二斑叶螨的抗药性及其机理研究
|
摘要
本研究利用10种不同类型的药剂对二斑叶螨山东省烟台市和寿光市两个种群进行抗药性测定，明确了其田间抗药性状况；研究了卵和雌成螨对药剂敏感度的差异；测定了药剂混用对二斑叶螨的联合毒力；测定了增效剂对药剂的增效作用，并用阿维菌素、甲氰菊酯和哒螨灵3种药剂对二斑叶螨进行抗性选育，明确了各自的抗性发展动态，探讨了二斑叶螨的抗性机理。结果表明：
1．二斑叶螨山东省烟台市种群(R_2)和寿光市种群(R_1)雌成螨对水胺硫磷、甲氰菊酯、哒螨灵和高效氟氯氰菊酯均已产生了明显的抗性，R_1种群的抗性倍数分别为17.7、10.4、6.67和6.63倍，R_2种群的抗性倍数分别为10.9、31.3、9.36和15.5倍。
2．二斑叶螨山东省烟台市种群(R_2)卵对甲氰菊酯和高效氟氯氰菊酯也已经产生了一定程度的抗药性，抗性倍数分别为2.99和2.08倍，对其他几种杀螨剂尚未产生明显的抗性。
3．二斑叶螨不同发育阶段对药剂的敏感度有明显的差异，卵对药剂的敏感度显著高于雌成螨，且对不同的药剂其敏感度差异不同，抗性种群的卵和雌成螨的敏感度差异更加明显。
4．药剂对二斑叶螨的联合毒力测定结果表明：甲氰菊酯与哒螨灵、双甲脒和三氯杀螨醇混合使用，对二斑叶螨有非常明显的增效作用，甲氰菊酯与虫螨腈、三唑锡和高效氟氯氰菊酯混合使用则有一定程度的拮抗作用；哒螨灵与甲氰菊酯和双甲脒混用有显著的增效作用，哒螨灵与三唑锡、高效氟氯氰菊酯和阿维菌素混用也有一定程度的增效作用，哒螨灵与虫螨腈、氧乐果、三氯杀螨醇和水胺硫磷混用则有明显的拮抗作用。
5．药剂对二斑叶螨抗性种群室内控制效果表明：虫螨腈和阿维菌素对二斑叶螨的室内控制效果最好，其次是三唑锡和哒螨灵，其余的几种杀螨剂对二斑叶螨的室内控制效果相对较差，不但用量大大超出了田间推荐用药量，而且持效期短，速效性差，不适宜用于田间二斑叶螨的防治。
6．药剂对二斑叶螨的抗性选育结果显示：室内选育至12代，对阿维菌素的抗性增加至6.72倍，对甲氰菊酯的抗性增加至19.8倍，对哒螨灵的抗性增加至12.1倍，已经形成稳定的抗性品系。
7．二斑叶螨的抗药性机理研究表明：对阿维菌素的抗性主要是由于药剂对害螨体壁穿透性降低、螨体内多功能氧化酶和谷胱甘肽—S—转移酶代谢解毒能力的增强引起的；对哒螨灵的抗性是由于多功能氧化酶和羧酸酯酶活性的增强引起的；对甲氰菊酯的抗性与螨体内谷胱甘肽—S—转移酶和羧酸酯酶代谢解毒能力的增强有关。生化测定结果显示：甲氰菊酯品系和哒螨灵品系羧酸酯酶的量与敏感品系相比有所增加，而且亲和力也比敏感品系的高，证明它们不但有量的差异，也有质的区别；阿维菌素的抗性与羧
2 赵卫东 二斑叶螨的抗药性及其机理研究
酸酯酶无关：乙酞胆碱酯酶比活力的提高和谷肮甘肽－卜转移酶解毒能力的增强是二斑
叶螨对甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素产生抗药性的主要原因；而二斑叶螨对呸螨灵抗性的产生与
其没有关系。
8．酯酶同工酶电泳酶谱显示，敏感品系与阿维菌素、甲氰菊酯和啦螨灵抗性品系
均有比较明显的三条酶带，四个品系中相同同工酶谱带的Rr基本相同，只是颜色深浅不
一，其中一条颜色较深，RFO．4886，另外两条颜色较浅，分别为0．4355和0．5402。说
明二斑叶螨对阿维菌素、甲氰菊酯和啦螨灵抗性品系的抗性对酯酶来说只有量的不同，
没有质的改变。
Laboratory measurement of resistance of two Tetranychus urticae populations to ten kinds of acaricides was carried out. The susceptibility difference of eggs and adults to ten acaricides was tested. The joint-toxicity of several acaricides and the synergism of five synergists were studied. The resietance selection of Tetranychus urticae to abamectin, fenpropathrin and pyridaben were carried out. The resistance mechanism was evaluated. Besides , the measuring method to eggs and larves was improved.The results could be summarized as follows:
1. The resistance of T.urticae Ri population(sampled from Shouguang City, Shandong Province) was 17. 7-fold, 10. 4-fold, 6. 67-fold and 6.63-fold to isocarbophos , fenpropathrin, pyridaben and cyhalothrin ,respectively. The resistance of T. urticae R2 population(sampled from Yantai City, Shandong Proprince) was 10. 9-fold, 31. 3-fold, 9. 36-fold and 15. 5-fold to the four kinds of acaricides.
2. Moderate resistance had been occurred in the eggs of T. urticae R: population(sampled from Yantai City, Shandong Province). The resistance ratios were 2.99-fold and 2.08-fold to fenpropathrin and cyhalothrin, respectively.
3. The susceptibility of eggs and adults to ten kinds of acaricides was different. Eggs were much more susceptible than adults and have different susceptibility to different acaricides. what is more,the degree of difference of resistant population was more striking than that of susceptible population.
4. The results of joint-toxicity measurement showed that the combined application of fenpropathrin with pyridaben , amitraz and dicofol were synergisted, co-toxicity coefficience were 377> 342 and 184. While antagoism were expressed by joint-using fenpropathrin with chlorfenapyr, azocyclotin and cyhalothrin. The synergism was evident for the pyridaben combining with fenpropathrin and amitraz, co-toxicity coefficience were 377 and 249.But when pyridaben was jointly used with chlorfenapyr, omethoate , azocyclotin and isocarbophos, they expressed antagoism.
5. The controlling effects of acaricides to T. urticae R2 population in laboratory showed that chlorfenapyr and abamectin had the best effect to T. urticae, azocyclotin and pyridaben were secondary, the others had little effect to T. urticae at the recommending doses in the field. So, they were not fit for the measurment of T.urticae.
6. The studies of resistance selection showed that the resistance of T. urticae had reached 6. 72-fold to abamectin, 19. 8-fold to fenpropathrin and 12. 1-fold to pyridaben after treated 12 times in the laboratory, which had formed stabled resistant strains.
7. The rise of resistance of T. urticae to abamectin is polyfactorial , which mainly caused by the increased activities of microsomal oxidase -. acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S-transferase, in addition, decreased cuticular penetration is also one of factors. T. urticae is highly resistant to pyridaben because of increased activities of carboxy lesterase and microsomal oxidase. The main cause resistance to fenpropathrin is the increased activities of carboxy lesterase and glutathione S-transferase. In addition, the increased activities of acetylcholinesterase is related to the resistance of T. urticae to fenpropathrin.
8. The zymogram of esterase isodyna electrophoresis demonstrated that susceptible strain and three resistance strains all have three obvious enzyme bands. The difference of the color on the bands shows that the resistance of T.urticae to abamectin> pyridaben and fenpropathrin is all concerned with the changes of esterase.
