非杀菌剂农药对小麦纹枯病菌生长及致病力的影响
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摘要
实验研究了9种除草剂、14种杀虫(螨)剂对小麦纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia cerealis Vander Hoeven)菌丝生长、菌核形成、致病力及病菌活体外三种细胞壁降解酶(果胶酶、半纤维素酶和纤维素酶)活性的影响。结果表明：
23种供试药剂在试验浓度下对小麦纹枯病菌菌丝的生长均有不同程度的抑制作用，其抑制率随浓度的增加而增加，但药剂间抑制率的差异较大，在50mg/L浓度下，骠马(94.4％)、功夫(96.0％)、敌杀死(98.6％)、啶虫脒(95.7％)、高效氯氰菊酯(93.2％)、百树(96.9％)和扑虱蚜(90.8％)对菌丝生长的抑制率均超过了常用杀菌剂井冈霉素的抑制率(86.28％)；而亿力、百草敌、久效磷和氧化乐果等在此浓度下基本上不抑制其线性生长。有的药剂，如扑虱蚜、辛硫磷还能影响菌落的形态和色泽。
毒力测定发现不同药剂的EC_(50)值有较大的差异。其中EC_(50)值较低的有骠马(7.03mg/L)、功夫(10.99mg/L)、敌杀死(9.54mg/L)、啶虫脒(8.19mg/L)、百树(6.75mg/L)和扑虱蚜(2.96mg/L)，有的药剂在田间实际使用浓度下，其理论抑制率甚至超过了井冈霉素的理论抑制值(88.6％)，如骠马、丁草胺、辛硫磷等。
显微观察表明，50mg/L药剂处理后的菌丝形态可发生不同程度的变化：异常缢缩、膨大、扭曲、分枝频繁，集结程度和畸形程度较高。显微测量表明，药剂处理后的菌丝分枝间距多数明显缩短，如骠马、啶虫脒、高效氯氰菊酯等；而氧化乐果、敌百虫处理可使菌丝分枝间距略有加长。
多数药剂在50mg/L的浓度下，能较高程度的抑制菌核形成的数目，如功夫、敌杀死等。
药剂处理后小麦纹枯病菌在活体外仍能产生果胶酶、半纤维素酶和纤维素酶，但这三种酶的活性受到不同程度的影响。与对照相比，多数药剂处理后能促进半纤维素酶的活性，同时药剂对果胶酶活性的影响不如对其它两种酶活性的影响明显。
盆栽接种试验表明，50mg/L的骠马、功夫、百树、扑虱蚜能很好的抑制病原菌的侵染能力，其抑制程度高达40％以上，三氯杀螨醇和久效磷基本上不影响其侵染能力，而氧化乐果和麦乐宁略能增加其侵染能力。
将含药50mg/L处理形成的菌落转移到无药的PSA平皿后，其菌丝生长、菌核形成和病原菌的侵染力都能得到较好的恢复。
通过定期取样观察表明，与对照相比，有些药剂，如骠马、功夫等处理后的
扬州大学硕士学位论文
菌丝延迟了侵入小麦叶鞘细胞的时间，而且不能很好的进一步侵入其它邻近细胞.
本文首次利用嵌入法接种小麦纹枯病菌，并与常规的外贴法进行了比较，结
果表明，利用嵌入法接种，小麦植株间发病迅速、整齐一致，且操作方便，尤其
适用于苗期接种。
The effects of nine herbicides and 14 insecticides on mycelia growth, sclerotia forming, pathogenicity and the activities of three cell wall-degrading enzymes (pectinase, cellulase, hemicellulase) in vitro of Rhizoctonia cerealis were studied.
The results indicated that all 23 pesticides tested had inhibition effects on the mycelia growth with defferent degrees, and the inhibition increased with concentration, but with pesticides. At the concentration of 50mg/L, the inhibitions of fenoxaprop, cyflithrin, deilamethrin, acetaniprid, alphamethrin, cyflithrinand pushiya were higher than that of jingangmycin( 86.28%); whereas tribenuron, dicamba, monocrotophos and omethoate were of little inhibition at the same concentration; some pesticides ,for example pushiya and phoxim ,could also affect the colony shape and color of R. cerealis.
