不同气候条件下建筑外窗性能变化检测技术研究
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摘要
外窗是建筑围护结构的重要组成部分,性能优劣直接关系到居住的舒适度和建筑的节能降耗。建筑外窗的使用环境是一个多气候因素反复作用的气候环境,这种情况下外窗性能往往会变差甚至破坏,不同气候条件下建筑外窗性能变化检测技术可有效检测出外窗存在的质量缺陷,可为外窗产品质量的提高提供依据。外窗是建筑节能的重点,窗框又占外窗能耗的15%~30%,建立窗框保温性能检测技术对于窗框断面设计和改进、外窗的保温节能具有重要意义。
课题来源于国家“十一五”科技支撑计划的重点项目“典型地区用建筑外窗系统研究开发”。本文研究并建立了不同气候条件下建筑外窗性能变化检测方法和建筑外窗窗框保温性能检测方法,提出了相应检测设备的设计原理及方法,并对安装完成的检测设备进行了性能标定;测量了目前常见的外窗产品的性能,并对结果进行了分析。
对不同气候条件下建筑外窗性能变化及窗框保温性能检测技术进行了系统研究,得出的主要结果为:1)研究并建立了不同气候条件下建筑外窗性能变化检测方法,即试件一侧保持室内气候条件不变,另一侧进行室外冬夏气候循环作用。对试件的外观变化、渗漏情况、结露与否以及变形等性能进行同步观察与检测,以期发现试件存在的缺陷。2)根据检测方法的要求,进行了检测设备的功能系统设计。该检测设备主要由温度调控系统、湿度调控系统、淋雨系统、红外辐射系统和室内环境空间等几部分组成。3)对研制的设备进行了功能参数标定。结果表明,该设备基本符合检测方法要求,可进行下一步试验。4)对常见的两类外窗进行了寒冷地区气候条件试验。外窗在该气候条件作用下出现了渗漏、玻璃炸裂、结露等现象,说明不同气候条件下建筑外窗性能变化检测技术可有效检测出外窗试件潜在的缺陷,对产品质量的监督及改进具有重要意义。5)设计了建筑外窗窗框保温性能检测方法,研制并标定了相应的检测设备。多次验证性试验和比对性试验表明,该设备具有较高的准确度。6)对应用较多的两类外窗窗框产品进行了检测试验,并进行了理论计算。测试与计算结果具有较高的一致性,说明该检测技术具有较高可靠性。
本文建立的不同气候条件下建筑外窗性能变化检测技术与建筑外窗窗框保温性能检测技术,可有效检测建筑外窗在材料、结构设计及安装过程中存在的潜在缺陷,对建筑外窗窗框型材进行保温设计及保温性能质量监督检测,从而对提高我国建筑外窗质量及规范我国建筑外窗市场具有重要意义。
Windows were important part in building enclosure, whose performances relate to living conditions and energy saving. The actual environment of windows contained multiple climatic factors repeatedly acted, and windows performances may be deteriorate or even destroyed. Test method of windows between different climates could effectively detect potential defects of windows, and could provide improvement and guarantee of product quality. Window was the focus of building energy saving, and window frames accounted for 15% to 30% of energy consumption of all of windows. Test method on thermal performance of windows frames could improve the design of cross-section of windows frames, and had great significance to building energy-saving.
The theme sourced from scientific and technological item of National“Eleventh Five-Year”plan“The systematic research and development of windows in typical areas”. In this paper, test method of windows between different climates and thermal performance of windows frames was established, and design principle and methods of corresponding test equipments were provided. The equipments’performances were calibrated, and current windows were tested, and the results were analyzed.
Main results of research on test method of windows between different climates and thermal performance of windows frames were as follows: 1) Test method of windows between different climates was studied and set up. Indoor climate conditions were maintained when outdoor climate conditions were changed in different areas and different seasons. Appearance, leakage, condensation and deformation of specimens were observed and tested, to identify defects of windows. 2) According to test method, design on functions systems of test equipment was carried out. The equipment was composed of temperature and humidity control system, rain system, infrared radiation and indoor environment of space. 3) Founctions of the equipment were calibrated, and the results indicated that the equipment was in line with the requirements of test method and the test could carry out. 4) Tow windows were tested between climates of cold area, and the phenomenons of leakage, glass cracks, condensation emerged, shown that the test method could reflect potential defects of windows and the test method had great signnificance to quality supervision and improvement. 5) Test method on thermal performance of windows frames was designed, and corresponding test equipment was developed and calibrated. Confirmatory tests and comparative tests indicated that the equipment had a high accuracy. 6) Tests and calculations were carried out for two types of windows frames, and results of tests and calculations had a high consistency with high reliability.