1．二斑叶螨山东省烟台市种群(R_2)和寿光市种群(R_1)雌成螨对水胺硫磷、甲氰菊酯、哒螨灵和高效氟氯氰菊酯均已产生了明显的抗性，R_1种群的抗性倍数分别为17.7、10.4、6.67和6.63倍，R_2种群的抗性倍数分别为10.9、31.3、9.36和15.5倍。
2．二斑叶螨山东省烟台市种群(R_2)卵对甲氰菊酯和高效氟氯氰菊酯也已经产生了一定程度的抗药性，抗性倍数分别为2.99和2.08倍，对其他几种杀螨剂尚未产生明显的抗性。
3．二斑叶螨不同发育阶段对药剂的敏感度有明显的差异，卵对药剂的敏感度显著高于雌成螨，且对不同的药剂其敏感度差异不同，抗性种群的卵和雌成螨的敏感度差异更加明显。
4．药剂对二斑叶螨的联合毒力测定结果表明：甲氰菊酯与哒螨灵、双甲脒和三氯杀螨醇混合使用，对二斑叶螨有非常明显的增效作用，甲氰菊酯与虫螨腈、三唑锡和高效氟氯氰菊酯混合使用则有一定程度的拮抗作用；哒螨灵与甲氰菊酯和双甲脒混用有显著的增效作用，哒螨灵与三唑锡、高效氟氯氰菊酯和阿维菌素混用也有一定程度的增效作用，哒螨灵与虫螨腈、氧乐果、三氯杀螨醇和水胺硫磷混用则有明显的拮抗作用。
5．药剂对二斑叶螨抗性种群室内控制效果表明：虫螨腈和阿维菌素对二斑叶螨的室内控制效果最好，其次是三唑锡和哒螨灵，其余的几种杀螨剂对二斑叶螨的室内控制效果相对较差，不但用量大大超出了田间推荐用药量，而且持效期短，速效性差，不适宜用于田间二斑叶螨的防治。
6．药剂对二斑叶螨的抗性选育结果显示：室内选育至12代，对阿维菌素的抗性增加至6.72倍，对甲氰菊酯的抗性增加至19.8倍，对哒螨灵的抗性增加至12.1倍，已经形成稳定的抗性品系。
7．二斑叶螨的抗药性机理研究表明：对阿维菌素的抗性主要是由于药剂对害螨体壁穿透性降低、螨体内多功能氧化酶和谷胱甘肽—S—转移酶代谢解毒能力的增强引起的；对哒螨灵的抗性是由于多功能氧化酶和羧酸酯酶活性的增强引起的；对甲氰菊酯的抗性与螨体内谷胱甘肽—S—转移酶和羧酸酯酶代谢解毒能力的增强有关。生化测定结果显示：甲氰菊酯品系和哒螨灵品系羧酸酯酶的量与敏感品系相比有所增加，而且亲和力也比敏感品系的高，证明它们不但有量的差异，也有质的区别；阿维菌素的抗性与羧
2 赵卫东 二斑叶螨的抗药性及其机理研究
酸酯酶无关：乙酞胆碱酯酶比活力的提高和谷肮甘肽－卜转移酶解毒能力的增强是二斑
叶螨对甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素产生抗药性的主要原因；而二斑叶螨对呸螨灵抗性的产生与
其没有关系。
8．酯酶同工酶电泳酶谱显示，敏感品系与阿维菌素、甲氰菊酯和啦螨灵抗性品系
均有比较明显的三条酶带，四个品系中相同同工酶谱带的Rr基本相同，只是颜色深浅不
一，其中一条颜色较深，RFO．4886，另外两条颜色较浅，分别为0．4355和0．5402。说
明二斑叶螨对阿维菌素、甲氰菊酯和啦螨灵抗性品系的抗性对酯酶来说只有量的不同，
没有质的改变。
Laboratory measurement of resistance of two Tetranychus urticae populations to ten kinds of acaricides was carried out. The susceptibility difference of eggs and adults to ten acaricides was tested. The joint-toxicity of several acaricides and the synergism of five synergists were studied. The resietance selection of Tetranychus urticae to abamectin, fenpropathrin and pyridaben were carried out. The resistance mechanism was evaluated. Besides , the measuring method to eggs and larves was improved.The results could be summarized as follows:
1. The resistance of T.urticae Ri population(sampled from Shouguang City, Shandong Province) was 17. 7-fold, 10. 4-fold, 6. 67-fold and 6.63-fold to isocarbophos , fenpropathrin, pyridaben and cyhalothrin ,respectively. The resistance of T. urticae R2 population(sampled from Yantai City, Shandong Proprince) was 10. 9-fold, 31. 3-fold, 9. 36-fold and 15. 5-fold to the four kinds of acaricides.
2. Moderate resistance had been occurred in the eggs of T. urticae R: population(sampled from Yantai City, Shandong Province). The resistance ratios were 2.99-fold and 2.08-fold to fenpropathrin and cyhalothrin, respectively.
3. The susceptibility of eggs and adults to ten kinds of acaricides was different. Eggs were much more susceptible than adults and have different susceptibility to different acaricides. what is more,the degree of difference of resistant population was more striking than that of susceptible population.
4. The results of joint-toxicity measurement showed that the combined application of fenpropathrin with pyridaben , amitraz and dicofol were synergisted, co-toxicity coefficience were 377> 342 and 184. While antagoism were expressed by joint-using fenpropathrin with chlorfenapyr, azocyclotin and cyhalothrin. The synergism was evident for the pyridaben combining with fenpropathrin and amitraz, co-toxicity coefficience were 377 and 249.But when pyridaben was jointly used with chlorfenapyr, omethoate , azocyclotin and isocarbophos, they expressed antagoism.
5. The controlling effects of acaricides to T. urticae R2 population in laboratory showed that chlorfenapyr and abamectin had the best effect to T. urticae, azocyclotin and pyridaben were secondary, the others had little effect to T. urticae at the recommending doses in the field. So, they were not fit for the measurment of T.urticae.
6. The studies of resistance selection showed that the resistance of T. urticae had reached 6. 72-fold to abamectin, 19. 8-fold to fenpropathrin and 12. 1-fold to pyridaben after treated 12 times in the laboratory, which had formed stabled resistant strains.
7. The rise of resistance of T. urticae to abamectin is polyfactorial , which mainly caused by the increased activities of microsomal oxidase -. acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S-transferase, in addition, decreased cuticular penetration is also one of factors. T. urticae is highly resistant to pyridaben because of increased activities of carboxy lesterase and microsomal oxidase. The main cause resistance to fenpropathrin is the increased activities of carboxy lesterase and glutathione S-transferase. In addition, the increased activities of acetylcholinesterase is related to the resistance of T. urticae to fenpropathrin.
8. The zymogram of esterase isodyna electrophoresis demonstrated that susceptible strain and three resistance strains all have three obvious enzyme bands. The difference of the color on the bands shows that the resistance of T.urticae to abamectin> pyridaben and fenpropathrin is all concerned with the changes of esterase.
