茉莉花茶窨制过程中农药残留的转移及其影响因素
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摘要
本文首次研究了在窨制花茶过程中农药从茉莉花到茶坯的转移情况，并对相关影响因素如喷药浓度、农药种类、窨花次数、隔离窨制、复火和茶坯湿度等因素做了分析，对农药残留的转移机理首次做了初步探讨。进行了氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯和甲胺磷在茉莉花上的残留降解实验，还对茉莉花茶的农残来源做了大致分析，提出了在茉莉花上禁止使用氰戊菊酯和三氯杀螨醇两种农药的建议。
(1)研究发现喷药浓度、窨花次数和下花量对农药残留的转移有正相关性，即茶叶中农药残留的含量随喷药浓度、窨花次数和下花量的增加而增加。(2)研究表明水分在农药残留的转移方面有着重要的作用，在农药残留转移的机理方面初步否定了开题报告时认为农药通过挥发途径转移到茶叶中去的假设，而是通过水分的传递和水分所形成的茶坯周围的微溶环境而转移的。(3)隔离窨花对农药残留的转移起到很好的屏障作用，如果隔离窨花的花茶香度能够得到提高的话，这是一种很好的窨花工艺。(4)烘干对茶叶中不同的农药残留有着不同的影响，在模拟实验条件下发现，烘干可以很好的除掉茶叶中的甲胺磷，而对茶叶中的氰戊菊酯影响很小。(5)花干含量对花茶中的农药残留有着比较明显的影响，初步认为花茶中的甲胺磷来源与花干含量有关。(6)通过该研究发现茉莉花上喷洒氰戊菊酯和三氯杀螨醇时，窨制的花茶中含有这两种农药，因此建议在茉莉花上也禁止使用该药。
通过该论文的完成，初步明确了花茶中的农药残留来源，不同农药的转移情况不同，为筛选适合茉莉花病虫害防治的农药提供了实验数据，隔离窨花是防止窨花过程中农药残留转移的有效方法。明确了水分含量对农药残留转移的作用，在花茶加工中应该控制水分的增加。
The pesticide residues transferring from jasmine to green tea-base during scenting process were studied in this thesis for the first time, and the interrelated factors such as pesticide concentration, pesticide kinds, scenting times, isolated scenting , baking and tea-base moisture were also discussed. The dynamic experiment of fenvalerate , cypermethrin and methamidophos residue on jasmine was conducted .The mechanism and pesticide residue in jasmine tea were discussed. And a suggestion on the banning of use of pesticides such as fenvalerate and dicofol on jasmine plant was proposed. The main results are as follows.
The pesticide residues transferring from jasmine to green tea-base occurred during scenting process. And the pesticide residues in jasmine tea increased with pesticide concentration ,and the increasing of scenting times. It's a good way to prevent pesticide residue transferring by isolated scenting if the jasmine tea's aroma is good too. We also found that different pesticides had different effect on pesticide residue transferring. For example ,there is a significant amounts of fenvalerate transferred from jasmine ,however methamidophos is not so much and the amounts in jasmine tea is not detected. The baking step showed different effects on various pesticides, under the simulated condition ,the baking step can reduce 95% quantities of methamidophos in tea ,however, for fenvalerate only 5%. The results showed that tea moisture had obvious effect on residue transferring, the amounts of pesticide residue transferring increased with the increasing moisture absorbing in tea-base .That is to say tea-base with low moisture may content a high quantities of pesticide residue due to the higher absorption of moisture. The dried jasmine
34
flower amounts in jasmine tea showed obvious effect on pesticide residue in jasmine tea, and it depended on the amounts of dried jasmine flower and its pesticide residue. A suggestion that banned to use these pesticides such as fenvalerate and dicofol on jasmine plant was proposed. Results indicated that pesticide residues is transferred mainly not by the pesticide volatilization, but by the capillarity phenomenon of water transferring from jasmine flower to tea-base. However ,the mechanism of pesticide translation need to be further studied.