Toxicity test showed that the EC50 varied with pesticides. The EC50 of fenoxaprop, deilamethrin, acetaniprid, cyflithrin and pushiya was lower than l0mg/L. At the recommended field rate, the theory inhibition of fenoxaprop, butachlor, mailening, phoxim and chlorpyrifos even exceeded that of jinggangmycin (88.6%) .
Microscopic observation indicated that the shape of treated mycelia deformed in varying degrees, including unusual constriction, intumescent, contortion, branching frequently, more intertwining and deformation. Microscopic measurment indicated that the intervals of mycelia branches were shortened significantly when treated with fenoxaprop, cyflithrin, deilamethrin and so on. However the intervals became slight longer when treated with omethoate and trichlorphon.
The numbers of sclerotia decreased significantly when treated with pesticides at the concentration of 50mg/L.
Pectinase, cellulase and hemicellulase were also produced in vitro from R.cerealis after treatment, but their activities were affected with various degrees. Compared with the control, majority treatments could promote the activity of hemicellulase, and the effect on the activity of pectinase was less than that of other two enzymes.
Inoculating experiment with potted plants showed that fenoxaprop, cyflithrin, cyflithrin, pushiyacould inhibited the pathogenicity of R.cerealis at the concentration of 50mg/L, and the inhibition reached 40% or more. No effects wre found with dicofol and
monocrotophos, whereas omethoate and mailening enhanced the pathogenicity slightly.
When subcultured the colonies formed on treated medium with concentration of 50mg/L , the effects on mycelia growth sclerotia forming and pathogenicity of R. cerealis relented.
Periodic sampling observation indicated that,during the invading of mycelia into boot cellulars , the time of invading was delayed in some treatments when compared with control, and they could not further more penetrated and expanded vicinity cellulars after invading.
Insertion method was applied first time for inoculating R. cerealis , and compared with mycelia plugs clasp stem method. The results showed that: the disease appeared faster and more uniformly with insertion method. With its convenient to operate, insertion method is suitable for R. cerealis inoculating, especially for seedling inoculation.
23种供试药剂在试验浓度下对小麦纹枯病菌菌丝的生长均有不同程度的抑制作用，其抑制率随浓度的增加而增加，但药剂间抑制率的差异较大，在50mg/L浓度下，骠马(94.4％)、功夫(96.0％)、敌杀死(98.6％)、啶虫脒(95.7％)、高效氯氰菊酯(93.2％)、百树(96.9％)和扑虱蚜(90.8％)对菌丝生长的抑制率均超过了常用杀菌剂井冈霉素的抑制率(86.28％)；而亿力、百草敌、久效磷和氧化乐果等在此浓度下基本上不抑制其线性生长。有的药剂，如扑虱蚜、辛硫磷还能影响菌落的形态和色泽。
毒力测定发现不同药剂的EC_(50)值有较大的差异。其中EC_(50)值较低的有骠马(7.03mg/L)、功夫(10.99mg/L)、敌杀死(9.54mg/L)、啶虫脒(8.19mg/L)、百树(6.75mg/L)和扑虱蚜(2.96mg/L)，有的药剂在田间实际使用浓度下，其理论抑制率甚至超过了井冈霉素的理论抑制值(88.6％)，如骠马、丁草胺、辛硫磷等。
显微观察表明，50mg/L药剂处理后的菌丝形态可发生不同程度的变化：异常缢缩、膨大、扭曲、分枝频繁，集结程度和畸形程度较高。显微测量表明，药剂处理后的菌丝分枝间距多数明显缩短，如骠马、啶虫脒、高效氯氰菊酯等；而氧化乐果、敌百虫处理可使菌丝分枝间距略有加长。
多数药剂在50mg/L的浓度下，能较高程度的抑制菌核形成的数目，如功夫、敌杀死等。
药剂处理后小麦纹枯病菌在活体外仍能产生果胶酶、半纤维素酶和纤维素酶，但这三种酶的活性受到不同程度的影响。与对照相比，多数药剂处理后能促进半纤维素酶的活性，同时药剂对果胶酶活性的影响不如对其它两种酶活性的影响明显。
盆栽接种试验表明，50mg/L的骠马、功夫、百树、扑虱蚜能很好的抑制病原菌的侵染能力，其抑制程度高达40％以上，三氯杀螨醇和久效磷基本上不影响其侵染能力，而氧化乐果和麦乐宁略能增加其侵染能力。
将含药50mg/L处理形成的菌落转移到无药的PSA平皿后，其菌丝生长、菌核形成和病原菌的侵染力都能得到较好的恢复。
通过定期取样观察表明，与对照相比，有些药剂，如骠马、功夫等处理后的
扬州大学硕士学位论文
菌丝延迟了侵入小麦叶鞘细胞的时间，而且不能很好的进一步侵入其它邻近细胞.
