有机锡污染对太平洋牡蛎生理生化特性的影响
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摘要
20世纪60年代,以三丁基锡(tributyltin,TBT) 三苯基锡(triphenyltin,TPT)等有机锡化合物为活性成分的防污漆开始大量投入使用,以防止污损生物对船体和海洋建筑的附着和污损作用。这种防污漆的使用虽然给航运业带来了巨大的经济利润,但也产生了严峻的环境问题。本文以易受有机锡污染影响的牡蛎为实验材料,从生化、细胞和分子水平上探讨了有机锡污染对近海软体动物生理生化特性的影响,以期为进一步有效控制使用有机锡化合物提供理论依据。主要结果如下:
     经不同浓度的TBT处理96h后,牡蛎体内碱性磷酸酶(ALP)在低TBT浓度下活性降低,在高浓度下活性升高;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随TBT浓度的增加而显著降低。
     从未受污染的牡蛎个体中分离的碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活性、耐热性、耐酸碱性均随TBT浓度的增大而降低。
     TBT对太平洋牡蛎血细胞的吞噬功能无论在活体还是在离体条件下均有抑制作用,且随着浓度的增加抑制程度增大。活体处理组的降低幅度显著低于离体处理组,即血细胞在离体条件下要比在活体条件下对TBT敏感。
     经过TBT处理5天后的牡蛎细胞随着TBT浓度增大其损伤和死亡率显著增加,但在低TBT浓度(0.02~2μg/L)下,细胞死亡率与对照组差异不显著。
     利用RAPD技术对TBT处理细胞提取的DNA进行分析,在各TBT处理组与对照组相比共扩增出72条差异性片段。差异条带的数量与TBT处理浓度不存在相关性。有些实验组与对照组扩增出相同的条带,但荧光强度有差异。
     单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)的结果显示,牡蛎鳃细胞DNA的损伤程度与TBT浓度存在明显的剂量-效应关系。与对照组相比,6种不同浓度的TBT均可引起鳃细胞DNA受损,表明TBT对牡蛎有一定的遗传毒性。
     本文的实验结果表明,TBT对太平洋牡蛎在生化、细胞及分子水平上均有一定程度的影响。
Since 1960s, organotin compounds, such as tributyltin(TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) were widely used as effective components in antifouling paints to prevent fouling creature from adhereing to ship and ocean construct. Although this kind of paints has brought about great profit to the shipping, it brought severe environmental problem. In this paper, we took oyster which was easily suffered from organotin compounds pollution as material and studied the effects of organotin compounds on oyster from point of view of biochemistry, cell and molecular biology. The results showed as follows:
    The activities of Alkaline Phosphatase(ALP) and Superoxide Dismustase (SOD) of the oysters cultured at varied TBT levels for 96h showed different changes. The activity of ALP decreased at low TBT concentrations but increased at high concentrations and that of SOD markedly declined with increasing TBT concentrations.
    ALP and SOD isolated and purified from the oyster which were collected from unpolluted sea area were treated by TBT. Their activities, heat-proof, acid-proof and alkaline-proof of the two enzymes were inhibited with increasing TBT concentrations.
    The effect of TBT on the phagocytic activity of oyster haemocytes was studied in vitro and in vivo. TBT pollution could apparently inhibit the phagocytic activity of haemocytes, and the effect increased with increasing TBT concentrations. It was found that haemocytes were more sensitive to TBT in vitro than that in vivo.
    The cell activity exposed to different TBT concentrations for 5 days reduced as TBT concentrations increased. But the cells death rate compared with control had insignificant difference at low doses (0.02-2 P g/L).
    There were 72 differential DNA fragments in the cells disposed to different levels of TBT compared with control by the random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD). The number of differential DNA fragments had no relativity with the TBT concentrations. Some of the same fragments were different in fluorescence strength.
    The results of single cell gelelectrophoresis(SCGE) showed that there was a significant dose-effect between TBT concentrations and DNA damage of gill cells.
    
    
    
    DNA-damaged gill cells were assayed in six concentrations of TBT compared with the control and the percentage of DNA-damaged gill cells increased with increasing TBT concentrations. It was suggested that TBT might have genetic toxicity to oyster.
    The results in the present study suggested TBT pollution had effects on Crassostrea gigas in the aspects of biochemistry -, cell and molecular biology.
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