(1)研究发现喷药浓度、窨花次数和下花量对农药残留的转移有正相关性，即茶叶中农药残留的含量随喷药浓度、窨花次数和下花量的增加而增加。(2)研究表明水分在农药残留的转移方面有着重要的作用，在农药残留转移的机理方面初步否定了开题报告时认为农药通过挥发途径转移到茶叶中去的假设，而是通过水分的传递和水分所形成的茶坯周围的微溶环境而转移的。(3)隔离窨花对农药残留的转移起到很好的屏障作用，如果隔离窨花的花茶香度能够得到提高的话，这是一种很好的窨花工艺。(4)烘干对茶叶中不同的农药残留有着不同的影响，在模拟实验条件下发现，烘干可以很好的除掉茶叶中的甲胺磷，而对茶叶中的氰戊菊酯影响很小。(5)花干含量对花茶中的农药残留有着比较明显的影响，初步认为花茶中的甲胺磷来源与花干含量有关。(6)通过该研究发现茉莉花上喷洒氰戊菊酯和三氯杀螨醇时，窨制的花茶中含有这两种农药，因此建议在茉莉花上也禁止使用该药。
通过该论文的完成，初步明确了花茶中的农药残留来源，不同农药的转移情况不同，为筛选适合茉莉花病虫害防治的农药提供了实验数据，隔离窨花是防止窨花过程中农药残留转移的有效方法。明确了水分含量对农药残留转移的作用，在花茶加工中应该控制水分的增加。
The pesticide residues transferring from jasmine to green tea-base during scenting process were studied in this thesis for the first time, and the interrelated factors such as pesticide concentration, pesticide kinds, scenting times, isolated scenting , baking and tea-base moisture were also discussed. The dynamic experiment of fenvalerate , cypermethrin and methamidophos residue on jasmine was conducted .The mechanism and pesticide residue in jasmine tea were discussed. And a suggestion on the banning of use of pesticides such as fenvalerate and dicofol on jasmine plant was proposed. The main results are as follows.
The pesticide residues transferring from jasmine to green tea-base occurred during scenting process. And the pesticide residues in jasmine tea increased with pesticide concentration ,and the increasing of scenting times. It's a good way to prevent pesticide residue transferring by isolated scenting if the jasmine tea's aroma is good too. We also found that different pesticides had different effect on pesticide residue transferring. For example ,there is a significant amounts of fenvalerate transferred from jasmine ,however methamidophos is not so much and the amounts in jasmine tea is not detected. The baking step showed different effects on various pesticides, under the simulated condition ,the baking step can reduce 95% quantities of methamidophos in tea ,however, for fenvalerate only 5%. The results showed that tea moisture had obvious effect on residue transferring, the amounts of pesticide residue transferring increased with the increasing moisture absorbing in tea-base .That is to say tea-base with low moisture may content a high quantities of pesticide residue due to the higher absorption of moisture. The dried jasmine
34
flower amounts in jasmine tea showed obvious effect on pesticide residue in jasmine tea, and it depended on the amounts of dried jasmine flower and its pesticide residue. A suggestion that banned to use these pesticides such as fenvalerate and dicofol on jasmine plant was proposed. Results indicated that pesticide residues is transferred mainly not by the pesticide volatilization, but by the capillarity phenomenon of water transferring from jasmine flower to tea-base. However ,the mechanism of pesticide translation need to be further studied.