本文首次利用嵌入法接种小麦纹枯病菌，并与常规的外贴法进行了比较，结
果表明，利用嵌入法接种，小麦植株间发病迅速、整齐一致，且操作方便，尤其
适用于苗期接种。
The effects of nine herbicides and 14 insecticides on mycelia growth, sclerotia forming, pathogenicity and the activities of three cell wall-degrading enzymes (pectinase, cellulase, hemicellulase) in vitro of Rhizoctonia cerealis were studied.
The results indicated that all 23 pesticides tested had inhibition effects on the mycelia growth with defferent degrees, and the inhibition increased with concentration, but with pesticides. At the concentration of 50mg/L, the inhibitions of fenoxaprop, cyflithrin, deilamethrin, acetaniprid, alphamethrin, cyflithrinand pushiya were higher than that of jingangmycin( 86.28%); whereas tribenuron, dicamba, monocrotophos and omethoate were of little inhibition at the same concentration; some pesticides ,for example pushiya and phoxim ,could also affect the colony shape and color of R. cerealis.
Toxicity test showed that the EC50 varied with pesticides. The EC50 of fenoxaprop, deilamethrin, acetaniprid, cyflithrin and pushiya was lower than l0mg/L. At the recommended field rate, the theory inhibition of fenoxaprop, butachlor, mailening, phoxim and chlorpyrifos even exceeded that of jinggangmycin (88.6%) .
Microscopic observation indicated that the shape of treated mycelia deformed in varying degrees, including unusual constriction, intumescent, contortion, branching frequently, more intertwining and deformation. Microscopic measurment indicated that the intervals of mycelia branches were shortened significantly when treated with fenoxaprop, cyflithrin, deilamethrin and so on. However the intervals became slight longer when treated with omethoate and trichlorphon.
The numbers of sclerotia decreased significantly when treated with pesticides at the concentration of 50mg/L.
Pectinase, cellulase and hemicellulase were also produced in vitro from R.cerealis after treatment, but their activities were affected with various degrees. Compared with the control, majority treatments could promote the activity of hemicellulase, and the effect on the activity of pectinase was less than that of other two enzymes.
Inoculating experiment with potted plants showed that fenoxaprop, cyflithrin, cyflithrin, pushiyacould inhibited the pathogenicity of R.cerealis at the concentration of 50mg/L, and the inhibition reached 40% or more. No effects wre found with dicofol and
monocrotophos, whereas omethoate and mailening enhanced the pathogenicity slightly.
When subcultured the colonies formed on treated medium with concentration of 50mg/L , the effects on mycelia growth sclerotia forming and pathogenicity of R. cerealis relented.
Periodic sampling observation indicated that,during the invading of mycelia into boot cellulars , the time of invading was delayed in some treatments when compared with control, and they could not further more penetrated and expanded vicinity cellulars after invading.
Insertion method was applied first time for inoculating R. cerealis , and compared with mycelia plugs clasp stem method. The results showed that: the disease appeared faster and more uniformly with insertion method. With its convenient to operate, insertion method is suitable for R. cerealis inoculating, especially for seedling inoculation.