引文
1．马恩沛．中国叶螨属的初步报道．昆虫学报，1975，18(2)，220～228
2．忻介六．农业害螨学．北京：农业出版社，1988
3．李隆术．农业螨类研究进展．中国农业科学，1990，23(1)：22～30
4．谭福杰．农业害虫抗药性测定方法．南京农业大学学报．1987，4(增)：107～122
5．黄明度．害虫的抗药性：Ⅷ农业螨类的抗性测定方法．昆虫知识，1983，20(2)：96～97
6．龚坤元．Ⅰ．害虫的抗药问题概述．昆虫知识，1982，19(1)：44～46
7．龚坤元．害虫的抗药性：Ⅵ．昆虫抗性生化机理．昆虫知识，1982，19(2)39～41
8．顾云，张振芳．二斑叶螨在山东省苹果园发生危害的现状及防治策略．落叶果树．1995；(2)：14～16
9．刘涛等．二斑叶螨与朱砂叶螨种间竞争的研究．植物保护．1998；24(2)：6～9
10．朴春树等．二斑叶螨危害果树初报．中国果树，1993(4)：24～25
11．鹿明芳，贾冬梅．二斑叶螨在胶州的发生与防治．北方果树．2000，(3)：11～11，22
12．梁泊，许跃东．二斑叶螨在平谷发生状况调查及防治试验．河北果树．1999，(4)：33～34
13．郭德明．二斑叶螨护散途径调查初报．山西果树．2000，(3)：26～27
14．田芬云．二斑叶螨的发生及防治．陕西农业．1998，(4)：26～26
15．张钦书等．二斑叶螨田间药剂筛选初报．山西果树，1996(2)：36～37
16．陈修会等．二斑叶螨在苹果树上的发生及防治初报．烟台果树，1994(2)：21～22
17．陈家章，罗进仓．二斑叶螨的发生为害与防治．甘肃农业科技，1999，(8)：46～47
18．王敬军．二斑叶螨的综合防治技术．中国农村科技．1999，(3)：16～17
19．王尊．二斑叶螨在苹果树上的发生与防治．山西果树，1994(1)：28～29
20．王莉杰，王显平．二斑叶螨的为害蔓延应高度警惕．落叶果树．1997，29(4)：46～46
21．徐永芳，陈丽娟．二斑叶螨在苹果树上的发生及防治．果树实用技术与信息．1998，(6)：12～13
22．马淑娥等．二斑叶螨的发生规律及防治技术．中国果树，1998(2)：34～36
23．杨俊杰，郭德明．二斑叶螨的特性与防治．西北园艺．1998，(1)：38～38
24．刘升基．花生田二斑叶螨的发生与防治．山东农业科学，1996(3)：38
25．周玉书．对二斑叶螨的研究现状(一)．果树实用技术与信息．1999，(7)：10～13
26．周玉书．对二斑叶螨的研究现状(二)．果树实用技术与信息．1999，(8)：20～21
27．李连文，吴妍等．营口地区二斑叶螨的发生与防治．北方果树，2001，(2)：29～29
28．刘建生，孙平等．二斑叶螨在葡萄上的发生危害与防治．植物医生，2000，13(3)：24～24
29．李仁芳，杜明香．浅谈果园二斑叶螨的发生与防治．落叶果树，2000，32(1)．56～57
30．渠慎春，钱亚明．苹果二斑叶螨的防治技术研究．江苏农业科学．2000，(2)：53～53，57
31．吴元善，任宏涛．苹果园二斑叶螨药剂防治技术研究．蛛形学报．1996，5(2)：101～104
32．张学堂，李建东．砀山地区苹果二斑叶螨的发生与防治．落叶果树．2000，(5)：50～51
33．李师昌．二斑叶螨在苹果树上的发生与防治．落叶果树．2000，(6)：49～50
34．王铁章，高鸿燕．二斑叶螨的防治试验．河北林业科技．1998，(1)：26～26
35．单文荣，米青荣等．应用5％螨怕它(阿·哒)防治苹果二斑叶螨药效试验初报．河北农业科学，2000，4(4)：34～37
36．王念平，蔡瑞伟．螨即死防治茄子二斑叶螨的效果．农药，2000，39(7)：37～37
37．刘积芝，王振波．克螨特等10种药剂防治苹果树二斑叶螨的效果．落叶果树．1999，(3)：9～10
38．叶琪明，方华平．草莓二斑叶螨的综合防治．蔬菜，2001，(5)：20～21
39．刘岗，王吉奎．阿巴丁防治苹果二斑叶螨的效果．西南园艺，1999，27(4)：6～7
40．孙庆田，张守峰．阿巴丁防治苹果二斑叶螨药效试验．落叶果树．1998，30(2)：17～17
41．邱名榜．1.8％阿巴丁乳油防治二斑叶螨试验初报．植物检疫．1998，12(3)：156～158
42．蒋桂福，泮之海．阿维菌素生物农药防治二斑叶螨药效试验．植物检疫．1998，12(5)：276～277
43．师忠轩，岳彩惠．防治苹果二斑叶螨药剂筛选试验．落叶果树．1998，(4)：14～14
44．刘长仲．二斑叶螨实验种群生命表的组建与分析．植物保护．2000，26(4)：15～17
45．田俊霞，殷正勤．玉米二斑叶螨的发生及药剂防治试验．宁夏农林科技2000，(6)：61～61
46．张艳璇，林松．常用农药对草莓害螨及其天敌的毒力效应．福建果树，1995，(2)：12～14
47．于丽辰，许长新等．敌死虫抑制二斑叶螨产卵能力测试．河北果树．2000，(3)：10～11
48．孟和生 王开运．二斑叶螨和苹果全爪螨对药剂敏感性比较试验．中国果树．2000，(4)：35～35，56
49．孟和生，王开运等．二斑叶螨发生危害特点及防治对策．昆虫知识．2001，38(1)：52～54
50．邱名榜，赵业霞．阿维菌素类农药防治苹果二斑叶螨的试验简报．落叶果树，2000，32(2)：56～56
51．余忠保，王永．几种杀螨剂对二斑叶螨的防治效果．河北果树．1999，(1)：13～13
52．喻国泉，李冠雄．几种杀螨剂对二斑叶螨的药效试验．植物检疫．1997，11(4)：207～211
53．陈汉杰，张金勇．0.2％阿维虫清乳油防治二斑叶螨的田间试验，河北果树．1999，(2)：57～57
54．陈卫民，王念平等．螨即死防治茄子二斑叶螨药效试验．长江蔬菜．2001，(8)：35～35
55．朴春树等．常用杀螨剂对二斑叶螨敏感种群毒力测定．植物保护，1999；25(5)：20～22
56．赵卫东，王开运等．二斑叶螨对常用杀螨剂的抗药性测定．农药学学报，2001，(3)：86～88
57．王开运，赵卫东等．十种杀螨剂对二斑叶螨抗性种群不同发育阶段的毒力比较．2002，(3)：29～31
58．程立生，吴辉文．三氯杀螨醇对二斑叶螨发育和繁殖影响的研究．海南大学学报：自科版1994，12(4)：341～345
59．程立生，潘俊松．几种杀螨剂对二斑叶螨和朱砂叶螨的毒力测定．植物保护，1994，20(4)：18～19
60．孙耕芹．氧化作用的抑制剂(SV1)在二斑叶螨体内对有机磷杀虫剂的增效作用．动物学集刊，1988(6)：1～4
61．匡海源等．关于区分朱砂叶螨和二斑叶螨两个近似种的研究．昆虫学报，1990；33(1)：109～115
62．陈文龙，王慧．尼氏钝绥螨的室内繁殖及其对二斑叶螨捕食作用的研究．上海农学院学报，1996，14(2)：101～105
63．候爱平，张艳璇．利用长毛钝绥螨控制冬瓜上二斑叶螨研究．昆虫天敌，1996，18(1)：29～34
64．郭玉杰，蒋金炜．苏云金素对智利不植绥螨及基猎物二斑叶螨的毒力测定．生物防治通报，1993，9(4)：151～155
65．朴春树等．二斑叶螨滞育特性的初步研究．昆虫知识，2000；37(4)：212～214
66．聂继云等．果树二斑叶螨的研究进展．中国果树，1997(4)：46～47
67．孟和生，王开运等．桔全爪螨对常用杀螨剂的抗药性监测．农药，2000：39(2)：26～28
68．孟和生，王开运等．桔全爪螨的抗药性选育及其解毒酶活力变化．昆虫学报，2002，45(1)：58～62
69．沈慧敏．增效剂与常规药剂混用对抗性二点叶螨增效作用的研究．植物保护，2001，27(1)：12～15
70．唐振华．农业害虫抗药性．1982，32～220
71．黄明度．中国主要害虫综合治理．1979，p361～369
72．龚坤元．Ⅰ．害虫抗性问题的概述．昆虫知识，1982，19(1)：44～46
73．童建华，庄占兴．阿维菌素生产和应用现状．农药，1999，38(9)：38～39
74．杨沛．正确推广阿维菌素系列药剂．农药，1998，37(12)：35～36
75．张敏恒．新型高效广谱杀螨剂-阿维菌素．农药，1998，37(3)：36～37
76．王开运，慕立义．增效剂对抗性玉米螟的增效作用研究．山东农业大学学报，1990，(1)：21～25
77．慕立义等．植物化学保护研究方法(M)．北京：中国农业出版社，1991，148～167
78．慕立义等．杀虫剂室内选育亚洲玉米螟抗药性及交互抗性的研究[J]．植物保护学报．1988，15(3)：219～223
79．唐振华，R.J.Wood.尖音库蚊复合体乙酰胆碱酯酶敏感度降低与抗药性研究．昆虫学集刊，1985，(5)：113～121
80．刘明丽，王美南等．棉花叶螨的抗药性测定及抗性机制的初步研究进展，1995，中国植保学会编
81．陈巧云，蒋家良，侯能俊．淡色库蚊成虫微粒体氧化酶和谷胱甘肽—S—转移酶的研究．昆虫学集刊，1982～1983，(3)：35～40上海科学技术出版社
82．唐振华，黎云根．增效剂对抗有机磷淡色库蚊增效作用的进一步研究．昆虫学集刊，1984，(4)：121～126上海科技出版社
83．陈文美，刘维德，吴能．中国淡色库蚊对敌百虫抗性与羧酸酯酶活力比较的研究．昆虫学研究集刊，1981，(2)：35～39
84．刘维德，G.P乔治欧．双硫磷诱导抗性有机磷缺乏库蚊酯酶活性增强的初步研究．昆虫学研究集刊，1982～1983，(3)：65～67
85．蒋家良，陈巧云，黄刚等．抗有机磷淡色库蚊的羧酸酯酶研究．昆虫学研究集刊，1980，(1)：69～75
86．唐振华，黎云根．马拉硫磷和敌百虫混用和轮用的研究：淡色库蚊的酯酶同工酶与抗性的关系．昆虫学报，1985，28(2)：135～140
87．袁家圭，孙耕芹，冯国蕾等．家蝇中乙酰胆碱酯酶、羧酸酯酶和多功能氧化酶活性与抗药性的关系．昆虫学报，1987，30(2)：126～130
88．蒋家良，陈巧云，侯能俊等．不同敌百虫抗性品系淡色库蚊幼虫中谷胱苷肽和谷胱甘肽—S—转移酶的比较．昆虫学报，1984，27(3)：248～253
89．高希武．Gorum等改进的Ellman胆碱酯酶活性测定方法介绍．昆虫知识，1987，24(4)：245～246
90. FAO, 1980. Plant production and Protection 21, Recommend Methods for Measurment of Resistance to Pestcides. 49～54
91. Richard Grazzini. 1997. Inheritance of Biochemical and Morphological Characters Associated with Two-spotted Spider Mite Resistance in Pelargonium×hortorum. J. AMER. Soc. HORT. Sci. 122(3):373～379
92. C.WAYNESMITH. 1992. Condesed Tannins in Cotton and Bollworm-Budworm Resistance. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY, 85(6):2211～2216
93. TONGYAN TIAN, ELIZABETHE. 1992. Resistance of Tetranychus urticae Koch to Cyhexatin and Fenbutatin-Oxide in California Pears. INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE AND RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT, 85(6):2088～2095
