民机驾驶舱LED照明工效研究
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摘要
本论文由国家重点基础发展研究计划——973课题《民机环境工效影响因素与机理研究》(批准号2010CB734102)的子课题和复旦大学优秀博士生科研基金《民机驾驶舱光环境工效及机理研究》资助。本论文主要对驾驶舱LED照明光环境进行了工效学研究,着手于人(视觉特性)—机(LED光源)—环(驾驶舱环境)三个方面,旨在得到影响驾驶舱照明光环境舒适度与视觉绩效的关键因素。本论文主要包含了三个方面的内容,一是应用于驾驶舱照明的新型光源LED的光色特性和视觉效应研究,从而了解LED对于人的影响,以及正确评价LED在驾驶舱应用的色温、显色性属性。二是基于实验室光环境的工效学研究,综合考量飞行员视觉特性以及由年龄变化引起的视觉特性改变。三是基于模拟驾驶舱光环境进行了工效学研究,综合考察亮度、光色、对比度等对舒适度与绩效的影响,得到影响驾驶舱照明光环境舒适度与视觉绩效设计的关键要素。
本论文在对课题的国内外研究动态进行了充分调研的基础上,讨论了驾驶舱照明光环境研究的关键问题以及目前研究中存在的一些问题。论文对目前驾驶舱照明所用光源(特别是应用于驾驶舱照明的新型光源LED)、以及光色、照度参数的研究和国内外相关标准进行了调研,并且调查了目前对于光环境和视觉舒适、视觉绩效等相关研究,进行了充分的对比分析,确定了本论文所要解决的主要问题和创新方向。
首先,本论文基于现有的LED模型体系,色温体系、中间视觉理论以及非视觉生物效应理论,对于LED的光色特性以及视觉和非视觉生物效应进行了计算和研究分析,并且和传统光源进行了比较分析,得到了LED与传统光源的优势、特点和差异。同时论文针对传统显色性模型CRI存在的不足,探讨了对于光源显色性评价的主要相关因素,包括显色的自然性、饱和性以及辨色能力等。论文基于理论推导,创造性的提出了相关色域面积(Correlated Gamut Area)概念,在此基础上,提出了GCRI模型,并用于评价光源显色性。在评价LED光源显色性和一些特殊光谱的显色性时,GCRI模型得到了很好的结果。GCRI模型对于LED光源能够进行客观的评价。LED的视觉理论特性研究以及GCRI模型的提出,对于驾驶舱照明的光源色温以及显色属性评价具有重要意义,对于LED光源在驾驶舱设计选择中具有指导作用。
其次,本论文基于实验室光环境工效学研究,采用显示器对两组年龄段被测者的探测阈值进行了研究。实验系统地研究了两组年龄段被测者亮度和颜色探测阈值受到对比度、光色、亮度、探测目标尺寸等因素的影响,进而推测不同年龄段飞行员的视觉特性,在对实验参数进行统计分析的基础上,给出了亮度和颜色探测的指数拟合函数,并且提出了相对黄色指数(Relative Yellow Index)概念,用于描述不同年龄段飞行员对于黄色辨别的差异,从而综合考量飞行员年龄变化引起的视觉特性改变。
最后,本论文基于模拟驾驶舱LED照明光环境进行了工效学研究,系统的对光色、亮度、照度、对比度等各种参数对于人的偏好以及绩效影响,进行了研究。同时对于驾驶舱光环境、导光板、显示屏等内容分别进行了研究。并依据CIE三刺激值,定义了新的三刺激值X’、Y’、Z’,理论上推导并评估了色温、照度、舒适度的关系。本论文研究使得驾驶舱LED照明的视觉评价参数化,可以为LED应用于驾驶舱的设计与评价提供有效的方法和设计依据,同时为提高驾驶舱照明光环境舒适度及视觉绩效设计提供了依据。
本论文的主要创新点在于：
1)提出并定义了相关色域面积(Correlated Gamut Area)概念,创造性地提出了色域显色评价指数(Gamut Color Rendering Index),可以综合地描述颜色的辨别能力和饱和度属性,用于显色性评价具有很好的结果。该模型可用于LED光源和传统光源的显色能力评价,对于具有特殊光谱的光源评价也得到很好的结果。该模型对于正确评价LED在驾驶舱应用的颜色属性十分必要,并可用于指导设计照明光环境以及进行光源选择。
2)得到了两种年龄段观测者对亮度阈值辨别以及黄色辨别相对于探测目标尺寸的指数拟合函数关系,并在此基础上提出了相对黄色指数(RYI),用于推测不同年龄段飞行员对于黄色辨别的差异。相对黄色指数(RYI)与探测目标尺寸呈U型函数关系。为综合考量飞行员年龄变化引起的视觉特性改变的工效评价提供重要的实验依据。
3)基于人体工效学实验,综合考察了亮度、光色、对比度等对舒适度与绩效的影响,并依据CIE三刺激值,进行转换,得到新的X’、Y’、Z’,定义了X’/Y’和Z’／Y’比值,快速、直观的评价了光源色温,评估了照度、色温与舒适度之间的关系,并用于驾驶舱照明光环境舒适度与绩效设计中。
This thesis mainly focuses on ergonomics study of LED's application in the cockpit lighting environment. We consider about interaction among human (visual characteristics), machine (LED) and environment (cockpit), aiming to get the key factors that would influence visual comfort and performance in the cockpit lighting environment. There are mainly three parts of research work in this thesis. Firstly, the study on light characteristics and visual effects of the new type LED light sources used in the driving cabin helps us know better of how LED would influence people and makes us better evaluating color temperature and color rendering characteristics of LED. Secondly, based on ergonomics research in the laboratory simulated lighting environment, we study visual characteristics of pilots and how it changes with age. Thirdly, based on ergonomics research in the simulated cockpit environment, we comprehensively study effect of luminance, color and contrast on visual comfort and performance, and get the key factors that would influence comfort and performance design in the cockpit lighting environment.