引文
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20．肖纯，张凯农等．茶对简单香味化合物的吸收特性．中国茶叶加工，1994，(2)34-37
21．陆修闽，刘用敏，王镇民等．茉莉花茶增湿窨制新工艺的效果．茶叶科学，1993(2)：147-152
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36．刘用敏．增湿连窨新工艺花茶品质分析．福建茶叶，1996，(1)：20-22
37．刘继辉．芳香分子的扩散与茶叶的吸香．福建茶叶，1989，(3)：19-20
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2．无名氏．茉莉花茶农药残留超标严重．茶报．2000，(1)19
3．徐永成．欧盟农残新标准对中国茶叶出口影响大．茶报，2000，(2)25-26
4．周琦，蔡知凌．出口茉莉花茶农残问题浅析．福建茶叶，2000，(2)28-29
5．鲁成银．中国茶叶质量现状与对策．中国茶叶加工，2000，(1)9-11
6．傅子碧，陈端珍．茉莉花主要病虫的发生特点及其综合治理．福建茶叶，1987，(1)25-26，16
7．傅子碧，陈端珍．茉莉花害虫的发生特点与防治对策．福建茶叶，1994，(1)26-27
8．傅子碧，陈端珍．茉莉花的害虫及其防治．福建农业科技，1990，(3)41-42
9．应薛养，林贻鼎，刘玉环，黄继平．闽北茉莉花主要病虫害的发生与防治．福建农业科技，1996，(6)38-39
10．应薛养，杨福良，林明等．生物源杀虫剂BrA天霸防治茉莉蕾螟．福建茶叶，2000(4)：23-24
11．刘用敏．增湿连窨新工艺窨制花茶品质分析．福建茶叶，1996，(1)20-22
12．刘用敏．花茶的吸附特性和水分作用，福建茶叶，1993，(1)24-28
13．翁玉宝．高档茉莉花茶窨制新工艺应用探讨．福建茶叶，1996，(1)23-24
14．池玉洲．茉莉花茶“连窨”新工艺的技术探讨．茶叶科学技术，2000，(2)36-38
15．骆少君，濮荷娟．茉莉花茶窨花工艺改革的研究．中国茶叶加工，1992，(4)21-222，35
16．骆少君，郭雯飞，濮荷娟等．茉莉花茶香气挥发油与窨次、配花量的相关性．福建茶叶，1987(3)：18-21，24
17．杨伟丽，张杰，何文斌．花茶素坯吸附性能的研究．福建茶叶，1996，(1)15-19
18．周跃斌，杨伟丽，施兆鹏．茶叶吸附机理的探讨．湖南农业大学学报，1998，(12)445-449
19．潘文毅．关于茶叶吸附理论的探讨．茶叶通报，1989，11(4)：27-28，26
20．肖纯，张凯农等．茶对简单香味化合物的吸收特性．中国茶叶加工，1994，(2)34-37
21．陆修闽，刘用敏，王镇民等．茉莉花茶增湿窨制新工艺的效果．茶叶科学，1993(2)：147-152
22．陈宗懋主编．中国茶经．上海文化出版社，1992
23．徐长宜．花茶真空窨制技术初探．福建茶叶，2000(4)：19-21
24．陈以义．隔离窨花为什么不香?———兼论窨花技术理论．中国茶叶加工，1990(4)：21-25，47
25．周木财．浅谈特种茉莉花茶的窨制工艺技术．茶叶通讯，1996，(
26．顾峥，吴幼亭．不同茶坯吸香力的探讨．中国茶叶，1984，(4)：6-8，5
27．吉可温．茉莉花茶窨制的机理与化学变化．福建农业大学学报，1994，(1)34-39
28．张丽霞．茉莉花茶加工理论研究进展．茶叶通讯，1998，(1)21-23
29．王大全编．精细化工辞典．化学工业出版社，1984年
30．农业部农药鉴定所．新编农药手册．农业出版社，1990
31．郭友嘉，戴亮，任清等．用吸附-热脱捕集进样法研究茉莉花香释放过程中化学成分．色谱，1994，12(2)：110-113
32．姜含春．花茶窨制原理探讨．茶叶通报，1982，(4)：36-40
33．李立祥．茶叶吸附浅析．茶叶科学简报，1991，(1)：22-23，19
34．李立祥．茉莉花茶窨制研究新进展．福建茶叶，1995，(3)：17-19
35．刘用敏．花茶的吸附特性和水分作用．福建茶叶，1993，(1)：24-28
36．刘用敏．增湿连窨新工艺花茶品质分析．福建茶叶，1996，(1)：20-22
37．刘继辉．芳香分子的扩散与茶叶的吸香．福建茶叶，1989，(3)：19-20
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