不同形态有机锡化合物与生物分子相互作用的研究
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摘要
近年的研究表明,环境中的许多化学物质,包括天然的和合成的,都具有干扰内分泌系统的作用,这些物质被称为内分泌干扰物质,包括有机锡化合物在内,目前已发现了至少有近百种这样的化学物质。这些物质会影响生物最基本的生殖功能,干扰荷尔蒙分子,造成生物生长和遗传方面的不良后果。这个方面的研究是目前国际环境科学领域的一个热点。有机锡化合物(如三丁基锡(TBT)和三苯基锡(TPT)等)由于具有良好的杀菌灭藻以及防止牡蛎等海洋生物附着于船体的功能,是船体防污涂料中的重要组成部分。但是,有机锡化合物在防污的同时,对海洋鱼类、甲壳类动物、软体动物和海洋藻类等生物的影响也是非常大的。海洋生物对有机锡化合物有很强的富集能力,富集倍数大约在5000-10000倍之间。因此,在浓度很低的情况下就能引起上述海洋生物累积性中毒或引起可怕的生殖逆向性变化。另外,海洋生物对有机锡化合物这种很强的富集能力,可使有机锡化合物通过食物链进入人体,间接地对人体的健康产生危害。关于有机锡化合物对人类、野生动物和海洋生物的影响研究越来越强烈地表明禁止和限制在船体防污涂料中使用有机锡化合物的重要性。
迄今为止,国内外有关海洋环境中有机锡化合物影响的研究基本上局限于个体和种群水平,研究重点主要集中于各种生物的急慢性毒性试验。对于有机锡化合物的入海过程、入海后的存在形态以及海洋中有机锡化合物的富集、转移、沉积和降解等的全过程,特别是有机锡化合物降解过程中和降解后的毒性还缺乏系统和完整的研究。有关有机锡化合物在分子水平的致毒机理及生物体对有机锡化合物解毒机制方面的研究还很肤浅,多数仅限于初步研究和猜测阶段。
我国关于有机锡化合物对海洋环境影响的研究还刚刚起步,与国际水平相比有相当大的差距。据有关方面专家估计,今后有关有机锡化合物研究将集中在以下几个方面:(1) 结合遗传学、生理学、细胞学、生物化学及分子生物学,研究亚致死浓度下的有机锡化合物对海洋生物生活过程及各种生理功能长期的影响。
Recent studies have already indicated that a lot of chemical substances in the environment, including natural and synthetic ones, have the action of interfering the endocrine systems. These substances are called the endocrine interference substances. At present, including organotin compounds, about one hundred kinds of such chemical substances have been found. These substances can influence basic procreation function of living organisms and interfere the hormone molecule, which cause the bad consequence in the aspects of biological growth and heredity. This study is presently a hotspot in the field of international environmental science. The organotin compounds, such as tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) are the important components in the antifouling paints of hulls, because they can kill bacteria or destroy alga, and prevent halobios such as oysters from clinging to hulls. However, the organotin compounds have very obvious influence on living creatures such as marine fish, shellfish, mollusk and marine alga. The marine creatures have very strong enrichment ability to the organotin compounds and the enrichment factor is between 5000 and 10000 times. Therefore, the organotin compounds can cause the accumulation poison to halobios mentioned above or the terrible reversible change of procreation even at very low concentration of TBT and TPT. Otherwise, the enrichment ability of the halobios can make the organotin compounds enter living bodies and bring the harms to the body health. The investigation about the influence on human beings, wild animal and halobios more and more obviously indicates that it is important to forbid and restrict the use of TBT and TPT compounds in the antifouling paints.
