静水压力环境下混凝土裂缝扩展与双K断裂参数试验研究
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摘要
水工混凝土中各种各样裂缝的存在造成的失事和溃坝问题使得研究静水压力下混凝土裂缝扩展的研究称为一重要课题。目前对于水工混凝土断裂问题的研究主要包括数值模拟和试验分析两大部分。对于试验确定水工混凝土断裂情况,由于试验的难度和复杂性,开展大型水工混凝土结构研究的较少。对于大型混凝土试件在施工和运行期不可避免的裂缝的存在,首先降低了大坝的安全性,随着水压增加,水力劈裂的出现,导致最终的失稳破坏。这些都说明混凝土坝分析的首要问题是确定已有裂缝是否会扩展,预测在各种可能条件下的扩展路径以及危险程度,以便在它们进一步扩展前采取控制措施。因此,我们借助混凝土断裂力学研究水压下混凝土坝的安全稳定性,及时捕捉、检测裂缝,准确测定起裂、扩展后的裂纹路径,以及扩展中混凝土坝结构的承载特性等就具有重要的理论意义和参考价值。针对以上问题开展了如下工作:
1.采用1150mm×1104mm×200mm的40个楔入式紧凑拉伸试件进行了实验,并对成功的22个试件结果分别进行了分析。实验分为两大组,包括无加载水压试件和四种水压加载试件。无水压试件共10个,根据约束情况分三组进行实验分析。水压加载试件共12个,分别为0.1MPa—0.4MPa下四种不同水压下的实验情况。对水压的密封装置和加载装置进行了详细介绍,并对试验中采取的加载方式进行了说明。
2.由于密封装置与普通混凝土试验的区别,在水压力实验开始之前对无水压试件情况进行了分析,将试件的橡胶板和钢板的附加约束作为一整体混凝土进行研究,为此对混凝土固有的材料特性参数,如抗拉强度、抗压强度、弹性模量等进行了重新计算,采用非线性软化曲线计算粘聚韧度,其相应参数进行重新推算。采用新参数下的双K断裂理论对起裂韧度、失稳韧度和粘聚韧度进行了计算,并将计算起裂韧度与实测起裂韧度进行了比较,发现二者误差较小,完全满足工程需要。
3.对不同阶段裂缝扩展长度进行了计算,并与全桥应变片测定的值进行了比较。由于应变片测定裂缝扩展的简便易行,便于操作的特点,一直被广泛应用。采用全桥的方法可以根据回弯点的位置容易确定裂缝扩展的具体长度,克服了半桥连接法中根据线性非线性的拐点确定的弊端。实测值与计算值的比较发现,实测的结果大于计算值,这是由于裂缝内部先出现裂缝的原因,二者的平均误差不超过6%。由于计算方法的限制,在水压混凝土计算中我们采用实测的方法确定裂缝的扩展长度。
4.采用侧面安装扩散硅压力传感器的方法测定了扩展裂缝中水压分布变化规律,并对实验结果进行了二次曲线拟合。其实验测定结果与多数学者的结论一致,水前锋的扩展速度滞后于裂缝扩展长度,呈楔形水压递减分布。通过拟合结果反算了水压零点的位置,确定了水压扩展过程的完全曲线。
5.采用双K断裂理论对水压下的混凝土构件进行了分析,并与无水压下相同约束进行了比较,发现最大荷载的减小随着水压的增加逐渐明显,在水压增加到0.4MPa时,其值已小于无水压的一半,可见水压的不容忽视作用。为此,将水压力对试件的影响计入水压的劈裂力计算其对裂缝尖端的应力强度因子,与机械荷载对应的裂缝尖端的应力强度因子进行叠加,将得到的总体实测起裂韧度与计算起裂韧度进行了比较,二者的最大误差小于10%,满足工程需要,因此也证明双K断裂理论用于分析水工混凝土结构的可行性。
It is important to study the crack propagation under hydrostatic pressure because of the dam collapse by plenty of cracks in hydraulic concrete. At present the study of hydraulic concrete fracture includes two parts: one is the numerical simulation and the other is the experiment. And it is little work for the latter due to the difficulty and complexity in the test. Furthermore micro crack during either the construction period or the running period of concrete impacted on the dam safety and hydraulic fracture resulted in the unstable fracture with the increasing water pressure. Hence, it can be said that the most important problem is to test crack propagation and to predict its path, so that some methods can be deal with at time. As a result, the concrete fracture mechanics is a good facility to monitor the crack propagation, determinate the initial point and the unstable fracture stage. In order to solve the above problems, the following aspects are carried out in this thesis:
1. Forty specimens, 1150mm×1104mm×200mm,are experimented using Wedge-splitting test on compact tension, in which twenty-two ones are studies successfully. The test included two parts: one is the no water pressure load numbered 10 , which are divided three group by restraint; the other is the water pressure load number 12, which loaded four different pressure, 0.1MPa,0.2MPa,0.3MPa and 0.4MPa respectively. In this thesis the sealing device and load method are demonstrated in detail.