引文
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48. Brown,SL,Curl,EA. Rhizosphere effect of a herbicide-stressed plant,Cassia
obtusifolia,on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum.Phytopathology. 1980,70:565
49. Carson,M.L., Arnold,W.E., and Todt, P.E. Predisposition of soybean seedlings to Fusarium root rot with trifluralin. Plant Dis. 1991,75:342-347
50. Cole,A.M,et al. Effects of diphenamid on Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum and damping-off of tomato. Phytopathology. 1975,65: 431-434
51. Cohen,R,et al. Involvement of ethylene in herbicide-induced resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Melonis. Phytopathology, 1986,76:1281-1285
52. E1-khadem,M.,E1-Kazzaz,M.K.,and Hassan,M.A. Influence of different preemergence herbicides on cotton diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum. .Plant and soil,1986,79:29-36
53. E1-Khadem,M.,and Papavizas.G.C. Effect of the herbicides EPTC and linuron on cotton diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum. Plant Pathology, 1984,33:411-416
54. Grinstein,A., Katan,J., and Eshel,Y. Effect of dinitroaniline herbicides on plant resistance to soilborne pathogens. Phytopathology,1976,66:517-522
55. Grau,C.R. Effects of dinitroaniline and trifluralin on growth, reproduction, and infectvity of Aphanomyces euteiches. Phytopathology. 1977, 67:551-556.
56. Grinstein,A and Katan,J. Herbicide-induced resistance to plant wilt disease. Physiological Plant Pathology, 1984,24:347-356
57. Hacskaylo J, Stewart RB. Efficacy of phorate as a fungicide. Phytopathology, 1962, 52:371-372
58. Harvey, R.G., Hagedorn,D,J., and Deloughery, R.L. Influence of herbicides on root rot in processing peas. Crop Sci,1975,15:67-71
59. Johnson,H.W.,Ivany, J.A., and Cutcliffe,J.A. Effects of herbicides applied to soil on Fusarium root rot of processing peas.Plant Disease, 1980,64:942-943
60. Johal,G.S.,and Rahe,J.E. Effect of soilborne plant-pathogenic fungi on the herbicidal action of glyphosate on bean seedings. Phytopathology, 1984,74:950-955
61. Karr GH, Robert J, Gudauskas T, Dickens R. Effects of three herbicides on selected pathogens and disease of turfgrass. Phytopathology, 1979, 69:279-282
62. Katan J, Eshel Y. Effect of the herbicide diphenamid on damping--off disease of pepper and tomato.Phytopathology, 1974, 64:1186～1192
63. Kataria,H.R.,Singh,H. and Gisi,U. Interactions of fungicide-insecticide combinations against Rhzoctonia solani in vitro and in soil. Crop protection, 1989,8:399-404
64. Kataria,H.R.,and Dodan, D.S. Impact of two soil-applied herbicides on damping-off of cowpea caused by Rhizoctonia solani.. Plant and Soil, 1983,93:275-283
65. Kataria,H.R.,and Grover, R.K. Some factors affecting the control of Rhizoctonia solani.by systemic and non-systemic fungicides. Annals of Applied Biology, 1976,82:226-232
66. Leach, S.S. and Frank,J.A. Influence of three systemic insecticides on Verticillium wilt and Rhizoctonia disease complex of potato. Plant Disease, 1982,66:1180-1182
67. Millikan DF, Fields ML. Influence of some representative herbicidal chemicals upon the growth of some soil fungi. Phytopathology, 1964, 54:901 (abstr)
68. Neubauer, R.,et al. Effect of the herbicides, trifluralin, on Rhizoctonia disease in cotton. Phytopathology, 1973,63:651-652
69. Neubauer, R,Avizohar-Hershenson,Z. Effect of the herbicide,trifluralin, on Rhizoctonia solani. Phytopathology, 1976,66:1332-1333
70. Peeple,J.L, et al. Effect of paraquat,EPTC and trifluralin on growth of Fusarium oxysoorum f.sp.vasinfectum in liquid culture. Phytopathology, 1969,59:117
71. Percich,J.A., and Lookwood,J.L. Influence of atrazine on the severity of Fusarium root rot in pea and com..Phytopathology,1975,65:154-159
72. Pathak,D., and Roy, A.K,Deka, S.C. Effect of herbicides on the growth and sclerotial survival of Rhizoctonia solani(Kuehn). Annala of Biology 1996,12(2):245-251
73. Romig,W.R, Sasser M. Herbicide predisposition of snapbeans to Rhizoctonia solani. Phytopathology, 1972,62:785 (abstr)
74. Rovira AD, McDonald HJ. Effects of the herbicide chlorsulfuron on Rhizoctonia bare patch and take -all of barley and wheat. Plant Disease, 1986, 70:879-882.