So far, the domestic and overseas researches on influence of organotin compounds in ocean environment have been limited basically at individual and population level and the emphasis of researches has been concentrated mainly on the study of the acute and chronic biological toxicity. However, the process of entering the ocean and existing forms in the ocean after entering the ocean as well as the whole processes of the enrichment, transport, sediment and degradation of organotin compounds in marine environment, especially the toxicities of organotin compounds during or after the degradation, have not studied systemically and completely yet. The researches on the toxic mechanism and detoxifying mechanism of the organotin compounds in the living bodies at molecular levels are superficial and then the most researches are preliminary or in conjectural stage.The researches about the influence of the organotin compounds on ocean environment began just now in our country and the level was not high comparing with the international research. On the basis of the estimation of corresponding experts, in the future the researches of organotin compounds will be concentrated on following aspects. (1) The effects of the organotin compounds on living process of halobios and various physiological functions under sublethal concentration will be studied by integrating genetics, physiology, cytology, biochemistry and molecular biology. (2) The effects of the organotin compounds on the population composition of the halobios community will be studied from the halobios community and the level of the ocean ecology.The TBT and TPT compounds in the sea water degrade gradually because of the irradiation of sunlight and action of some microorganism. In addition, once entering human bodies the TBT and TPT compounds also degrade gradually under the action of some biomolecules. In fact, the biological toxicity of the TBT and TPT compounds also include the toxicity of their degraded monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT), monophenyltin (MPT) and diphenyltin (DPT) compounds. In the past, researchers only paid close attention to the toxicity of TBT and TPT compounds in macroscopical animal experiments (such as acute toxicity, chronic toxicity and lethal dose 50, etc.), and then ignored the interaction of TBT and TPT as well as MBT, DBT, MPT, and DPT compounds wi
迄今为止,国内外有关海洋环境中有机锡化合物影响的研究基本上局限于个体和种群水平,研究重点主要集中于各种生物的急慢性毒性试验。对于有机锡化合物的入海过程、入海后的存在形态以及海洋中有机锡化合物的富集、转移、沉积和降解等的全过程,特别是有机锡化合物降解过程中和降解后的毒性还缺乏系统和完整的研究。有关有机锡化合物在分子水平的致毒机理及生物体对有机锡化合物解毒机制方面的研究还很肤浅,多数仅限于初步研究和猜测阶段。
我国关于有机锡化合物对海洋环境影响的研究还刚刚起步,与国际水平相比有相当大的差距。据有关方面专家估计,今后有关有机锡化合物研究将集中在以下几个方面:(1) 结合遗传学、生理学、细胞学、生物化学及分子生物学,研究亚致死浓度下的有机锡化合物对海洋生物生活过程及各种生理功能长期的影响。
Recent studies have already indicated that a lot of chemical substances in the environment, including natural and synthetic ones, have the action of interfering the endocrine systems. These substances are called the endocrine interference substances. At present, including organotin compounds, about one hundred kinds of such chemical substances have been found. These substances can influence basic procreation function of living organisms and interfere the hormone molecule, which cause the bad consequence in the aspects of biological growth and heredity. This study is presently a hotspot in the field of international environmental science. The organotin compounds, such as tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) are the important components in the antifouling paints of hulls, because they can kill bacteria or destroy alga, and prevent halobios such as oysters from clinging to hulls. However, the organotin compounds have very obvious influence on living creatures such as marine fish, shellfish, mollusk and marine alga. The marine creatures have very strong enrichment ability to the organotin compounds and the enrichment factor is between 5000 and 10000 times. Therefore, the organotin compounds can cause the accumulation poison to halobios mentioned above or the terrible reversible change of procreation even at very low concentration of TBT and TPT. Otherwise, the enrichment ability of the halobios can make the organotin compounds enter living bodies and bring the harms to the body health. The investigation about the influence on human beings, wild animal and halobios more and more obviously indicates that it is important to forbid and restrict the use of TBT and TPT compounds in the antifouling paints.
So far, the domestic and overseas researches on influence of organotin compounds in ocean environment have been limited basically at individual and population level and the emphasis of researches has been concentrated mainly on the study of the acute and chronic biological toxicity. However, the process of entering the ocean and existing forms in the ocean after entering the ocean as well as the whole processes of the enrichment, transport, sediment and degradation of organotin compounds in marine environment, especially the toxicities of organotin compounds during or after the degradation, have not studied systemically and completely yet. The researches on the toxic mechanism and detoxifying mechanism of the organotin compounds in the living bodies at molecular levels are superficial and then the most researches are preliminary or in conjectural stage.The researches about the influence of the organotin compounds on ocean environment began just now in our country and the level was not high comparing with the international research. On the basis of the estimation of corresponding experts, in the future the researches of organotin compounds will be concentrated on following aspects. (1) The effects of the organotin compounds on living process of halobios and various physiological functions under sublethal concentration will be studied by integrating genetics, physiology, cytology, biochemistry and molecular biology. (2) The effects of the organotin compounds on the population composition of the halobios community will be studied from the halobios community and the level of the ocean ecology.The TBT and TPT compounds in the sea water degrade gradually because of the irradiation of sunlight and action of some microorganism. In addition, once entering human bodies the TBT and TPT compounds also degrade gradually under the action of some biomolecules. In fact, the biological toxicity of the TBT and TPT compounds also include the toxicity of their degraded monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT), monophenyltin (MPT) and diphenyltin (DPT) compounds. In the past, researchers only paid close attention to the toxicity of TBT and TPT compounds in macroscopical animal experiments (such as acute toxicity, chronic toxicity and lethal dose 50, etc.), and then ignored the interaction of TBT and TPT as well as MBT, DBT, MPT, and DPT compounds wi
引文
[1] Harino H, Fukushinna M, Yamamoto Y, et al. Organotin compounds in water sediment and biological samples from the port of Osaka, Japan[J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 1998, 35: 558.