2. In order to simplify the calculation against reducing accuracy, the membrane, steel plate and concrete are considered a total specimen. Hence, the corresponding parameters such as compressive strength, tensile strength and Young's modulus, are recalculated in nonlinear softening model. Based on the above results, the initial toughness, unstable toughness and cohesive toughness are studies by Double-K fracture model. As a result, the evaluation initial fracture toughness is approximately similar to the test initial fracture toughness, which can approximately meet the requirement in the engineering practice.
3. The length of crack propagation is compared to the experimental value by full-bridge strain gauges, which are widely used for the simplicity and facility. Moreover it is easy to determinate the exact location of crack propagation by strain back point, which can make up for the shorting of identify the turning point between the linear stage and the nonlinear stage. It is concluded that the experimental results are larger than the calculation because the crack in the interior is ahead of the surface. However the average error is less than 6%, and the experimental methods can be used in the water pressure for the limitation of calculation.
4. The changes of water pressure are tested by silicon pressure transducers adopting on the side of specimen. Moreover the results is fitting by secondary curves, which is accordance with most scholar's conclusion, that is. the water front decreasing to zero by wedge shape, is behind of the crack propagation. Hence, the zero water pressure can be calculated by fitting results and the complete curve of propagation is determined according to the above result.
5. The maximum load decreased with the increasing water pressure by the comparison of the specimens loaded different pressure using double-K model, and even at the 0.4MPa hydraulic pressure the value is less 50% than the one at 0MPa pressure. Therefore the water pressure is an important component of the maximum load. The results show that initial toughness from the test is the approximately similar to the one from the formula calculation, which indicated that the possibility of double-K fracture criterion is to study the hydraulic concrete. However the total load including water pressure is less the force on no water pressure because of the water softening.
1.采用1150mm×1104mm×200mm的40个楔入式紧凑拉伸试件进行了实验,并对成功的22个试件结果分别进行了分析。实验分为两大组,包括无加载水压试件和四种水压加载试件。无水压试件共10个,根据约束情况分三组进行实验分析。水压加载试件共12个,分别为0.1MPa—0.4MPa下四种不同水压下的实验情况。对水压的密封装置和加载装置进行了详细介绍,并对试验中采取的加载方式进行了说明。
2.由于密封装置与普通混凝土试验的区别,在水压力实验开始之前对无水压试件情况进行了分析,将试件的橡胶板和钢板的附加约束作为一整体混凝土进行研究,为此对混凝土固有的材料特性参数,如抗拉强度、抗压强度、弹性模量等进行了重新计算,采用非线性软化曲线计算粘聚韧度,其相应参数进行重新推算。采用新参数下的双K断裂理论对起裂韧度、失稳韧度和粘聚韧度进行了计算,并将计算起裂韧度与实测起裂韧度进行了比较,发现二者误差较小,完全满足工程需要。
3.对不同阶段裂缝扩展长度进行了计算,并与全桥应变片测定的值进行了比较。由于应变片测定裂缝扩展的简便易行,便于操作的特点,一直被广泛应用。采用全桥的方法可以根据回弯点的位置容易确定裂缝扩展的具体长度,克服了半桥连接法中根据线性非线性的拐点确定的弊端。实测值与计算值的比较发现,实测的结果大于计算值,这是由于裂缝内部先出现裂缝的原因,二者的平均误差不超过6%。由于计算方法的限制,在水压混凝土计算中我们采用实测的方法确定裂缝的扩展长度。
4.采用侧面安装扩散硅压力传感器的方法测定了扩展裂缝中水压分布变化规律,并对实验结果进行了二次曲线拟合。其实验测定结果与多数学者的结论一致,水前锋的扩展速度滞后于裂缝扩展长度,呈楔形水压递减分布。通过拟合结果反算了水压零点的位置,确定了水压扩展过程的完全曲线。
5.采用双K断裂理论对水压下的混凝土构件进行了分析,并与无水压下相同约束进行了比较,发现最大荷载的减小随着水压的增加逐渐明显,在水压增加到0.4MPa时,其值已小于无水压的一半,可见水压的不容忽视作用。为此,将水压力对试件的影响计入水压的劈裂力计算其对裂缝尖端的应力强度因子,与机械荷载对应的裂缝尖端的应力强度因子进行叠加,将得到的总体实测起裂韧度与计算起裂韧度进行了比较,二者的最大误差小于10%,满足工程需要,因此也证明双K断裂理论用于分析水工混凝土结构的可行性。