94. Smissaert, H.R. 1964. Cholinesterase Inhibition in Spide Mites Susceptible and Resistance to Organophosp. Pesci Science, 143:129～131
95. DONALD S.1989 Effects of Mite Resistance Mechanism of Geraniums on Mortality and Behavior of Foxglove Aphid. Walters ET AL. 877～886
96. J.M. Clark. 1994. Resistance to Avermectins:Extent, Mechanisms, and Management Implications. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 40:1～30
97. Ken E. Lege,*C. 1992. Genotypic and Cultural Effects on Condensed Tannin Concentration of Cotton Leaves. Crop Sci. 32:1024～1028
98. RENPEL HATANO. 1992. Enhanced Activation Is the Mechanism of Negative Cross-Resistance to Chlorpyrifos in the Dicofol-IR Strain of Tetranychus urticae. Journal of Economic Entomology. 85(4)1088～1091
99. Gerld Wilde. 1991. Plant Resistance to Two-Spotted Spider Mite in Raspberry Cultivars. J. Econ. Entomol. 84(1):251～255
100. Sadras,-V.O.;Wilson,-L.J,;Lally,-D.A. 1998. Water Deficit enhanced Cotton
Resistance to Spider Mite Herbivory.Ann-bot.London:Academic Press.81(2) :273-286
101． Krips,-O.E.;Witul,-A.;Willems,-p.e.1． 1998． Intrinsic Rate of Population Increase of the Spider Mite Yetranychus Urticae on the Oenamental Corp Gerberarlntraspecific Variation in Host Plant and Herbivore.Entomol-exp-appl.Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers.89(2) :159-168
102． Gimenez-Ferrer.-R.M.;Erb,-W.A.1994． Host-pest Relationships Between the Two-Spotted Spider Mite and Strawberry Cultivars with Differing Levels of Resistance.Entomological Society of America.87(1) 168-175．
103． Martinson,-T.J.;Nyrop,-J.P.1991． Field Measurements of Selection for Two-Spotted Spider Mite in Apple Orchards.Entomological Society of America.84(1) :7-16
104． Walters,-D.S.;Craig,-R.1990． Effects of Mite Resistance Mechanism of Geraniums on Mortality and Behavior of Foxglove Aphid.J-Chem-Ecol.NewYork,N.Y..-Plenum Press.16(3) :877~886
105． Fergusson-Kolmes LA,Scott JG,Dennehy TJ.1991． Dicofol resistance in Tetranychus urticae: cross-resistance and pharmacokinetics.J.Econ.Entomol. 84:41-48
106． Shen Hui-min.Resistance and cross-resistance of Tetranychus to 14 insecticides and acaricides[J].Systematic and Applied Acarology,1999,(4) :9-14
107． FAO.Revised method for spide mites and their eggs (e.g.Tetranychus spp.and Panonychus ulmi Koch).FAO Plant Production and Protection,1980,21:49-51．
108． Ken E.Lege,* C.Wayne Smith ,and J.Tom Cothren Planting Date and Plant Density Effects on Condensed Tannin Concentration of Cotton Crop Science ,Vol.33,MARCH-APRIL,1993:320-324
109． David M.Soderlund2 And Pamela M.Adams Inhibition of Octopamine-Stimulated Adenylate Cyclase Activity in Two-Spotted Mites by Dicofol and Related Diphenylcarbinol Acaricides1 Pesticide Biochemistry And Physiology 46,228-235 (1993)
110． Ken E.Lege ,* C.Wayne Smith ,and J.Tom Cothren Genotypic and Cultural Effects on Condensed Tannin Concentration of Cotton Leaves,Crop Science ,Vol,32,July-August 1992
111． Donald S.Walters,Richard Craig,and Ralph 0． Mumma Effects of Mite Resistance Mechansm of Geraniums on Mortality and Behavior of Foxglove Aphid
112． Tongyan Tian,Elizabeth E.Grafton-Cardwell,and Jeffrey Granett Resistance of Tetranychus urticae Koch to Cyhexatin and Fenbutatin-Oxide in California Pears J.Econ..Entomol .85(6) :2088-2095(1992)
113． Croft,B.A..R.Miller,R.D.Nelson & P.H.Westigard.1984． Inheritance of early-state resistance to formetanate and cyhexatin in Tetranychus urticae Koch.J.Econ.Entomol.77:574-578．
114． Dennehy,T.J.& J.Granett.1984． Spider mite resistance to dicofol in San Joaquin Valley cotton:inter-and intraspecific variability in susceptibility of three species of Tetranychus.J.Econ.Entomol.77: 1381-1385
115． Edge,V.E.& D.J.James.1982． Detection of cyhexatin resistance in twospotted mite ,Teeranychus urticae Koch in Australia.J.Aust.Entomol.Soc.21:198
116． 1986． Organo-tin resistance in Tetranychus urticae in Australia.J.Econ.Entomol.79:1477-1483
117． Flexner,J.L.,P.H.Westigard & B.A.Croft.1988． Field reversion of organotin resistance in the twospotted spider mite following relaxation of selection pressure.J.Econ.Entomol.81:1516~1520
118． Hoy,M.G.,J.Conley & W.Robinson.1988． Cyhexatin and fenbutatin-oxide resistancefin Pacific spider mite stability and mode of inheritance.J.Econ.Entomol.81:57-64．
119． Miller,R.W.,B.A.Croft & R.D.Nelson.1985． Effects of early season immigration on cyhexatin and formetanate resistance of Tetranychus urticae on strawberry in Central California.J.Econ.Entomol.78:1379-1388．
120． A.S.Heagle,* R.L.Brandenburg,J.C.Burns,and J.E.Miller Ozone and Carbon Dioxide Effects on Mites in Clover and Peanut Published in J.Environ.Qual .23: 1168-1176(1994)
121． Richard Grazzini Donald Walters Inheritance of Biochemical and Morphological Characterd Associated with Two-spotted Spider Mite Resistance in Pelargonium×hortorum J.AMER.SOC.HORT.SCI.122 (3) : 373-379． 1997．
122． Michael R.Dick,James E.Dripps & Nailah Orr Muscarinic Agonists as Insecticides and Acaricides Pestic.Sci.1997,49,268-276
