起沙与沙尘天气规律研究
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摘要
沙尘天气对对气候、大气动力场和热力场、辐射、云微物理学与碳循环产生影响外,还对生物生长、海洋温盐环流、环境、人体健康、工农牧业以及交通运输业等产生一定影响,它涉及到风沙物理学、气象学、电学、病理学以及海洋科学等多个学科,因而研究起沙与沙尘天气的特征规律具有重要意义。
通过对包括气温与沙尘天气以及沙尘PM1o浓度的关系、沙尘天气中气温、压强与浓度的规律、沙尘大气状态方程、沙粒起动的顺序问题、沙粒垂直上升的规律问题、沙丘运动形态问题、冲击起沙问题、气动力起沙问题、沙尘数值模式的发展与改进、沙尘浓度同化对沙尘预报的影响、沙尘暴的起沙机制、两相流下沙尘大气物理约束方程组的推导、两相流下沙尘大气具有的特征与规律、两相流数值模式的建立以及该模式的理想试验等方面的研究,得到了以下结论：
(1)气温和沙尘天气的关系大致有降温型(沙尘天气与降温相伴)、升温型(沙尘天气与升温相伴)和混合型(沙尘天气发生过程中,既有降温又有升温)三种。其中,以降温型和升温型比较常见,而混合型少见。
(2)气温与沙尘PM1o浓度、两者5分钟间隔差以及两者24hr间隔差等均存在非常显著的相关关系。沙尘天气倾向于出现在温度较高的条件下。较强的沙尘天气(浓度>2000μg/m3)下的气温和浓度各自相邻两日日平均差的统计关系表明,较强的沙尘天气往往伴随降温天气。
(3)气温、气压和浓度各自在沙尘天气开始、最强和结束三个时刻呈现出非常显著的相关关系,暗示了沙尘云与其演化中存在一定的结构。
(4)有沙尘和无沙尘时温压密度的统计关系不同,可能会使得在等压面与等温面上夹卷加强,并且可能会使得不同等温面与等压面上沙尘云形态不同。
(5)利用温压浓度的统计关系,得到了统计意义上的沙尘大气状态方程。
(6)在拖曳力与沙平面坡度一定的情形下,最容易起动的是小粒径沙粒。在拖曳力和粒径一定的情况下,最容易起沙的地方依次是：上凸脊的拐点、斜面上的凸点、沙面上的极大点和斜面上的点、水平面、沙谷中的点。
(7)提出了沙丘的滑化运动、缩移运动与持相运动。
(8)沙粒起动与垂直上升的有力条件是：上升运动、大风、沙粒与水平风同符号的转动和与水平风反符号的涡度场、不稳定大气以及强切变。
(9)借助于电子的跃迁模型,提出了冲击起沙的跃迁模型。该模型的基本思想是,沙粒冲击沙床时,能量会沿冲击点向床面上周围粒子扩散,当某一粒子获得能量大于跃迁所需要的能量时,粒子即发生跃出；多余的能量将转化为该粒子的跃出初动能。基于该模型,采用了吸收系数法和输送方程的方法,推导出了两维和三维情况下冲击起沙的粒子数、跃出初动能和冲击坑的形状。
(10)提出了沙源地表和大气中存在的气体交流是气动起沙的内在机制。
(11)对沙尘模式GRAPES_SDM进行了landuse反演和土壤湿度反演,增加了雪盖,采用Barnes方法和沙尘同化系统为模式产生沙尘浓度的初值。
(12)个例显示,采用沙尘浓度同化可以对沙尘落区和沙尘浓度的演化有一定的改善作用,而且连续同化结果要优于一次同化。
(13)通过利用GRAPES_SDM模式对一次夏季沙尘暴过程进行数值模拟研究了沙尘暴的起沙机制,认为此次沙尘暴是水平低涡和其次级环流耦合而成的类似于Benard对流泡系统扫略沙源产生的。
(14)提出了完整的沙尘暴起沙的概念模型：涡泡经过沙源时,在其底部风速大于临界风速的地方,通过地气之间的气体交换,沙粒在气动与冲击两种方式作用下起动,然后通过湍流的相干结构(比如阵风或卷流)从近地面层进入到Ekman层中,接着通过Ekman层中的摩擦作用下产生的次级环流与热泡进入到垂直上升运动支中,再通过Ekman抽吸作用进入到自由大气,并随着涡泡的移动而移动,从而形成了沙尘暴天气。
(15)基于风沙两相流的相互作用和气块质量变化的观点,推导出了闭合的沙尘大气物理约束方程组。理想状况下分析发现：a.沙尘大气密度比同体积洁净大气大,一定程度上会减缓气块的运动速度；b.沙尘和空气间的速度差异会使得细粒子处于高流速区,而粗粒子位于低流速区；c.温度差异会使得沙尘在上升运动中充当热源,下沉运动中充当冷源,从而加强对流；d.沙尘大气质量定容热容会在等压面上诱发新的温度梯度,促进沙尘云边界处的夹卷；e.沙尘大气气体常数会在等温面上诱发新的气压梯度,促进沙尘云边界处的夹卷；f.质量变化会对气块密度、速度和温度造成较大影响.总之,沙尘云要比基于被动标量的方程组模拟出的更高大,内部对流更强,边界处夹卷更活跃,其水平运动更迟缓。
(16)建立了风沙两相流的数值模式,并基于此模式进行了理想试验。理想试验结果指出：相比于被动标量的模式结果,水平速度在低涡中心增速,在低涡中心外侧减速；2km高度以下位温增加、垂直运动增强,2-6kmm之间位温减少、垂直运动减弱,6km以上又促进垂直运动。
Sand-dust weather has important influence on biological growth, ocean thermohaline circulation, the environment, human health, agriculture, industry, transportation, fire and political and economic to some extent as well as climate, atmospheric dynamical field and thermal field, radiation, cloud microphysics and carbon circle. It relates to blown sand physics, meteorology, electricity, pathology, marine science, biology, agriculture and animal husbandry forestry, transportation, science and political economics and other disciplines. So the study on dust emissions and characteristics and patterns of sand-dust weather has important values.
