大麦条纹病病原菌及防治研究
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摘要
1.2008～2010年对甘肃省各大麦种植区大麦条纹病症状和发病情况进行了调查,结果表明:大麦条纹病在甘肃主要有四个症状类型,即苗枯型、条纹型、锁口型、白穗型,各类型出现时期和部位各有不同,严重程度主要取决于大麦各生育期的湿度和温度。试验表明,种子带菌是大麦条纹病的主要初侵染源,种子消毒处理,能很好的控制大麦条纹病的发生发展。土壤中残存的大麦条纹病病菌,也是大麦条纹病的初侵染源,但在整个初侵染源中所占比例很小。大麦条纹病存在再侵染现象,其程度主要取决于初侵染量和气候条件。大麦条纹病发生危害程度主要与气候条件、品种抗病性、种子带菌率以及预防力度有关。
2.通过对甘肃省各地大麦条纹病病菌的致病性测定、形态学和生态学研究,确定了甘肃省大麦条纹病致病菌为禾内脐蠕孢(Drechslera graminea (Rabenh.ex Schlecht.)Shoem.)。该菌生长最适宜的培养基是马铃薯蔗糖琼脂培养基(PSA)和马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA),温度是25℃,pH是7。蔗糖和可溶性淀粉为最佳碳源,甘氨酸和硝酸钠为最佳氮源。
3.采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)分析法,对甘肃省不同地区大麦上分离到的11个条纹病病菌标样,通过筛选出的10个随机引物的扩增,得到61条清晰条带,检测到的多态性条带42条,占总检测条带的68.85%,平均每个多态性引物检测到的多态性条带为4.66条。11份供试材料间遗传距离(GD)的范围为0.02-0.31,遗传距离与病原菌生存的大麦类别以及致病性有相关性。其中永昌东寨和永昌朱王堡组群,体现了弱致病性,SDB1、GL1、JTC1、JCS1、QWC1、WWWX1和JTZ1组群,体现了中等致病性,而天祝华藏寺和甘南碌曲县组群,均是从青稞上分离到的,致病性较强,与其他啤酒大麦上分离到的菌株之间差距较大,存在着明显的生理分化现象。
4.针对大麦条纹病病原菌禾内脐蠕孢(Drechslera graminea (Rabenh.ex Schlecht.)Shoem.),采用8种杀菌剂在室内进行了毒力测定。结果表明所选杀菌剂对禾内脐蠕孢菌均有抑制毒力,但不同杀菌剂之间抑菌差异比较大。10%二硫氰基甲烷(methylene bisthiocyanate)乳油、25%丙环唑(propiconazole)乳油、10%苯醚甲环唑(difenoconazole)水分散粒剂、12.5%烯唑醇(diniconazole)可湿性粉剂和3%敌萎丹(Dividend )悬浮种衣剂等5种杀菌剂对禾内脐蠕孢菌抑菌力最强,15%粉锈宁(triadmefon)可湿性粉剂、80%乙蒜素(ethylicin )水剂抑菌效果次之,而50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂(carbendazim)对禾内脐蠕孢菌作用较差。
5.在大麦条纹病防治研究方面,室内室外药剂拌种发芽测定和两年的大田种子处理试验,得出0.5%二硫氰基甲烷种衣剂、3%敌萎丹悬浮种衣剂、10%二硫氰基甲烷乳油等三个药剂对大麦条纹病都有很好的防治效果,尤其自主研究配制的0.5%二硫氰基甲烷种衣剂,成本低、实用安全,用量少,能减轻化学农药对环境的污染,具有很高的经济和生态效益,值得进一步示范推广。
6.通过室内盆栽、离体接种和田间试验,得出9821-137、9821-118、9810-49、1109050M、9413-6-3-3、B1614、甘啤4号等品种对大麦条纹病有较强的抗性。
1. Symptoms and incidence of barley leaf stripe disease in several districts of Gansu province were investigated in 2008-2010.The results showed there are four types of symptoms on the barley in Gansu province.We named seedling blight, leaf stripe, no ear and white ear. The four types of barley leaf stripe disease need different environment conditions and different breeding period of barley. Temperature and air humidity were critical component to epidemic types of barley leaf stripe disease. The seed-borne fungus was the main primary infection of barley leaf stripe disease. There are two effective ways to control barley leaf stripe disease. First,to select varity which can resist barley leaf stripe disease and also come from field where barley leaf stripe disease was very light or not occuring. Second,to treat seed with fungicide.
