load which makes the soil fertility decline continually;(3) From the view of the space distribution, the total emergy output of Changchun district is significantly higher than the other regions, and the central and western region is slightly better than the eastern regions. Besides, the emergy output and soil quality show a space coupling;(4) the environment load rate of Changchun district is higher than the eastern counties. Changchun has good endowment in resources and environment, and possesses a high standard in science and technology development, its economy society is rapidly developing, the total population is continuously growing, the environment load is synchronously increasing and have already emerged some signs of overload.
7. This paper applied input-output analysis, based on the input-output form in2002and2007, and studied on agriculture with the industry spread effect, revenue promotion capacity and employment opportunities provided to the national economy of Jilin Province. The results show that:(1) agricultural output promoting ability and income multiplier effect should be slightly better than other industries in Jilin Province, which proves that the foundation industry status of agriculture has not changed;(2) from the calculation results of labor force multiplier, the tertiary industry has surpassed the traditional labor-intensive agriculture industry in employability, reflecting that the new urbanization in Jilin Province has entered into the stage of accelerated development. Input-output analysis has proved the basic characteristics of the land use management, demonstrating the difficulties in urbanization process of rural land utilization in China.
8. This paper selected the ecological service value coefficient and the ecological economic benefit coefficient as the parameters to the optimization model of land use structure, with analyzed the prediction of the relevant constraints, finally formed two optimization schemes of land use structure, which were the linear programming and the gray system programming. Based on MATLAB platform, then calculated the parameters, and finally got the optimization land use structure of Jilin Province:the optimal scale of cultivated land should be kept between553.1and551.0million hectares; the garden plot should be in10to130000hectares; the forest land should be kept from957.9to1012.8million hectares; the grassland should be kept between106and111million hectares; and the land for construction should be kept from107.2to120.2million hectares.
9. Based on the emergy theory, studied on land use structure optimization scheme with input-output analysis showed that:(1) linear programming is the highest scheme in both vital and unit area emergy output, respectively as2.0094×1023sej and1.0514×1011sej/m2;(2) the optimization scheme which total investment is greatest is the grey system programming, while the opposite goes to the linear programming;(3)the emergy density of Jilin Province in2020will reach the level of the developed countries'in the world, which shows that Jilin Province has a reasonable economic development scheme, and the linear programming can provide the highest emergy density;(4) per capita emergy of Jilin Province will reach more than1.5×1016sej/person in2020, which is close to the level of the developed countries', and the scheme goes to the grey system programming;(5) the linear programming model can give us the lowest environment load in2020in Jilin Province;(6) based on the land natural production capacity recovering and reconstructing, and to co-ordinate the quality of land and the needs of economic and social development, the optimization scheme of land use structure in Jilin Province is the linear programming.
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