After a serial of study related to air temperature and sand-dust weather and dust PM10concentrations, relations of air temperature, atmospheric pressure and the concentrations in dust weathers, state equation of dust atmosphere, the sequence of entrainment of blown sand particles, the pattern of the upward motions of sand-dust particles, patterns of dune, dust emissions by saltation bombardment and force associated with air, sand-dust model's development and its advancement, sand-dust forecast imposed by sand-dust concentration assimilation, the mechanism of sand-dust storm, the deduce of closed physical constraint equations of sand-dust atmosphere based on both interaction of wind-blown-sand two-phase flows and mass change, the theoretical analysis of the equations and the numerical model for the two-phase flow and its associated ideal experiment, the following results are obtained:
The relationship between temperature and dust weather indicates that there are generally three types between them, namely, cold type (sand-dust weather occurring with cold air), warm type (sand-dust weather occurring with warm air) and mixed type (with cold air and warm air, together). Among them, the cold and warm types are more common, and the mixed rare.
Some empirical relationships between temperature and dust aerosols are obtained by using automated observational records of dust PM10concentrations and temperatures, which are taken every five minutes at the Minqin observational station during the time period, January2004through June2006. Results of the study disclose that:(1) empirical relationships are obtained by finding statistical regressions of temperature and dust PM10concentrations, taken at either 5-minute intervals,24-hour intervals and daily intervals of daily-average temperatures and dust PM10concentrations;(2) higher temperatures and larger fluctuations of temperatures are likely to correspond to higher dust PM10concentrations, which agrees well with the knowledge that high temperatures are helpful to the appearance of dust events;(3)5-minute intervals of temperatures and dust PM10concentrations are also linearly and positively correlated as well as their24-hour intervals;(4) the characteristic24-hour intervals for floating dust, blowing dust and dust storm are-2.1～4.4℃,-2.4～4.6℃and-2.7～5.0℃, respectively;(5) the relationship between daily-average temperature and dust PM10concentrations is not significant for low dust PM10concentrations, but for high dust PM10concentrations corresponding to dust storms.