75 Rodriguez-Kabana,R.,and Curl,E.A. Nontarget effects of pesticides on soil-borne pathogens and disease..Annual Review of Phytopathology, 1980,18:311-332
76. Rodriguez-Kabana,R.,and Backman, P.A.,Karr, G.W.,Jr and King,P.S. Effects of the nematicides fensulfothion on soil-borne pathogens.Plant Disease, 1976, 60:521-524
77. Ruppel,E.G.and Hecker, R.J. Inceased severity of Rhizoctonia root rot in sugar beet treated with systemic insecticides. Crop Protection,1982,1:75-81
78. Smiley, R.W.,Ogg,A.G.Jr.,and Cook,R.J. Influence of glyphosate on Rhizoctonia root rot, growth, and yield ofbarly.Plant Disease,1992,76:937-942
79. Smiley, R.W.,Uddin,W.,Ott,S.,and Rhinhart,K.E.L. Rhizoctonia root rot of barly affected by timing of glyphosate application.(Abstr.) Phytopathology, 1989,79:1217
80. Sumner, D,R. Interactions of herbicides and nematicides with root diseases of snapbean and southern pea. Phytopathology, 1974,64:1353-1358
81. Sumner, D,R,Glaze NC. Interactions of herbicides and nematicides with root diseases of turnip grown for leafy greens. Phytopathology, 1978,68:123-129
82..Sumner, D,R,,Dowler, C.C. Herbicide,planting date,and root disease interactions in corn.Plant Disease,1983,67:513-517
83. Sumner,D,R,Glaze NC,Dowler, CC,Johnson,AW. Herbicide treatments and root diseases of turnip in intensive cropping systems.Plant Dis Repor. 1979, 63:801-805
84. Teasdale,JR.et.al. Factors affecting the Suppression of pea(pisum sativum) root rot by dinitroaniline herbicides.Weed Science 1978, 27:467-472
85. Tisserat,N., Altman, J. and Campbell, C.L. Pesticide-plant disease interactions:The influence of aldicarb on growth of Rhizoctonia solani and damping-off of sugar beet seedlings. Phytopathology,1977,67:791-793
86. Wyse,D.L., Meggitt,W.F., and Penner, D. Effect of herbicides on the development of root rot on navy bean.Weed Sci, 1976,24: 11-15
2．陈立杰，刘惕若，李海燕等．除草剂对大豆幼苗根腐病及其土壤微生物的影响．大豆科学，1999，18(2)：115-118
3．陈兵，王坤元，董国强等．水稻纹枯病菌致病性与酶活力的关系．浙江农业学报．1992，4(1)：8-14
4．陈捷，高洪敏，纪明山等．玉米茎腐病菌产生的细胞壁降解酶的致病作用．植物病理学报．1998，28(3)：221-226
5．陈捷，唐朝荣，邹庆道等．玉米纹枯病菌致病因子的研究．沈阳农业大学学报，1999，30(3)：189-194
6．巩万奎．杀虫剂累计施用量对棉株衰老及黄萎病抵抗能力的影响．棉花学报．2000，12(3)：136-139
7．高增贵，陈捷，高洪敏．玉米茎腐病菌产生的细胞壁降解酶种类及其活性分析．植物病理学报，2000，30(2)：148-152
8．黄奔立，朱华，王芳等．十种除草剂对稻瘟病菌的影响．江苏农业研究，2000，21(2)：67-70
9．黄振文．杀草剂对豌豆幼苗生长与其根部病原菌的影响，植物保护学会会刊，1993，35(3)：163-175
10．黄振文，黄锦河．杀草剂促进豌豆立枯病发生的机制，植物保护学会会刊，1995，37(1)：107-116
11．李天安，杨幼平，蔡坤喜．除草剂协迫下小麦雪腐病发生的生态研究．云南农业大学学报，1992，10(2)：85-87
12．李天安．均三嗪除草剂对植物真菌病害的作用．国外植物保护，1992，5(1)：35-38
13．李宝聚，周长力，赵奎华等．黄瓜黑星病菌致病机理的研究Ⅱ细胞壁降解酶及其在致病中的作用．植物病理学报，2000，30(1)：13-18
14．刘维志，邢丽娟，谢永峰．厚垣轮枝菌对多菌灵、乙草胺和威霸的反应．沈阳农业大学学报，1999，30(3)：326-329
15．刘乾开，朱国念．新编农药使用手册(第二版)．上海科学技术出版社，1999．10
16．刘雪梅，肖建国．小麦纹枯病菌侵染过程的组织学研究．菌物系统．1999，18(3)：288-293
17．马桂珍，杨文兰．2，4—D丁酯对离体条件下小麦根腐病菌的影响．华北农学报，1995，10(4)：124—125
18．潘学彪，陈宗祥，徐敬友．不同接种调查方法对抗水稻纹枯病遗传研究的影响．江苏农学院学报，1997，18(3)：27-32