This work started by investigating the main researches that have been done in this topic internationally, then discussed the key factors in the cockpit lighting and some existing problems. Through investigation on light sources, domestic and international standards, and survey for relationship among lighting environment, visual comfort and visual performance, we indentified the main problems should be solved in this work.
Based on existing LED models, color temperature system, mesopic theory and non-visual biological theory, we make calculation and analysis of LED, and compare with traditional light sources, and then we understand the characteristics of LED. We also work on color rendering property of LED. By discussing on deficiency of traditional CRI model, and studying the main factors that would influence color rending evaluation, like naturalness, vividness and color discrimination, we define a new concept called correlated gamut area (CGA), based on which, we propose a new gamut color rendering index(GCRI). On evaluating color rendering of LEDs and some light sources with special spectrum, GCRI performs well. GCRI model can make objective evaluation of LED light sources. This study is meaningful for evaluating color temperature and color rendering property of light sources used in cockpit, and can be guidance for choosing suitable LED light sources for cockpit design.
Based on ergonomics study in the laboratory simulated lighting environment, we study detection threshold of two groups of subjects with different age ranges. Through a systematic study of how luminance threshold and color discrimination threshold is influenced by contrast, color, luminance and target size, we speculate pilots'visual characteristics with different ages. According to statistical analysis, we deduce the exponential fitting function of luminance threshold and color discrimination threshold, and propose relative yellow index (RYI) to describe difference of pilots with different ages on yellow discrimination. This work comprehensively studies the visual characteristics of pilots and how it changes with age.
Based on ergonomics research in the simulated cockpit environment, we systematically, study how light color, luminance, illuminance and contrast influence on preference and performance. We also study light panel and display used in the cockpit, and consider about their influence on general evaluation. According to the CIE tri-stimulus values, we define new tri-stimulus values X', Y'and Z', and theoretically deduce and evaluate relationship among color temperature, illuminance and comfort. This study provides a basis for LED application in the cockpit design, and can be used to help improve cockpit lighting design considering visual comfort and performance.
本论文在对课题的国内外研究动态进行了充分调研的基础上,讨论了驾驶舱照明光环境研究的关键问题以及目前研究中存在的一些问题。论文对目前驾驶舱照明所用光源(特别是应用于驾驶舱照明的新型光源LED)、以及光色、照度参数的研究和国内外相关标准进行了调研,并且调查了目前对于光环境和视觉舒适、视觉绩效等相关研究,进行了充分的对比分析,确定了本论文所要解决的主要问题和创新方向。
首先,本论文基于现有的LED模型体系,色温体系、中间视觉理论以及非视觉生物效应理论,对于LED的光色特性以及视觉和非视觉生物效应进行了计算和研究分析,并且和传统光源进行了比较分析,得到了LED与传统光源的优势、特点和差异。同时论文针对传统显色性模型CRI存在的不足,探讨了对于光源显色性评价的主要相关因素,包括显色的自然性、饱和性以及辨色能力等。论文基于理论推导,创造性的提出了相关色域面积(Correlated Gamut Area)概念,在此基础上,提出了GCRI模型,并用于评价光源显色性。在评价LED光源显色性和一些特殊光谱的显色性时,GCRI模型得到了很好的结果。GCRI模型对于LED光源能够进行客观的评价。LED的视觉理论特性研究以及GCRI模型的提出,对于驾驶舱照明的光源色温以及显色属性评价具有重要意义,对于LED光源在驾驶舱设计选择中具有指导作用。
其次,本论文基于实验室光环境工效学研究,采用显示器对两组年龄段被测者的探测阈值进行了研究。实验系统地研究了两组年龄段被测者亮度和颜色探测阈值受到对比度、光色、亮度、探测目标尺寸等因素的影响,进而推测不同年龄段飞行员的视觉特性,在对实验参数进行统计分析的基础上,给出了亮度和颜色探测的指数拟合函数,并且提出了相对黄色指数(Relative Yellow Index)概念,用于描述不同年龄段飞行员对于黄色辨别的差异,从而综合考量飞行员年龄变化引起的视觉特性改变。
最后,本论文基于模拟驾驶舱LED照明光环境进行了工效学研究,系统的对光色、亮度、照度、对比度等各种参数对于人的偏好以及绩效影响,进行了研究。同时对于驾驶舱光环境、导光板、显示屏等内容分别进行了研究。并依据CIE三刺激值,定义了新的三刺激值X’、Y’、Z’,理论上推导并评估了色温、照度、舒适度的关系。本论文研究使得驾驶舱LED照明的视觉评价参数化,可以为LED应用于驾驶舱的设计与评价提供有效的方法和设计依据,同时为提高驾驶舱照明光环境舒适度及视觉绩效设计提供了依据。
本论文的主要创新点在于：
1)提出并定义了相关色域面积(Correlated Gamut Area)概念,创造性地提出了色域显色评价指数(Gamut Color Rendering Index),可以综合地描述颜色的辨别能力和饱和度属性,用于显色性评价具有很好的结果。该模型可用于LED光源和传统光源的显色能力评价,对于具有特殊光谱的光源评价也得到很好的结果。该模型对于正确评价LED在驾驶舱应用的颜色属性十分必要,并可用于指导设计照明光环境以及进行光源选择。
2)得到了两种年龄段观测者对亮度阈值辨别以及黄色辨别相对于探测目标尺寸的指数拟合函数关系,并在此基础上提出了相对黄色指数(RYI),用于推测不同年龄段飞行员对于黄色辨别的差异。相对黄色指数(RYI)与探测目标尺寸呈U型函数关系。为综合考量飞行员年龄变化引起的视觉特性改变的工效评价提供重要的实验依据。