[2] 施华宏,黄长江.有机锡污染与海产腹足类性畸变[J].生态学报,2001,21(10):1711.
[3] Gibbs P E, Pascoe P L, Burt G R. J. Sex change in the female dog-whelk, Nucella lap illus, induced by TBT from anti-fouling paints[J]. Marine Biological Association UK, 1988, 68: 715.
[4] 江桂斌,徐福正,何滨.有机锡化合物测定方法研究进展[J].海洋环境科学,1999,18(3):61.
[5] 阿那尼,黄玉瑶.氯化二丁基锡对雄性小鼠睾丸和精于质量的影响[J].动物学报,2000,6(4):392.
[6] 徐晓白,戴树桂,黄玉瑶.典型化学污染物在环境中的变化及生态效应[M],第1版.北京:科学出版社,1998:133.
[7] 徐晓白,戴树桂,黄玉瑶.典型化学污染物在环境中的变化及生态效应[M],第1版.北京:科学出版社,1998:131.
[8] John S T, Landersteiner D H. Organotin compounds and living organisms[M]. NY: Academic Press, 1984, 1.
[9] 张龙翔,张庭芳,李令媛.生化实验方法和技术[M],第2版.北京:高等教育出版社,1997:232.
[10] Chaudhuri D, Horrocks W D Jr, Amburgey J C, et al. Characterization of lanthanide ion binding to the EF-hand protein S100 beta by luminescence spectroscopy[J]. Biochemistry, 1997, 36(32): 9674.
[11] Cheng Y, Chen B, Lu J, et al. The reaction of Lanthanide ions with ndoxyl steearic acides and its utilization for the ESR study on the permeability of lipid bilayer of erythocyte membrane to gadolinium ion[J]. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 1998, 69(1-2): 1.
[12] Ulrich K H. Molecular aspects of ligand binding to serum albumin[J]. Pharmacological Reviews, 1981, 33(1): 17.
[13] 易平贵,商志才,俞庆森.丝裂霉素C与牛血清白蛋白结合作用的研究[J].化学学报,2000,58(12):1649.
[14] Morrow J R, Kolos A K. Cleavage of DNA by nickel complexes[J]. Inorganica Chimica Acta, 1992, 195: 245.
[15] 李晓晶,王志强,陈继,张树攻等.稀土离子(Ⅲ)与牛血清白蛋白作用的紫外光谱[J].应用化学,1998,15(1):5.
[16] 康玉专,沈鹤柏,罗衍庆,杨海峰,邵丽.稀土金属离子和牛血清白蛋白作用的光谱研究[J].稀土,2002,23(5):23.
[17] Kamat B P, Seetharamappa J. In vitro study on the interaction of mechanism of tricyclic compounds with bovine serum albumin[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2004, 35: 655.
[18] Harris W R. Estimation of the ferrous trasferrin binding constants based on thermodynamics studies of nickel(Ⅱ) trasferrin[J]. Inorganic Chemistry, 1986, 69(1-2): 1.
[19] Evans C H. Influence of extracellular calcium on cell permeabilization and growth regulation by the lymphpkine leukoregulin[P]. Biochemistry of the Lanthanides, NY: Plenum Press, 1990: 85.
[20] Qian Z M, Tang P L. A dynamic observation on the microstructure of a water-based electro-meological fluid using an optical microscope[J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Acta 1995, 1269: 205.
[21] Breno P E, Renato N. Interactions of antitumoral platinum-group metallodrugs with Albumin[J]. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2002, 232: 137.
[22] Chiba T, Yoshimura T, Esumi K. Physicochemical properties of aqueous mixed solutions of sugar-persubstituted poly(amidoamine)dendrimers and bovine serum albumin[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemistry Engineering Aspects, 2003, 214: 157.
[23] Liu J Q, Tian J N, Tian X, Hua Z D, and Chen X G. Interaction of isofraxidin with human serum albumin[J]. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 2004, 12: 469.