123． Timothy J.Dennehy Andrew W.Farnam & Ian Denholm The Microimmersion Bioassay: A Novel Method for the Topical Application of Pesticides to Spider Mites pestic.sci.1993． 39． 47-54
124． S.C.Mcnab and P.H.Jerie Leaf Scorch Responses of 'Sensation' and 'Bartlett' Pear to Twospotted Spider Mite Institute for Irrigation and
Salinity Research,Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Tatura,3616,Australia
125． Michael R.Strand and Louis L.Pech Immunological Basis for Compatibility in Parasitold-Host Relationships Annu .Rev.Entomol.1995． 40:31-56
126． Tsagkarakou,-A.; Navajas-M.; Lagnel,-J;Pasteur,-N,.Genetic variability in Tetranychus urticae from Greece : insecticide resistance and isozymes.Entomological Sociaty of Americia,1908-.Dec 1996． v.89(6) p.1354-1358．
127． Campus,-F; krupa,-D.A.;Dybus,-R.A.Susceptibility of populations of twospoted spider mites from florida,Holland ,and the canary Islands to abamectin and characterization of abamectin resistance Entomological Sociaty of America,1908-.June 1996． v.89(3) p.594-601．
128． J-econ-entomol.Lanham,Md.: Etomological Society of America,1908-.Dec 1995． v.88(16) p.1517-1524．
129． Patterson,-c,G,;Archbold,-D.D.;Rodriguez,-J.G.;Hamilton-Kemp,-T.R.Daylength and resistance of strawberry foliage to the twospotted spider mite .The Ameriacan Society for Horticultural Science .Nov 1994． v.29(11) p.1329-1331．
130． Argentine JA,Clark JM.1990． Selection for abamectin resistance in Colorado potato beetle.pHD thesis,Univ.Mass.Amherst.114pp.
131． Campos F,DybasRA.1992． Abamectin resistance in twospotted spider mites,Tetranychus urticae,Presented at Entomol.Soc.Am.Annu.Meeting, Baltimore.MD
132． Cochran DG.1990． Efficacy of abamectin fed to German cockroaches resistant to pyrethroids.J.Econ.Entomol.83:1243-1245
133． Fergusson-Kolmectin LA,Scott JG,Dennehy TJ.1991． Dicofol resistance in Tetranychus urticaercross-resistance and pharmacokinetics.J.Econ.Entomol.84:41-48
134． Hassall KA.1982． The Chemistry of Pesticides.Their Metabolism,,Mode of Action and Uses in Crop Protection.Deerfield Beach,FL:Verlag Chemie
135． Hoy MA,Conley J.1987． Selection for abamectin resistance in Tetranychus urticae and T.pacificus.J.Econ.Entomol.80:221-225．
136． Hoy MA,Ouyang YL.1989． Selection of the Western predatory mite,Metaseiulus occidental is,for resistance to abamectin.J.Econ.Entomol.82:35-40
137． Overmeer WPJ,Van Zon AQ Helle W.1975． the stability of acaricide resistance in spider mite populations from rose houses.Entomol,Exp.Appl.18:68-74
138． Payne GT,Soderlund DM.1992． Activation of Y-aminobutyric acid indensitive chloride channels in mouse brain synaptic vesicles in mouse brain synaptic
vesicles by avermectin B1a.Biochem.Toxicol.6:283-92
139． Rizzieri DA,Dennethy TJ,Glover TJ.1988． Gennetic analysis of dicofol resistance in two populations of twospotted spider mite from New York apple orchards.J.Econ.Entomol.81:1271-1276
140． Roush RT,Wright JE.1986． Abamectin:toxicity to house files resistant to synthetic organc insecticides.J.Econ.Entomol.79:562-564
141． Scott JG.1989． Cross-resistance to the biological insecticide abamectin in pyrethroid resistant strains of house flies .pestic.Biochem.Physiol. 34:27-31
142． Scott JG,Georghiou GP.1985． Rapid development of high-level permethrin resistannce in a field-collected strain of house fly under laboratory select ion.J.Econ.Entomol.78:316-19
143． Scott JG.Georghiou GP.1986． Mechanesms responsible for high levels of permethin resistance in the house fly.Pestic.Sci.17:195-206
144． Scott JG,Roush RT,Liu N.1991． Selection of high-level abamectin resistance from field-collected house files,Musca domestica,Experientia 47:288-291
145． Wheelock GD,Scott JG,1990,Immunological detection of cytochrome p450 from insecticide resistant and susceptible house flies .Pestic,Biochem,Physiol.38:130-139
146． Tabashnik BE,1991． Determining the mode of inheritance of pesticide resistance with backcross.J.Econ.Entomol.83:703-712
147． Michael Louis L.Pech Immunological basis for compatibility in parasitold-host relationships Department of Entomology,University of Wisconsin-Madison,Madison,Wisconsin 537-546
148． Gerald Wilde,Warren Thomas,and Harvey Hall Plant Ressistance to Twospotted Spider Mite in Raspberry Cultivars .J.Econ.Entomol.84(1) :251~255(1991)
149． Aina,0． J.,J.G.Rodriguez & D.E.Knavel.1972． Characterizing resistance to Tetranychus urticae in tomato.J.Econ.Entomol.65:641-643
150． Charles.J.G.,E.Collyer & V.White .1985． Integrated control of Tetranychus urticae with Phytoscinlus persimilis and Stethorus bifidus in commercial raspberry gardens.N.Z.J.Exp.Agric.13:385-393
151． Mohammad,A.A.A.& J.G.Rodriguez.1985． Resistance of selected soybean genotypes to the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch .Trans.K.Acad.Sci.46:92-98．
152． Shanks,C.H.& J.H.Barrit.1984． Resistance of Fragaria chiloensis clones to the two spotted spider mite.J.Am.Soc.Hortic.19:640-641
153． S.C.Mcnab and P.H.Jerie Leaf scorch responses of 'Sensation' and
'Bartlett' Pear to Twospotted spider mite .J.Econ.Entomol.84(4) :1334-1338(1991)