19．史建荣，王裕中，杨新宇等．麦田除草剂对小麦纹枯病的影响简报．江苏农业科学(专辑)．江苏省农业科学院编．1993．9：89
20．史建荣，王裕中．三唑酮、三唑醇和井冈霉素对小麦纹枯病菌生长和侵染的影响．江苏农业科学(专辑)．江苏省农业科学院编．1993．9：173-175
21．宋凤鸣，郑重，葛起新．五种除草剂对棉花枯萎病菌影响的初步研究．浙江农业大学学报．1990，16(增刊2)：247-251
22．宋凤鸣，郑重，葛起新．氟乐灵等5种除草剂对棉花枯萎病发生及棉花抗病性的影响．植物保护学报，1992，19(3)：257-262
23．宋凤鸣，郑重，葛起新．氟乐灵诱发棉花枯萎病的诱导抗性及其机制．植物病理学报，1993，23(2)：115-119
24．宋凤鸣，黄满涛．播前氟乐灵土壤处理减轻棉花枯萎病的效果．棉花学报．1994，6(2)：122-125
25．宋凤鸣，郑重．氟乐灵处理后棉苗对枯萎病菌的抗侵入及抗扩展特性．植物病理学报．1995，25(4)：335-340
26．宋凤鸣，郑重．播前施用氟乐灵对棉花苗期病害及蕾期枯萎病的影响．植物保护学报．1995，22(4)：361-366
27．宋凤鸣，郑重．除草剂对植物病害的影响及其机制．植物保护．1996，22(2)：40-42
28．宋凤鸣，郑重．乙烯产生的抑制与氟乐灵诱导棉苗对枯萎病的抗性有关．植物生理学报，1998，24(2)：111-118
29．宋凤鸣，郑重，葛秀春．枯萎病菌侵染后棉苗体内多酚氧化酶活性的变化(简报)．植物生理学通讯，1997，33(3)：175-177
30．陶家凤，谭方河．立枯丝核茵侵染玉米的研究．植物病理学报，1995，25(3)：253-257
31．檀根甲，季伯衡．小麦纹枯病的研究进展．安徽农业大学学报，1998，25(1)：70-75
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33．王宜磊，邓振旭．金针菇胞外酶活性的研究．食用菌．1999(3)：9-10
34．王建．利用分光光度法测定纤维素酶中Cx酶活性．河南农业科学．2000，10：31-32
35．王裕中．小麦纹枯病的发生与防治．植保技术与推广．2001，21(8)：39-41
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37．王宜磊．侧耳液体培养特性及胞外酶活性研究．中国食用菌，2000，19(4)：33-35
38．薛元海．除草剂对作物病害的影响．杂草科学，1991(4)：37-38
38．余柳青，徐福强，俞圣康等．丁草胺和杀草丹对稻田土壤放线菌及白色链霉菌的影响．中国农业科学．1997，30(6)：81—83
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40．赵海滨．2．4-D丁酯对小麦赤霉病及其产量的影响．黑龙江农业科学，1997，3：31-33
41. Altman,J.,and Rovira,A.D. Herbicide-pathogen interactions in soil-borne root diseases.Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 1989,11:166-172
42. Altman,J.,and Campbell, C.L. Effect of herbicides on plant diseases. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1977,15:361-385
43. Altman,J.,and Campbell, C.L Pesticide-plant disease interactions:effect of cycloate on sugar beet damping-off induced by Rhizoctonia solani. Phytopathology, 1977, 67:1163-1165
44. Altman J. Increased glucose exudate and damping-off in sugar beets in soils treated with herbicides. Phytopathology, 1972, 62:743 (abstr)
45. Awadalla OA, EI-RefaieIM. Efficacy of herbicide on toxicity of fungicides against Rhizoctonia solani causing damping off of cotton. Phytopathology, 1994,84:187-192
46. Buczacki, S.T. The effects of trifluralin and related dinitroaniline herbicides on clubfoot of Brassica。Annals of Applied Biology 1973, 75 (1): 25-30
47. Black BD, Russin JS, Giriffin JI,Snow JP. ImPact of soybean(Glycine max) herbicides on growth and development of Rhizoctonia solani AG1 in vitro and in field. Phytopathology. 1995, 85:508 (abstr)
48. Brown,SL,Curl,EA. Rhizosphere effect of a herbicide-stressed plant,Cassia
obtusifolia,on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum.Phytopathology. 1980,70:565
49. Carson,M.L., Arnold,W.E., and Todt, P.E. Predisposition of soybean seedlings to Fusarium root rot with trifluralin. Plant Dis. 1991,75:342-347