In this paper, test technology of windows- behaviour between different climates and windows frames’thermal performance is established, which can effectively reflect potential defects on windows and improve the design and thermal performance of windows frames. The test technology have great significance to quality supervision of windows market, and can improve people’s living conditions and building energy- saving.
课题来源于国家“十一五”科技支撑计划的重点项目“典型地区用建筑外窗系统研究开发”。本文研究并建立了不同气候条件下建筑外窗性能变化检测方法和建筑外窗窗框保温性能检测方法,提出了相应检测设备的设计原理及方法,并对安装完成的检测设备进行了性能标定;测量了目前常见的外窗产品的性能,并对结果进行了分析。
对不同气候条件下建筑外窗性能变化及窗框保温性能检测技术进行了系统研究,得出的主要结果为:1)研究并建立了不同气候条件下建筑外窗性能变化检测方法,即试件一侧保持室内气候条件不变,另一侧进行室外冬夏气候循环作用。对试件的外观变化、渗漏情况、结露与否以及变形等性能进行同步观察与检测,以期发现试件存在的缺陷。2)根据检测方法的要求,进行了检测设备的功能系统设计。该检测设备主要由温度调控系统、湿度调控系统、淋雨系统、红外辐射系统和室内环境空间等几部分组成。3)对研制的设备进行了功能参数标定。结果表明,该设备基本符合检测方法要求,可进行下一步试验。4)对常见的两类外窗进行了寒冷地区气候条件试验。外窗在该气候条件作用下出现了渗漏、玻璃炸裂、结露等现象,说明不同气候条件下建筑外窗性能变化检测技术可有效检测出外窗试件潜在的缺陷,对产品质量的监督及改进具有重要意义。5)设计了建筑外窗窗框保温性能检测方法,研制并标定了相应的检测设备。多次验证性试验和比对性试验表明,该设备具有较高的准确度。6)对应用较多的两类外窗窗框产品进行了检测试验,并进行了理论计算。测试与计算结果具有较高的一致性,说明该检测技术具有较高可靠性。
本文建立的不同气候条件下建筑外窗性能变化检测技术与建筑外窗窗框保温性能检测技术,可有效检测建筑外窗在材料、结构设计及安装过程中存在的潜在缺陷,对建筑外窗窗框型材进行保温设计及保温性能质量监督检测,从而对提高我国建筑外窗质量及规范我国建筑外窗市场具有重要意义。
Windows were important part in building enclosure, whose performances relate to living conditions and energy saving. The actual environment of windows contained multiple climatic factors repeatedly acted, and windows performances may be deteriorate or even destroyed. Test method of windows between different climates could effectively detect potential defects of windows, and could provide improvement and guarantee of product quality. Window was the focus of building energy saving, and window frames accounted for 15% to 30% of energy consumption of all of windows. Test method on thermal performance of windows frames could improve the design of cross-section of windows frames, and had great significance to building energy-saving.
The theme sourced from scientific and technological item of National“Eleventh Five-Year”plan“The systematic research and development of windows in typical areas”. In this paper, test method of windows between different climates and thermal performance of windows frames was established, and design principle and methods of corresponding test equipments were provided. The equipments’performances were calibrated, and current windows were tested, and the results were analyzed.
Main results of research on test method of windows between different climates and thermal performance of windows frames were as follows: 1) Test method of windows between different climates was studied and set up. Indoor climate conditions were maintained when outdoor climate conditions were changed in different areas and different seasons. Appearance, leakage, condensation and deformation of specimens were observed and tested, to identify defects of windows. 2) According to test method, design on functions systems of test equipment was carried out. The equipment was composed of temperature and humidity control system, rain system, infrared radiation and indoor environment of space. 3) Founctions of the equipment were calibrated, and the results indicated that the equipment was in line with the requirements of test method and the test could carry out. 4) Tow windows were tested between climates of cold area, and the phenomenons of leakage, glass cracks, condensation emerged, shown that the test method could reflect potential defects of windows and the test method had great signnificance to quality supervision and improvement. 5) Test method on thermal performance of windows frames was designed, and corresponding test equipment was developed and calibrated. Confirmatory tests and comparative tests indicated that the equipment had a high accuracy. 6) Tests and calculations were carried out for two types of windows frames, and results of tests and calculations had a high consistency with high reliability.