2．忻介六．农业害螨学．北京：农业出版社，1988
3．李隆术．农业螨类研究进展．中国农业科学，1990，23(1)：22～30
4．谭福杰．农业害虫抗药性测定方法．南京农业大学学报．1987，4(增)：107～122
5．黄明度．害虫的抗药性：Ⅷ农业螨类的抗性测定方法．昆虫知识，1983，20(2)：96～97
6．龚坤元．Ⅰ．害虫的抗药问题概述．昆虫知识，1982，19(1)：44～46
7．龚坤元．害虫的抗药性：Ⅵ．昆虫抗性生化机理．昆虫知识，1982，19(2)39～41
8．顾云，张振芳．二斑叶螨在山东省苹果园发生危害的现状及防治策略．落叶果树．1995；(2)：14～16
9．刘涛等．二斑叶螨与朱砂叶螨种间竞争的研究．植物保护．1998；24(2)：6～9
10．朴春树等．二斑叶螨危害果树初报．中国果树，1993(4)：24～25
11．鹿明芳，贾冬梅．二斑叶螨在胶州的发生与防治．北方果树．2000，(3)：11～11，22
12．梁泊，许跃东．二斑叶螨在平谷发生状况调查及防治试验．河北果树．1999，(4)：33～34
13．郭德明．二斑叶螨护散途径调查初报．山西果树．2000，(3)：26～27
14．田芬云．二斑叶螨的发生及防治．陕西农业．1998，(4)：26～26
15．张钦书等．二斑叶螨田间药剂筛选初报．山西果树，1996(2)：36～37
16．陈修会等．二斑叶螨在苹果树上的发生及防治初报．烟台果树，1994(2)：21～22
17．陈家章，罗进仓．二斑叶螨的发生为害与防治．甘肃农业科技，1999，(8)：46～47
18．王敬军．二斑叶螨的综合防治技术．中国农村科技．1999，(3)：16～17
19．王尊．二斑叶螨在苹果树上的发生与防治．山西果树，1994(1)：28～29
20．王莉杰，王显平．二斑叶螨的为害蔓延应高度警惕．落叶果树．1997，29(4)：46～46
21．徐永芳，陈丽娟．二斑叶螨在苹果树上的发生及防治．果树实用技术与信息．1998，(6)：12～13
22．马淑娥等．二斑叶螨的发生规律及防治技术．中国果树，1998(2)：34～36
23．杨俊杰，郭德明．二斑叶螨的特性与防治．西北园艺．1998，(1)：38～38
24．刘升基．花生田二斑叶螨的发生与防治．山东农业科学，1996(3)：38
25．周玉书．对二斑叶螨的研究现状(一)．果树实用技术与信息．1999，(7)：10～13
26．周玉书．对二斑叶螨的研究现状(二)．果树实用技术与信息．1999，(8)：20～21
27．李连文，吴妍等．营口地区二斑叶螨的发生与防治．北方果树，2001，(2)：29～29
28．刘建生，孙平等．二斑叶螨在葡萄上的发生危害与防治．植物医生，2000，13(3)：24～24
29．李仁芳，杜明香．浅谈果园二斑叶螨的发生与防治．落叶果树，2000，32(1)．56～57
30．渠慎春，钱亚明．苹果二斑叶螨的防治技术研究．江苏农业科学．2000，(2)：53～53，57
31．吴元善，任宏涛．苹果园二斑叶螨药剂防治技术研究．蛛形学报．1996，5(2)：101～104
32．张学堂，李建东．砀山地区苹果二斑叶螨的发生与防治．落叶果树．2000，(5)：50～51
33．李师昌．二斑叶螨在苹果树上的发生与防治．落叶果树．2000，(6)：49～50
34．王铁章，高鸿燕．二斑叶螨的防治试验．河北林业科技．1998，(1)：26～26
35．单文荣，米青荣等．应用5％螨怕它(阿·哒)防治苹果二斑叶螨药效试验初报．河北农业科学，2000，4(4)：34～37
36．王念平，蔡瑞伟．螨即死防治茄子二斑叶螨的效果．农药，2000，39(7)：37～37
37．刘积芝，王振波．克螨特等10种药剂防治苹果树二斑叶螨的效果．落叶果树．1999，(3)：9～10
38．叶琪明，方华平．草莓二斑叶螨的综合防治．蔬菜，2001，(5)：20～21
39．刘岗，王吉奎．阿巴丁防治苹果二斑叶螨的效果．西南园艺，1999，27(4)：6～7
40．孙庆田，张守峰．阿巴丁防治苹果二斑叶螨药效试验．落叶果树．1998，30(2)：17～17
41．邱名榜．1.8％阿巴丁乳油防治二斑叶螨试验初报．植物检疫．1998，12(3)：156～158
42．蒋桂福，泮之海．阿维菌素生物农药防治二斑叶螨药效试验．植物检疫．1998，12(5)：276～277
43．师忠轩，岳彩惠．防治苹果二斑叶螨药剂筛选试验．落叶果树．1998，(4)：14～14
44．刘长仲．二斑叶螨实验种群生命表的组建与分析．植物保护．2000，26(4)：15～17
45．田俊霞，殷正勤．玉米二斑叶螨的发生及药剂防治试验．宁夏农林科技2000，(6)：61～61
46．张艳璇，林松．常用农药对草莓害螨及其天敌的毒力效应．福建果树，1995，(2)：12～14
47．于丽辰，许长新等．敌死虫抑制二斑叶螨产卵能力测试．河北果树．2000，(3)：10～11
48．孟和生 王开运．二斑叶螨和苹果全爪螨对药剂敏感性比较试验．中国果树．2000，(4)：35～35，56
49．孟和生，王开运等．二斑叶螨发生危害特点及防治对策．昆虫知识．2001，38(1)：52～54
50．邱名榜，赵业霞．阿维菌素类农药防治苹果二斑叶螨的试验简报．落叶果树，2000，32(2)：56～56
51．余忠保，王永．几种杀螨剂对二斑叶螨的防治效果．河北果树．1999，(1)：13～13
52．喻国泉，李冠雄．几种杀螨剂对二斑叶螨的药效试验．植物检疫．1997，11(4)：207～211
53．陈汉杰，张金勇．0.2％阿维虫清乳油防治二斑叶螨的田间试验，河北果树．1999，(2)：57～57
54．陈卫民，王念平等．螨即死防治茄子二斑叶螨药效试验．长江蔬菜．2001，(8)：35～35
55．朴春树等．常用杀螨剂对二斑叶螨敏感种群毒力测定．植物保护，1999；25(5)：20～22
56．赵卫东，王开运等．二斑叶螨对常用杀螨剂的抗药性测定．农药学学报，2001，(3)：86～88
57．王开运，赵卫东等．十种杀螨剂对二斑叶螨抗性种群不同发育阶段的毒力比较．2002，(3)：29～31
58．程立生，吴辉文．三氯杀螨醇对二斑叶螨发育和繁殖影响的研究．海南大学学报：自科版1994，12(4)：341～345
59．程立生，潘俊松．几种杀螨剂对二斑叶螨和朱砂叶螨的毒力测定．植物保护，1994，20(4)：18～19
60．孙耕芹．氧化作用的抑制剂(SV1)在二斑叶螨体内对有机磷杀虫剂的增效作用．动物学集刊，1988(6)：1～4
61．匡海源等．关于区分朱砂叶螨和二斑叶螨两个近似种的研究．昆虫学报，1990；33(1)：109～115
62．陈文龙，王慧．尼氏钝绥螨的室内繁殖及其对二斑叶螨捕食作用的研究．上海农学院学报，1996，14(2)：101～105
63．候爱平，张艳璇．利用长毛钝绥螨控制冬瓜上二斑叶螨研究．昆虫天敌，1996，18(1)：29～34
64．郭玉杰，蒋金炜．苏云金素对智利不植绥螨及基猎物二斑叶螨的毒力测定．生物防治通报，1993，9(4)：151～155
65．朴春树等．二斑叶螨滞育特性的初步研究．昆虫知识，2000；37(4)：212～214
66．聂继云等．果树二斑叶螨的研究进展．中国果树，1997(4)：46～47
67．孟和生，王开运等．桔全爪螨对常用杀螨剂的抗药性监测．农药，2000：39(2)：26～28
68．孟和生，王开运等．桔全爪螨的抗药性选育及其解毒酶活力变化．昆虫学报，2002，45(1)：58～62
69．沈慧敏．增效剂与常规药剂混用对抗性二点叶螨增效作用的研究．植物保护，2001，27(1)：12～15
70．唐振华．农业害虫抗药性．1982，32～220
71．黄明度．中国主要害虫综合治理．1979，p361～369
72．龚坤元．Ⅰ．害虫抗性问题的概述．昆虫知识，1982，19(1)：44～46
73．童建华，庄占兴．阿维菌素生产和应用现状．农药，1999，38(9)：38～39
74．杨沛．正确推广阿维菌素系列药剂．农药，1998，37(12)：35～36
75．张敏恒．新型高效广谱杀螨剂-阿维菌素．农药，1998，37(3)：36～37
76．王开运，慕立义．增效剂对抗性玉米螟的增效作用研究．山东农业大学学报，1990，(1)：21～25
77．慕立义等．植物化学保护研究方法(M)．北京：中国农业出版社，1991，148～167
78．慕立义等．杀虫剂室内选育亚洲玉米螟抗药性及交互抗性的研究[J]．植物保护学报．1988，15(3)：219～223
79．唐振华，R.J.Wood.尖音库蚊复合体乙酰胆碱酯酶敏感度降低与抗药性研究．昆虫学集刊，1985，(5)：113～121
80．刘明丽，王美南等．棉花叶螨的抗药性测定及抗性机制的初步研究进展，1995，中国植保学会编
81．陈巧云，蒋家良，侯能俊．淡色库蚊成虫微粒体氧化酶和谷胱甘肽—S—转移酶的研究．昆虫学集刊，1982～1983，(3)：35～40上海科学技术出版社
82．唐振华，黎云根．增效剂对抗有机磷淡色库蚊增效作用的进一步研究．昆虫学集刊，1984，(4)：121～126上海科技出版社
83．陈文美，刘维德，吴能．中国淡色库蚊对敌百虫抗性与羧酸酯酶活力比较的研究．昆虫学研究集刊，1981，(2)：35～39
84．刘维德，G.P乔治欧．双硫磷诱导抗性有机磷缺乏库蚊酯酶活性增强的初步研究．昆虫学研究集刊，1982～1983，(3)：65～67
85．蒋家良，陈巧云，黄刚等．抗有机磷淡色库蚊的羧酸酯酶研究．昆虫学研究集刊，1980，(1)：69～75
86．唐振华，黎云根．马拉硫磷和敌百虫混用和轮用的研究：淡色库蚊的酯酶同工酶与抗性的关系．昆虫学报，1985，28(2)：135～140
87．袁家圭，孙耕芹，冯国蕾等．家蝇中乙酰胆碱酯酶、羧酸酯酶和多功能氧化酶活性与抗药性的关系．昆虫学报，1987，30(2)：126～130
88．蒋家良，陈巧云，侯能俊等．不同敌百虫抗性品系淡色库蚊幼虫中谷胱苷肽和谷胱甘肽—S—转移酶的比较．昆虫学报，1984，27(3)：248～253
89．高希武．Gorum等改进的Ellman胆碱酯酶活性测定方法介绍．昆虫知识，1987，24(4)：245～246
90. FAO, 1980. Plant production and Protection 21, Recommend Methods for Measurment of Resistance to Pestcides. 49～54
91. Richard Grazzini. 1997. Inheritance of Biochemical and Morphological Characters Associated with Two-spotted Spider Mite Resistance in Pelargonium×hortorum. J. AMER. Soc. HORT. Sci. 122(3):373～379
92. C.WAYNESMITH. 1992. Condesed Tannins in Cotton and Bollworm-Budworm Resistance. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY, 85(6):2211～2216
93. TONGYAN TIAN, ELIZABETHE. 1992. Resistance of Tetranychus urticae Koch to Cyhexatin and Fenbutatin-Oxide in California Pears. INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE AND RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT, 85(6):2088～2095