50. Cole,A.M,et al. Effects of diphenamid on Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum and damping-off of tomato. Phytopathology. 1975,65: 431-434
51. Cohen,R,et al. Involvement of ethylene in herbicide-induced resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Melonis. Phytopathology, 1986,76:1281-1285
52. E1-khadem,M.,E1-Kazzaz,M.K.,and Hassan,M.A. Influence of different preemergence herbicides on cotton diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum. .Plant and soil,1986,79:29-36
53. E1-Khadem,M.,and Papavizas.G.C. Effect of the herbicides EPTC and linuron on cotton diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum. Plant Pathology, 1984,33:411-416
54. Grinstein,A., Katan,J., and Eshel,Y. Effect of dinitroaniline herbicides on plant resistance to soilborne pathogens. Phytopathology,1976,66:517-522
55. Grau,C.R. Effects of dinitroaniline and trifluralin on growth, reproduction, and infectvity of Aphanomyces euteiches. Phytopathology. 1977, 67:551-556.
56. Grinstein,A and Katan,J. Herbicide-induced resistance to plant wilt disease. Physiological Plant Pathology, 1984,24:347-356
57. Hacskaylo J, Stewart RB. Efficacy of phorate as a fungicide. Phytopathology, 1962, 52:371-372
58. Harvey, R.G., Hagedorn,D,J., and Deloughery, R.L. Influence of herbicides on root rot in processing peas. Crop Sci,1975,15:67-71
59. Johnson,H.W.,Ivany, J.A., and Cutcliffe,J.A. Effects of herbicides applied to soil on Fusarium root rot of processing peas.Plant Disease, 1980,64:942-943
60. Johal,G.S.,and Rahe,J.E. Effect of soilborne plant-pathogenic fungi on the herbicidal action of glyphosate on bean seedings. Phytopathology, 1984,74:950-955
61. Karr GH, Robert J, Gudauskas T, Dickens R. Effects of three herbicides on selected pathogens and disease of turfgrass. Phytopathology, 1979, 69:279-282
62. Katan J, Eshel Y. Effect of the herbicide diphenamid on damping--off disease of pepper and tomato.Phytopathology, 1974, 64:1186～1192
63. Kataria,H.R.,Singh,H. and Gisi,U. Interactions of fungicide-insecticide combinations against Rhzoctonia solani in vitro and in soil. Crop protection, 1989,8:399-404
64. Kataria,H.R.,and Dodan, D.S. Impact of two soil-applied herbicides on damping-off of cowpea caused by Rhizoctonia solani.. Plant and Soil, 1983,93:275-283
65. Kataria,H.R.,and Grover, R.K. Some factors affecting the control of Rhizoctonia solani.by systemic and non-systemic fungicides. Annals of Applied Biology, 1976,82:226-232
66. Leach, S.S. and Frank,J.A. Influence of three systemic insecticides on Verticillium wilt and Rhizoctonia disease complex of potato. Plant Disease, 1982,66:1180-1182
67. Millikan DF, Fields ML. Influence of some representative herbicidal chemicals upon the growth of some soil fungi. Phytopathology, 1964, 54:901 (abstr)