2. The chief pathogen of barley leaf stripe disease in different districts of Gansu province, according to their morphology, cultural characteristics and pathogenicity, was identified as Drechslera graminea(Rabenh.ex Schlecht.)Shoem. By studing of biological characteristics of D. graminea (Rabenh)Shoem,the results showed that 25℃,PH7 can promote the mycelial growth. PSA and PDA media were the suitable media. Sucrose and soluble starch were the suitable carbon sources. Glycine and NaNO3 were the optimum nitrogen sources.
3. Genome DNA of all strains were analyzed by RAPD with 10 random primers. A total 61 RAPD bands were amplified by using 10 random primers, among which, 68.85% were found to be polymorphic. The genetic distance range of the 11 strains was 0.02-0.31. The genetic distance was closely related to gene of barley and pathogenicity of Drechslera spp..The 11 strains of Drechslera spp. were classified four groups based on cluster analysis. Group A: strains came from Yongchang Dongzhai,their pathogenicity was very weak; Group B: strains came from Ganlan Luqu and Tanzhu Huazangsi, isolated from highland barley,had strong pathogenicity; The pathogenicity of the others strains was between the Group A and Group B. The results foreshowed that the physiological differentiation of Drechslera graminea exists in Gansu province.
4. In this study, we investigated the control effects of 8 kinds of fungicide against Drechslera graminea. The results showed that all of them have obvious effects on the growth of pathogen, but there are differences among them. Five fungicide namely 10%methylene bisthiocyanate, 25%propiconazole, 10%difenoconazole, 12.5% diniconazole and 3% Dividend are extremely effective to Drechslera graminea. 15% triadmefon and 80%ethylicin have less effects,however, 50% carbendazim have n’t any effects to Drechslera graminea .
5. There is no harmful effect on the germination percentage of barley among different dosage of different fungicides under indoor and outdoor experiments. In field fungicides test to control the Drechslera graminea by different fungicide treatment from 2009 to 2010, the results demonstrated that 0.5% methylene bisthiocyanate seed coating agent, 3% Dividend SC and 10% methylene bisthiocyanate EC could control barley leaf stripe disease effectively. Especially,0.5% methylene bisthiocyanate seed coating agent have a striking effect to control barley leaf stripe disease,also practical and cheap.
6. By indoor experiments and in field testing, the results demonstrated that 9821-137、9821-118、9810-49、1109050M、9413-6-3-3、B1614、Ganpi No.4 elc barley varities could resistant against D. graminea(Rabenh.ex Schlecht.) Shoem.
2.通过对甘肃省各地大麦条纹病病菌的致病性测定、形态学和生态学研究,确定了甘肃省大麦条纹病致病菌为禾内脐蠕孢(Drechslera graminea (Rabenh.ex Schlecht.)Shoem.)。该菌生长最适宜的培养基是马铃薯蔗糖琼脂培养基(PSA)和马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA),温度是25℃,pH是7。蔗糖和可溶性淀粉为最佳碳源,甘氨酸和硝酸钠为最佳氮源。
3.采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)分析法,对甘肃省不同地区大麦上分离到的11个条纹病病菌标样,通过筛选出的10个随机引物的扩增,得到61条清晰条带,检测到的多态性条带42条,占总检测条带的68.85%,平均每个多态性引物检测到的多态性条带为4.66条。11份供试材料间遗传距离(GD)的范围为0.02-0.31,遗传距离与病原菌生存的大麦类别以及致病性有相关性。其中永昌东寨和永昌朱王堡组群,体现了弱致病性,SDB1、GL1、JTC1、JCS1、QWC1、WWWX1和JTZ1组群,体现了中等致病性,而天祝华藏寺和甘南碌曲县组群,均是从青稞上分离到的,致病性较强,与其他啤酒大麦上分离到的菌株之间差距较大,存在着明显的生理分化现象。
4.针对大麦条纹病病原菌禾内脐蠕孢(Drechslera graminea (Rabenh.ex Schlecht.)Shoem.),采用8种杀菌剂在室内进行了毒力测定。结果表明所选杀菌剂对禾内脐蠕孢菌均有抑制毒力,但不同杀菌剂之间抑菌差异比较大。10%二硫氰基甲烷(methylene bisthiocyanate)乳油、25%丙环唑(propiconazole)乳油、10%苯醚甲环唑(difenoconazole)水分散粒剂、12.5%烯唑醇(diniconazole)可湿性粉剂和3%敌萎丹(Dividend )悬浮种衣剂等5种杀菌剂对禾内脐蠕孢菌抑菌力最强,15%粉锈宁(triadmefon)可湿性粉剂、80%乙蒜素(ethylicin )水剂抑菌效果次之,而50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂(carbendazim)对禾内脐蠕孢菌作用较差。