3)基于人体工效学实验,综合考察了亮度、光色、对比度等对舒适度与绩效的影响,并依据CIE三刺激值,进行转换,得到新的X’、Y’、Z’,定义了X’/Y’和Z’／Y’比值,快速、直观的评价了光源色温,评估了照度、色温与舒适度之间的关系,并用于驾驶舱照明光环境舒适度与绩效设计中。
This thesis mainly focuses on ergonomics study of LED's application in the cockpit lighting environment. We consider about interaction among human (visual characteristics), machine (LED) and environment (cockpit), aiming to get the key factors that would influence visual comfort and performance in the cockpit lighting environment. There are mainly three parts of research work in this thesis. Firstly, the study on light characteristics and visual effects of the new type LED light sources used in the driving cabin helps us know better of how LED would influence people and makes us better evaluating color temperature and color rendering characteristics of LED. Secondly, based on ergonomics research in the laboratory simulated lighting environment, we study visual characteristics of pilots and how it changes with age. Thirdly, based on ergonomics research in the simulated cockpit environment, we comprehensively study effect of luminance, color and contrast on visual comfort and performance, and get the key factors that would influence comfort and performance design in the cockpit lighting environment.
This work started by investigating the main researches that have been done in this topic internationally, then discussed the key factors in the cockpit lighting and some existing problems. Through investigation on light sources, domestic and international standards, and survey for relationship among lighting environment, visual comfort and visual performance, we indentified the main problems should be solved in this work.
Based on existing LED models, color temperature system, mesopic theory and non-visual biological theory, we make calculation and analysis of LED, and compare with traditional light sources, and then we understand the characteristics of LED. We also work on color rendering property of LED. By discussing on deficiency of traditional CRI model, and studying the main factors that would influence color rending evaluation, like naturalness, vividness and color discrimination, we define a new concept called correlated gamut area (CGA), based on which, we propose a new gamut color rendering index(GCRI). On evaluating color rendering of LEDs and some light sources with special spectrum, GCRI performs well. GCRI model can make objective evaluation of LED light sources. This study is meaningful for evaluating color temperature and color rendering property of light sources used in cockpit, and can be guidance for choosing suitable LED light sources for cockpit design.
Based on ergonomics study in the laboratory simulated lighting environment, we study detection threshold of two groups of subjects with different age ranges. Through a systematic study of how luminance threshold and color discrimination threshold is influenced by contrast, color, luminance and target size, we speculate pilots'visual characteristics with different ages. According to statistical analysis, we deduce the exponential fitting function of luminance threshold and color discrimination threshold, and propose relative yellow index (RYI) to describe difference of pilots with different ages on yellow discrimination. This work comprehensively studies the visual characteristics of pilots and how it changes with age.
Based on ergonomics research in the simulated cockpit environment, we systematically, study how light color, luminance, illuminance and contrast influence on preference and performance. We also study light panel and display used in the cockpit, and consider about their influence on general evaluation. According to the CIE tri-stimulus values, we define new tri-stimulus values X', Y'and Z', and theoretically deduce and evaluate relationship among color temperature, illuminance and comfort. This study provides a basis for LED application in the cockpit design, and can be used to help improve cockpit lighting design considering visual comfort and performance.
引文
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