In this paper, test technology of windows- behaviour between different climates and windows frames’thermal performance is established, which can effectively reflect potential defects on windows and improve the design and thermal performance of windows frames. The test technology have great significance to quality supervision of windows market, and can improve people’s living conditions and building energy- saving.
引文
1刘志海,李超等.低辐射玻璃及其应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006,9
2方展和.就北京市节能窗的发展,谈对节能窗的认识.节能窗技术[M],2003,9
3万成龙,王洪涛,孙诗兵.不同气候条件下建筑外窗性能变化检测方法研究.门窗[J],2008,12
4王洪涛,江勇.典型地区用建筑外窗系统研究开发.建设科技[J].2007,03:46-46
5朱洪祥.中空玻璃的生产与选用[M].山东:山东大学出版社,2006,10:1-1
6涂逢祥,王美君.节能窗技术进展.节能窗技术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003:22-22
7 DD ENV 13420:2000, Windows- Behaviour between different climates– Test method[S].
8 DIN V ENV 13420:2000,Windows- Behaviour between different climates– Test method[S].
9 BS DD ENV 13420:2000, Windows- Behaviour between different climates– Test method[S].
10 ASTM E1424-91(2000), Standard Test Method for Determining the Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under Specified Pressure and Temperature Differences Across the Specimen[S].
11 ASTM E 2264-05, Standard Practice for Determining the Effects of Temperature Cycling on Fenestration Products[S].
12 ISO 15099:2003, Thermal performance of windows, doors and shading devices- Detailed Calculations[S].
13 BS EN ISO 10077-2:2003, Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters- Calculation of thermal transmittance- Part 2: Numerical method for frames[S].
14董子忠.窗户传热系数的简化计算方法.节能窗技术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2003
15 JGJ/T 151-2008,建筑门窗玻璃幕墙热工计算规程[S].
16 THERM 5.2/WINDOW 5.2 NFRC Simulation Manual. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2006,7
17 Flixo Manual(Version 5.0). Infomind GmbH, Xurich, Switzerland.
18建筑门窗节能性能标识培训教材[M].建设部标准定额研究所建筑门窗节能性能标识专家委员会. 2007,3
19万成龙,王洪涛,孙诗兵,孙德岩.外窗型材热工性能的两个模拟软件差异分析.门窗[J]. 2008,11:54-56
20 BS EN 12412-2:2003, Thermal performace of windows, doors and shutters- Determination of thermal transmittance by hot box method- Part 2:Frames[S].
21万成龙,王洪涛,孙诗兵.建筑外窗窗框保温性能检测方法研究.门窗[J],2009,01:40-42.
22 GB/T 8484-2008,建筑外门窗保温性能分级及检测方法[S].
23朱颖心.建筑环境学(第二版)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005,07.
24叶歆.建筑热环境[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1996,04.
25章熙民,任泽霈.传热学(第四版)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004,07
26万成龙,王洪涛,孙诗兵.中空玻璃暖边技术及其发展.门窗[J],2008,07:30-34
27石民祥.铝合金窗与塑料窗国内外发展应用及性能特点综合比较分析.节能窗技术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003:57-67.
28 GB 50176-93,民用建筑热工设计规范[S].
29 SJ/Z 9001.12-87,基本环境试验规程,第二部分:各种试验-试验Sa:模拟地面上的太阳辐射[S].
30 ISO 6445:2005, Doors- Behaviour between two different climates- Test method[S].
31 GB/T 7108-2002,建筑外窗水密性能分级及检测方法[S].
32 GB/T 8484-2002,建筑外窗保温性能分级及检测方法[S].
33 GB/T 8485-2002,建筑外窗隔声性能分级及检测方法[S].
34 GB/T 11976-2002,建筑外窗采光性能分级及检测方法[S].
35 GB/T 7107-2002,建筑外窗气密性能分级及检测方法[S].
36 GB/T 7106-2002,建筑外窗抗风压性能分级及检测方法[S].
37刘加平.建筑物理(第三版)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000,12
38段进,倪栋,王国业.ANSYS 10.0结构分析从入门到精通[M].北京:兵器工业出版社, 2006,10
39张朝晖.ANSYS热分析教程与实例解析[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2007,05
40 ISO 12567-1,Thermal performance of windows and doors——determination of thermal transmittance by hot box method- Part 1: Complete windows and doors[S].
41 ISO 10292:1994(E),Glass in building– Calculation of steady- state U values(thermal transmittance) of multiple glazing[S].