5.在大麦条纹病防治研究方面,室内室外药剂拌种发芽测定和两年的大田种子处理试验,得出0.5%二硫氰基甲烷种衣剂、3%敌萎丹悬浮种衣剂、10%二硫氰基甲烷乳油等三个药剂对大麦条纹病都有很好的防治效果,尤其自主研究配制的0.5%二硫氰基甲烷种衣剂,成本低、实用安全,用量少,能减轻化学农药对环境的污染,具有很高的经济和生态效益,值得进一步示范推广。
6.通过室内盆栽、离体接种和田间试验,得出9821-137、9821-118、9810-49、1109050M、9413-6-3-3、B1614、甘啤4号等品种对大麦条纹病有较强的抗性。
1. Symptoms and incidence of barley leaf stripe disease in several districts of Gansu province were investigated in 2008-2010.The results showed there are four types of symptoms on the barley in Gansu province.We named seedling blight, leaf stripe, no ear and white ear. The four types of barley leaf stripe disease need different environment conditions and different breeding period of barley. Temperature and air humidity were critical component to epidemic types of barley leaf stripe disease. The seed-borne fungus was the main primary infection of barley leaf stripe disease. There are two effective ways to control barley leaf stripe disease. First,to select varity which can resist barley leaf stripe disease and also come from field where barley leaf stripe disease was very light or not occuring. Second,to treat seed with fungicide.
2. The chief pathogen of barley leaf stripe disease in different districts of Gansu province, according to their morphology, cultural characteristics and pathogenicity, was identified as Drechslera graminea(Rabenh.ex Schlecht.)Shoem. By studing of biological characteristics of D. graminea (Rabenh)Shoem,the results showed that 25℃,PH7 can promote the mycelial growth. PSA and PDA media were the suitable media. Sucrose and soluble starch were the suitable carbon sources. Glycine and NaNO3 were the optimum nitrogen sources.
3. Genome DNA of all strains were analyzed by RAPD with 10 random primers. A total 61 RAPD bands were amplified by using 10 random primers, among which, 68.85% were found to be polymorphic. The genetic distance range of the 11 strains was 0.02-0.31. The genetic distance was closely related to gene of barley and pathogenicity of Drechslera spp..The 11 strains of Drechslera spp. were classified four groups based on cluster analysis. Group A: strains came from Yongchang Dongzhai,their pathogenicity was very weak; Group B: strains came from Ganlan Luqu and Tanzhu Huazangsi, isolated from highland barley,had strong pathogenicity; The pathogenicity of the others strains was between the Group A and Group B. The results foreshowed that the physiological differentiation of Drechslera graminea exists in Gansu province.
4. In this study, we investigated the control effects of 8 kinds of fungicide against Drechslera graminea. The results showed that all of them have obvious effects on the growth of pathogen, but there are differences among them. Five fungicide namely 10%methylene bisthiocyanate, 25%propiconazole, 10%difenoconazole, 12.5% diniconazole and 3% Dividend are extremely effective to Drechslera graminea. 15% triadmefon and 80%ethylicin have less effects,however, 50% carbendazim have n’t any effects to Drechslera graminea .
5. There is no harmful effect on the germination percentage of barley among different dosage of different fungicides under indoor and outdoor experiments. In field fungicides test to control the Drechslera graminea by different fungicide treatment from 2009 to 2010, the results demonstrated that 0.5% methylene bisthiocyanate seed coating agent, 3% Dividend SC and 10% methylene bisthiocyanate EC could control barley leaf stripe disease effectively. Especially,0.5% methylene bisthiocyanate seed coating agent have a striking effect to control barley leaf stripe disease,also practical and cheap.
6. By indoor experiments and in field testing, the results demonstrated that 9821-137、9821-118、9810-49、1109050M、9413-6-3-3、B1614、Ganpi No.4 elc barley varities could resistant against D. graminea(Rabenh.ex Schlecht.) Shoem.
引文
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