94. Smissaert, H.R. 1964. Cholinesterase Inhibition in Spide Mites Susceptible and Resistance to Organophosp. Pesci Science, 143:129～131
95. DONALD S.1989 Effects of Mite Resistance Mechanism of Geraniums on Mortality and Behavior of Foxglove Aphid. Walters ET AL. 877～886
96. J.M. Clark. 1994. Resistance to Avermectins:Extent, Mechanisms, and Management Implications. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 40:1～30
97. Ken E. Lege,*C. 1992. Genotypic and Cultural Effects on Condensed Tannin Concentration of Cotton Leaves. Crop Sci. 32:1024～1028
98. RENPEL HATANO. 1992. Enhanced Activation Is the Mechanism of Negative Cross-Resistance to Chlorpyrifos in the Dicofol-IR Strain of Tetranychus urticae. Journal of Economic Entomology. 85(4)1088～1091
99. Gerld Wilde. 1991. Plant Resistance to Two-Spotted Spider Mite in Raspberry Cultivars. J. Econ. Entomol. 84(1):251～255
100. Sadras,-V.O.;Wilson,-L.J,;Lally,-D.A. 1998. Water Deficit enhanced Cotton
Resistance to Spider Mite Herbivory.Ann-bot.London:Academic Press.81(2) :273-286
101． Krips,-O.E.;Witul,-A.;Willems,-p.e.1． 1998． Intrinsic Rate of Population Increase of the Spider Mite Yetranychus Urticae on the Oenamental Corp Gerberarlntraspecific Variation in Host Plant and Herbivore.Entomol-exp-appl.Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers.89(2) :159-168
102． Gimenez-Ferrer.-R.M.;Erb,-W.A.1994． Host-pest Relationships Between the Two-Spotted Spider Mite and Strawberry Cultivars with Differing Levels of Resistance.Entomological Society of America.87(1) 168-175．
103． Martinson,-T.J.;Nyrop,-J.P.1991． Field Measurements of Selection for Two-Spotted Spider Mite in Apple Orchards.Entomological Society of America.84(1) :7-16
104． Walters,-D.S.;Craig,-R.1990． Effects of Mite Resistance Mechanism of Geraniums on Mortality and Behavior of Foxglove Aphid.J-Chem-Ecol.NewYork,N.Y..-Plenum Press.16(3) :877~886
105． Fergusson-Kolmes LA,Scott JG,Dennehy TJ.1991． Dicofol resistance in Tetranychus urticae: cross-resistance and pharmacokinetics.J.Econ.Entomol. 84:41-48
106． Shen Hui-min.Resistance and cross-resistance of Tetranychus to 14 insecticides and acaricides[J].Systematic and Applied Acarology,1999,(4) :9-14
107． FAO.Revised method for spide mites and their eggs (e.g.Tetranychus spp.and Panonychus ulmi Koch).FAO Plant Production and Protection,1980,21:49-51．
108． Ken E.Lege,* C.Wayne Smith ,and J.Tom Cothren Planting Date and Plant Density Effects on Condensed Tannin Concentration of Cotton Crop Science ,Vol.33,MARCH-APRIL,1993:320-324
109． David M.Soderlund2 And Pamela M.Adams Inhibition of Octopamine-Stimulated Adenylate Cyclase Activity in Two-Spotted Mites by Dicofol and Related Diphenylcarbinol Acaricides1 Pesticide Biochemistry And Physiology 46,228-235 (1993)
110． Ken E.Lege ,* C.Wayne Smith ,and J.Tom Cothren Genotypic and Cultural Effects on Condensed Tannin Concentration of Cotton Leaves,Crop Science ,Vol,32,July-August 1992
111． Donald S.Walters,Richard Craig,and Ralph 0． Mumma Effects of Mite Resistance Mechansm of Geraniums on Mortality and Behavior of Foxglove Aphid
112． Tongyan Tian,Elizabeth E.Grafton-Cardwell,and Jeffrey Granett Resistance of Tetranychus urticae Koch to Cyhexatin and Fenbutatin-Oxide in California Pears J.Econ..Entomol .85(6) :2088-2095(1992)
113． Croft,B.A..R.Miller,R.D.Nelson & P.H.Westigard.1984． Inheritance of early-state resistance to formetanate and cyhexatin in Tetranychus urticae Koch.J.Econ.Entomol.77:574-578．
114． Dennehy,T.J.& J.Granett.1984． Spider mite resistance to dicofol in San Joaquin Valley cotton:inter-and intraspecific variability in susceptibility of three species of Tetranychus.J.Econ.Entomol.77: 1381-1385
115． Edge,V.E.& D.J.James.1982． Detection of cyhexatin resistance in twospotted mite ,Teeranychus urticae Koch in Australia.J.Aust.Entomol.Soc.21:198
116． 1986． Organo-tin resistance in Tetranychus urticae in Australia.J.Econ.Entomol.79:1477-1483
117． Flexner,J.L.,P.H.Westigard & B.A.Croft.1988． Field reversion of organotin resistance in the twospotted spider mite following relaxation of selection pressure.J.Econ.Entomol.81:1516~1520
118． Hoy,M.G.,J.Conley & W.Robinson.1988． Cyhexatin and fenbutatin-oxide resistancefin Pacific spider mite stability and mode of inheritance.J.Econ.Entomol.81:57-64．
119． Miller,R.W.,B.A.Croft & R.D.Nelson.1985． Effects of early season immigration on cyhexatin and formetanate resistance of Tetranychus urticae on strawberry in Central California.J.Econ.Entomol.78:1379-1388．
120． A.S.Heagle,* R.L.Brandenburg,J.C.Burns,and J.E.Miller Ozone and Carbon Dioxide Effects on Mites in Clover and Peanut Published in J.Environ.Qual .23: 1168-1176(1994)
121． Richard Grazzini Donald Walters Inheritance of Biochemical and Morphological Characterd Associated with Two-spotted Spider Mite Resistance in Pelargonium×hortorum J.AMER.SOC.HORT.SCI.122 (3) : 373-379． 1997．
122． Michael R.Dick,James E.Dripps & Nailah Orr Muscarinic Agonists as Insecticides and Acaricides Pestic.Sci.1997,49,268-276