68. Neubauer, R.,et al. Effect of the herbicides, trifluralin, on Rhizoctonia disease in cotton. Phytopathology, 1973,63:651-652
69. Neubauer, R,Avizohar-Hershenson,Z. Effect of the herbicide,trifluralin, on Rhizoctonia solani. Phytopathology, 1976,66:1332-1333
70. Peeple,J.L, et al. Effect of paraquat,EPTC and trifluralin on growth of Fusarium oxysoorum f.sp.vasinfectum in liquid culture. Phytopathology, 1969,59:117
71. Percich,J.A., and Lookwood,J.L. Influence of atrazine on the severity of Fusarium root rot in pea and com..Phytopathology,1975,65:154-159
72. Pathak,D., and Roy, A.K,Deka, S.C. Effect of herbicides on the growth and sclerotial survival of Rhizoctonia solani(Kuehn). Annala of Biology 1996,12(2):245-251
73. Romig,W.R, Sasser M. Herbicide predisposition of snapbeans to Rhizoctonia solani. Phytopathology, 1972,62:785 (abstr)
74. Rovira AD, McDonald HJ. Effects of the herbicide chlorsulfuron on Rhizoctonia bare patch and take -all of barley and wheat. Plant Disease, 1986, 70:879-882.
75 Rodriguez-Kabana,R.,and Curl,E.A. Nontarget effects of pesticides on soil-borne pathogens and disease..Annual Review of Phytopathology, 1980,18:311-332
76. Rodriguez-Kabana,R.,and Backman, P.A.,Karr, G.W.,Jr and King,P.S. Effects of the nematicides fensulfothion on soil-borne pathogens.Plant Disease, 1976, 60:521-524
77. Ruppel,E.G.and Hecker, R.J. Inceased severity of Rhizoctonia root rot in sugar beet treated with systemic insecticides. Crop Protection,1982,1:75-81
78. Smiley, R.W.,Ogg,A.G.Jr.,and Cook,R.J. Influence of glyphosate on Rhizoctonia root rot, growth, and yield ofbarly.Plant Disease,1992,76:937-942
79. Smiley, R.W.,Uddin,W.,Ott,S.,and Rhinhart,K.E.L. Rhizoctonia root rot of barly affected by timing of glyphosate application.(Abstr.) Phytopathology, 1989,79:1217
80. Sumner, D,R. Interactions of herbicides and nematicides with root diseases of snapbean and southern pea. Phytopathology, 1974,64:1353-1358
81. Sumner, D,R,Glaze NC. Interactions of herbicides and nematicides with root diseases of turnip grown for leafy greens. Phytopathology, 1978,68:123-129
82..Sumner, D,R,,Dowler, C.C. Herbicide,planting date,and root disease interactions in corn.Plant Disease,1983,67:513-517
83. Sumner,D,R,Glaze NC,Dowler, CC,Johnson,AW. Herbicide treatments and root diseases of turnip in intensive cropping systems.Plant Dis Repor. 1979, 63:801-805
84. Teasdale,JR.et.al. Factors affecting the Suppression of pea(pisum sativum) root rot by dinitroaniline herbicides.Weed Science 1978, 27:467-472
85. Tisserat,N., Altman, J. and Campbell, C.L. Pesticide-plant disease interactions:The influence of aldicarb on growth of Rhizoctonia solani and damping-off of sugar beet seedlings. Phytopathology,1977,67:791-793
86. Wyse,D.L., Meggitt,W.F., and Penner, D. Effect of herbicides on the development of root rot on navy bean.Weed Sci, 1976,24: 11-15