It is important to study the crack propagation under hydrostatic pressure because of the dam collapse by plenty of cracks in hydraulic concrete. At present the study of hydraulic concrete fracture includes two parts: one is the numerical simulation and the other is the experiment. And it is little work for the latter due to the difficulty and complexity in the test. Furthermore micro crack during either the construction period or the running period of concrete impacted on the dam safety and hydraulic fracture resulted in the unstable fracture with the increasing water pressure. Hence, it can be said that the most important problem is to test crack propagation and to predict its path, so that some methods can be deal with at time. As a result, the concrete fracture mechanics is a good facility to monitor the crack propagation, determinate the initial point and the unstable fracture stage. In order to solve the above problems, the following aspects are carried out in this thesis:
1. Forty specimens, 1150mm×1104mm×200mm,are experimented using Wedge-splitting test on compact tension, in which twenty-two ones are studies successfully. The test included two parts: one is the no water pressure load numbered 10 , which are divided three group by restraint; the other is the water pressure load number 12, which loaded four different pressure, 0.1MPa,0.2MPa,0.3MPa and 0.4MPa respectively. In this thesis the sealing device and load method are demonstrated in detail.
2. In order to simplify the calculation against reducing accuracy, the membrane, steel plate and concrete are considered a total specimen. Hence, the corresponding parameters such as compressive strength, tensile strength and Young's modulus, are recalculated in nonlinear softening model. Based on the above results, the initial toughness, unstable toughness and cohesive toughness are studies by Double-K fracture model. As a result, the evaluation initial fracture toughness is approximately similar to the test initial fracture toughness, which can approximately meet the requirement in the engineering practice.
3. The length of crack propagation is compared to the experimental value by full-bridge strain gauges, which are widely used for the simplicity and facility. Moreover it is easy to determinate the exact location of crack propagation by strain back point, which can make up for the shorting of identify the turning point between the linear stage and the nonlinear stage. It is concluded that the experimental results are larger than the calculation because the crack in the interior is ahead of the surface. However the average error is less than 6%, and the experimental methods can be used in the water pressure for the limitation of calculation.
4. The changes of water pressure are tested by silicon pressure transducers adopting on the side of specimen. Moreover the results is fitting by secondary curves, which is accordance with most scholar's conclusion, that is. the water front decreasing to zero by wedge shape, is behind of the crack propagation. Hence, the zero water pressure can be calculated by fitting results and the complete curve of propagation is determined according to the above result.
5. The maximum load decreased with the increasing water pressure by the comparison of the specimens loaded different pressure using double-K model, and even at the 0.4MPa hydraulic pressure the value is less 50% than the one at 0MPa pressure. Therefore the water pressure is an important component of the maximum load. The results show that initial toughness from the test is the approximately similar to the one from the formula calculation, which indicated that the possibility of double-K fracture criterion is to study the hydraulic concrete. However the total load including water pressure is less the force on no water pressure because of the water softening.
引文
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