42寇玉德.中、美、日三国建筑门窗保温性能检测标准的比较.门窗[J],2008,09:30-35
43王承遇,陈敏,陈建华.玻璃制造工艺[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006,07
2方展和.就北京市节能窗的发展,谈对节能窗的认识.节能窗技术[M],2003,9
3万成龙,王洪涛,孙诗兵.不同气候条件下建筑外窗性能变化检测方法研究.门窗[J],2008,12
4王洪涛,江勇.典型地区用建筑外窗系统研究开发.建设科技[J].2007,03:46-46
5朱洪祥.中空玻璃的生产与选用[M].山东:山东大学出版社,2006,10:1-1
6涂逢祥,王美君.节能窗技术进展.节能窗技术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003:22-22
7 DD ENV 13420:2000, Windows- Behaviour between different climates– Test method[S].
8 DIN V ENV 13420:2000,Windows- Behaviour between different climates– Test method[S].
9 BS DD ENV 13420:2000, Windows- Behaviour between different climates– Test method[S].
10 ASTM E1424-91(2000), Standard Test Method for Determining the Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under Specified Pressure and Temperature Differences Across the Specimen[S].
11 ASTM E 2264-05, Standard Practice for Determining the Effects of Temperature Cycling on Fenestration Products[S].
12 ISO 15099:2003, Thermal performance of windows, doors and shading devices- Detailed Calculations[S].
13 BS EN ISO 10077-2:2003, Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters- Calculation of thermal transmittance- Part 2: Numerical method for frames[S].
14董子忠.窗户传热系数的简化计算方法.节能窗技术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2003
15 JGJ/T 151-2008,建筑门窗玻璃幕墙热工计算规程[S].
16 THERM 5.2/WINDOW 5.2 NFRC Simulation Manual. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2006,7
17 Flixo Manual(Version 5.0). Infomind GmbH, Xurich, Switzerland.
18建筑门窗节能性能标识培训教材[M].建设部标准定额研究所建筑门窗节能性能标识专家委员会. 2007,3
19万成龙,王洪涛,孙诗兵,孙德岩.外窗型材热工性能的两个模拟软件差异分析.门窗[J]. 2008,11:54-56
20 BS EN 12412-2:2003, Thermal performace of windows, doors and shutters- Determination of thermal transmittance by hot box method- Part 2:Frames[S].
21万成龙,王洪涛,孙诗兵.建筑外窗窗框保温性能检测方法研究.门窗[J],2009,01:40-42.
22 GB/T 8484-2008,建筑外门窗保温性能分级及检测方法[S].
23朱颖心.建筑环境学(第二版)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005,07.
24叶歆.建筑热环境[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1996,04.
25章熙民,任泽霈.传热学(第四版)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004,07
26万成龙,王洪涛,孙诗兵.中空玻璃暖边技术及其发展.门窗[J],2008,07:30-34
27石民祥.铝合金窗与塑料窗国内外发展应用及性能特点综合比较分析.节能窗技术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003:57-67.
28 GB 50176-93,民用建筑热工设计规范[S].
29 SJ/Z 9001.12-87,基本环境试验规程,第二部分:各种试验-试验Sa:模拟地面上的太阳辐射[S].
30 ISO 6445:2005, Doors- Behaviour between two different climates- Test method[S].
31 GB/T 7108-2002,建筑外窗水密性能分级及检测方法[S].
32 GB/T 8484-2002,建筑外窗保温性能分级及检测方法[S].
33 GB/T 8485-2002,建筑外窗隔声性能分级及检测方法[S].
34 GB/T 11976-2002,建筑外窗采光性能分级及检测方法[S].
35 GB/T 7107-2002,建筑外窗气密性能分级及检测方法[S].
36 GB/T 7106-2002,建筑外窗抗风压性能分级及检测方法[S].
37刘加平.建筑物理(第三版)[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000,12
38段进,倪栋,王国业.ANSYS 10.0结构分析从入门到精通[M].北京:兵器工业出版社, 2006,10
39张朝晖.ANSYS热分析教程与实例解析[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2007,05
40 ISO 12567-1,Thermal performance of windows and doors——determination of thermal transmittance by hot box method- Part 1: Complete windows and doors[S].
41 ISO 10292:1994(E),Glass in building– Calculation of steady- state U values(thermal transmittance) of multiple glazing[S].
42寇玉德.中、美、日三国建筑门窗保温性能检测标准的比较.门窗[J],2008,09:30-35
43王承遇,陈敏,陈建华.玻璃制造工艺[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006,07