[24] Gelamo E L, Tabak M. Spectroscopic studies on the interaction of bovine (BSA) and human (HSA) serum albumins with ionic surfactants[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part A, 2000, 56: 2255.
[25] Lilianna T L. Paclitaxel-HSA interaction. Binding sites on HSA molecule[J]. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 2004, 12: 3269.
[2] 施华宏,黄长江.有机锡污染与海产腹足类性畸变[J].生态学报,2001,21(10):1711.
[3] Gibbs P E, Pascoe P L, Burt G R. J. Sex change in the female dog-whelk, Nucella lap illus, induced by TBT from anti-fouling paints[J]. Marine Biological Association UK, 1988, 68: 715.
[4] 江桂斌,徐福正,何滨.有机锡化合物测定方法研究进展[J].海洋环境科学,1999,18(3):61.
[5] 阿那尼,黄玉瑶.氯化二丁基锡对雄性小鼠睾丸和精于质量的影响[J].动物学报,2000,6(4):392.
[6] 徐晓白,戴树桂,黄玉瑶.典型化学污染物在环境中的变化及生态效应[M],第1版.北京:科学出版社,1998:133.
[7] 徐晓白,戴树桂,黄玉瑶.典型化学污染物在环境中的变化及生态效应[M],第1版.北京:科学出版社,1998:131.
[8] John S T, Landersteiner D H. Organotin compounds and living organisms[M]. NY: Academic Press, 1984, 1.
[9] 张龙翔,张庭芳,李令媛.生化实验方法和技术[M],第2版.北京:高等教育出版社,1997:232.
[10] Chaudhuri D, Horrocks W D Jr, Amburgey J C, et al. Characterization of lanthanide ion binding to the EF-hand protein S100 beta by luminescence spectroscopy[J]. Biochemistry, 1997, 36(32): 9674.
[11] Cheng Y, Chen B, Lu J, et al. The reaction of Lanthanide ions with ndoxyl steearic acides and its utilization for the ESR study on the permeability of lipid bilayer of erythocyte membrane to gadolinium ion[J]. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 1998, 69(1-2): 1.
[12] Ulrich K H. Molecular aspects of ligand binding to serum albumin[J]. Pharmacological Reviews, 1981, 33(1): 17.
[13] 易平贵,商志才,俞庆森.丝裂霉素C与牛血清白蛋白结合作用的研究[J].化学学报,2000,58(12):1649.
[14] Morrow J R, Kolos A K. Cleavage of DNA by nickel complexes[J]. Inorganica Chimica Acta, 1992, 195: 245.
[15] 李晓晶,王志强,陈继,张树攻等.稀土离子(Ⅲ)与牛血清白蛋白作用的紫外光谱[J].应用化学,1998,15(1):5.
[16] 康玉专,沈鹤柏,罗衍庆,杨海峰,邵丽.稀土金属离子和牛血清白蛋白作用的光谱研究[J].稀土,2002,23(5):23.
[17] Kamat B P, Seetharamappa J. In vitro study on the interaction of mechanism of tricyclic compounds with bovine serum albumin[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2004, 35: 655.
[18] Harris W R. Estimation of the ferrous trasferrin binding constants based on thermodynamics studies of nickel(Ⅱ) trasferrin[J]. Inorganic Chemistry, 1986, 69(1-2): 1.
[19] Evans C H. Influence of extracellular calcium on cell permeabilization and growth regulation by the lymphpkine leukoregulin[P]. Biochemistry of the Lanthanides, NY: Plenum Press, 1990: 85.
[20] Qian Z M, Tang P L. A dynamic observation on the microstructure of a water-based electro-meological fluid using an optical microscope[J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Acta 1995, 1269: 205.
[21] Breno P E, Renato N. Interactions of antitumoral platinum-group metallodrugs with Albumin[J]. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2002, 232: 137.
[22] Chiba T, Yoshimura T, Esumi K. Physicochemical properties of aqueous mixed solutions of sugar-persubstituted poly(amidoamine)dendrimers and bovine serum albumin[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemistry Engineering Aspects, 2003, 214: 157.
[23] Liu J Q, Tian J N, Tian X, Hua Z D, and Chen X G. Interaction of isofraxidin with human serum albumin[J]. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 2004, 12: 469.
[24] Gelamo E L, Tabak M. Spectroscopic studies on the interaction of bovine (BSA) and human (HSA) serum albumins with ionic surfactants[J]. Spectrochimica Acta Part A, 2000, 56: 2255.
[25] Lilianna T L. Paclitaxel-HSA interaction. Binding sites on HSA molecule[J]. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 2004, 12: 3269.