123． Timothy J.Dennehy Andrew W.Farnam & Ian Denholm The Microimmersion Bioassay: A Novel Method for the Topical Application of Pesticides to Spider Mites pestic.sci.1993． 39． 47-54
124． S.C.Mcnab and P.H.Jerie Leaf Scorch Responses of 'Sensation' and 'Bartlett' Pear to Twospotted Spider Mite Institute for Irrigation and
Salinity Research,Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Tatura,3616,Australia
125． Michael R.Strand and Louis L.Pech Immunological Basis for Compatibility in Parasitold-Host Relationships Annu .Rev.Entomol.1995． 40:31-56
126． Tsagkarakou,-A.; Navajas-M.; Lagnel,-J;Pasteur,-N,.Genetic variability in Tetranychus urticae from Greece : insecticide resistance and isozymes.Entomological Sociaty of Americia,1908-.Dec 1996． v.89(6) p.1354-1358．
127． Campus,-F; krupa,-D.A.;Dybus,-R.A.Susceptibility of populations of twospoted spider mites from florida,Holland ,and the canary Islands to abamectin and characterization of abamectin resistance Entomological Sociaty of America,1908-.June 1996． v.89(3) p.594-601．
128． J-econ-entomol.Lanham,Md.: Etomological Society of America,1908-.Dec 1995． v.88(16) p.1517-1524．
129． Patterson,-c,G,;Archbold,-D.D.;Rodriguez,-J.G.;Hamilton-Kemp,-T.R.Daylength and resistance of strawberry foliage to the twospotted spider mite .The Ameriacan Society for Horticultural Science .Nov 1994． v.29(11) p.1329-1331．
130． Argentine JA,Clark JM.1990． Selection for abamectin resistance in Colorado potato beetle.pHD thesis,Univ.Mass.Amherst.114pp.
131． Campos F,DybasRA.1992． Abamectin resistance in twospotted spider mites,Tetranychus urticae,Presented at Entomol.Soc.Am.Annu.Meeting, Baltimore.MD
132． Cochran DG.1990． Efficacy of abamectin fed to German cockroaches resistant to pyrethroids.J.Econ.Entomol.83:1243-1245
133． Fergusson-Kolmectin LA,Scott JG,Dennehy TJ.1991． Dicofol resistance in Tetranychus urticaercross-resistance and pharmacokinetics.J.Econ.Entomol.84:41-48
134． Hassall KA.1982． The Chemistry of Pesticides.Their Metabolism,,Mode of Action and Uses in Crop Protection.Deerfield Beach,FL:Verlag Chemie
135． Hoy MA,Conley J.1987． Selection for abamectin resistance in Tetranychus urticae and T.pacificus.J.Econ.Entomol.80:221-225．
136． Hoy MA,Ouyang YL.1989． Selection of the Western predatory mite,Metaseiulus occidental is,for resistance to abamectin.J.Econ.Entomol.82:35-40
137． Overmeer WPJ,Van Zon AQ Helle W.1975． the stability of acaricide resistance in spider mite populations from rose houses.Entomol,Exp.Appl.18:68-74
138． Payne GT,Soderlund DM.1992． Activation of Y-aminobutyric acid indensitive chloride channels in mouse brain synaptic vesicles in mouse brain synaptic
vesicles by avermectin B1a.Biochem.Toxicol.6:283-92
139． Rizzieri DA,Dennethy TJ,Glover TJ.1988． Gennetic analysis of dicofol resistance in two populations of twospotted spider mite from New York apple orchards.J.Econ.Entomol.81:1271-1276
140． Roush RT,Wright JE.1986． Abamectin:toxicity to house files resistant to synthetic organc insecticides.J.Econ.Entomol.79:562-564
141． Scott JG.1989． Cross-resistance to the biological insecticide abamectin in pyrethroid resistant strains of house flies .pestic.Biochem.Physiol. 34:27-31
142． Scott JG,Georghiou GP.1985． Rapid development of high-level permethrin resistannce in a field-collected strain of house fly under laboratory select ion.J.Econ.Entomol.78:316-19
143． Scott JG.Georghiou GP.1986． Mechanesms responsible for high levels of permethin resistance in the house fly.Pestic.Sci.17:195-206
144． Scott JG,Roush RT,Liu N.1991． Selection of high-level abamectin resistance from field-collected house files,Musca domestica,Experientia 47:288-291
145． Wheelock GD,Scott JG,1990,Immunological detection of cytochrome p450 from insecticide resistant and susceptible house flies .Pestic,Biochem,Physiol.38:130-139
146． Tabashnik BE,1991． Determining the mode of inheritance of pesticide resistance with backcross.J.Econ.Entomol.83:703-712
147． Michael Louis L.Pech Immunological basis for compatibility in parasitold-host relationships Department of Entomology,University of Wisconsin-Madison,Madison,Wisconsin 537-546
148． Gerald Wilde,Warren Thomas,and Harvey Hall Plant Ressistance to Twospotted Spider Mite in Raspberry Cultivars .J.Econ.Entomol.84(1) :251~255(1991)
149． Aina,0． J.,J.G.Rodriguez & D.E.Knavel.1972． Characterizing resistance to Tetranychus urticae in tomato.J.Econ.Entomol.65:641-643
150． Charles.J.G.,E.Collyer & V.White .1985． Integrated control of Tetranychus urticae with Phytoscinlus persimilis and Stethorus bifidus in commercial raspberry gardens.N.Z.J.Exp.Agric.13:385-393
151． Mohammad,A.A.A.& J.G.Rodriguez.1985． Resistance of selected soybean genotypes to the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch .Trans.K.Acad.Sci.46:92-98．
152． Shanks,C.H.& J.H.Barrit.1984． Resistance of Fragaria chiloensis clones to the two spotted spider mite.J.Am.Soc.Hortic.19:640-641
153． S.C.Mcnab and P.H.Jerie Leaf scorch responses of 'Sensation' and
'Bartlett' Pear to Twospotted spider mite .J.Econ.Entomol.84(4) :1334-1338(1991)