Air temperature, air pressure and concentration in the start, the strongest and the end of sand-dust weather show a very significant correlation in their own, suggesting that there is a certain structure in the dust cloud or its evolution.
Different statistical relationships are found in density, temperature and pressure for dust weather and nondust weather, which maybe advance the entrainment on the isothermal surface and isobaric surface, and make the dust cloud has different actions on different isothermal surfaces such as rising with contraction or sinking with expansion, divergence or convergence along vertical direction, and also has different actions on different isobaric surface such as vertical development of dust cloud, or sink, divergence or convergence in the middle of the cloud.
The state equation of dust atmosphere is found in statistical view based on air temperature, pressure and dust PM10concentration.
Initial entrainment of sand depends on its size, the slope of the sands plane, the magnitude and the direction of the drag force, loose degree between sands and rough degree of sands plane. Given a fixed drag force and a fixed particle size, the sequence of locations of most likely entrainment at the outset is:point of inflection on a sands ridge, bump on the slope of sands plane and peak on the sands plane, points on the slope, points on horizontal sands plane and trough points.
Bring forward smoothening movement, phase-retreating movement and phase-holding movement of the sand dune.
The favorable conditions for sand-dust particles'emissions and uplifted motions are:updraft of air, big wind, particles'swirling with same direction's sign to horizontal wind, vortical field with direction's sign opposite to the horizontal wind, atmosphere static instability and strong shear of horizontal wind.
Bring forward a transition model to predict dust emission by saltation bombardment. The transition model of dust emission is an analogy of the electron transition, which results from a detailed analysis of the stress transferring process in sand bed. In this transition model, a particle in the bed will be released if its energy, transferred to it from the impacting particle, is bigger than the transition energy which is the least energy to make a particle have a "transition", and the remained energy of the particle with a transition is treated as its initial kinetic energy. Thus the expressions of the number of ejected particles, their velocity distributions and the shapes of bombardment crater in two-dimension and three-dimension situations are then easily obtained based on the transition model. And the dust emission by saltation bombardment then becomes a problem to research into the transition energy and the energy distribution around the point where collision happens.
Proposed sand source in the presence of surface and atmospheric gas exchange is the internal mechanism of pneumatic sand.
A dust assimilation system named GRAPES_3DVAR_DUST was developed through adding a new control variable (namely, dust concentration) in the three-dimensional variational data assimilation system of GRAPES model in order to improve its forecast accuracy.
Through the use of the dust model, namely, GRAPES_SDM, a dust-storm weather happening in summer, Jun17,2005, was modeled in order to study the structure of dust storm and its associated mechanism. The results show that there is a coupled system similar to Benard cell existing in the dust storm and the system caused this dust storm. So a theory of votex cell is proposed to explain the formation of the dust storm, which is the dust storm is a result from the the system's sweeping sand-dust source.
A whole mechanism of dust emissions for dust storm is proposed after the above studies. The mechanism is:when the vortex cell passes by the sand-dust source, the sand-dust particles will be emitted through the gas exchange between the land and atmosphere on the area where the wind speed is bigger than the threshold wind speed; the sand-dust particles then are litf up by the corherent structure of turbulence such as gust and plump within atmospheric surface layer; once they step into Ekman boundary layer, because the air current turns to the the lower-pressuer center due to the turbulent friction and then the secondary circulation will be produced, the particles will still be lifted up through the lower-pressure system and its associated secondary circulation (both are coupled into a vortex-cell system), and even be drived into the free atmosphere through Ekman pumping; at last the particles will move with the vortex-cell system and the sand-dust storm weather is formed.
The closed physical constraint equations of sand-dust atmosphere were established based on both interaction of wind-blown-sand two-phase flows and mass change. Ideal analysis of the equations shows that:(1) the density of the sand-dust atmosphere is bigger than that of the pure atmosphere, which will reduce the velocities of air parcels of the former to some extent;(2) velocity difference between sand-dust particles and air can make the fine particles be located in high-speed region and the coarse particles be located in low-speed region;(3) temperature difference between sand-dust particles and air can make the particles tend to enhance convection through acting as heat source in updraft and cold source in downdraft;(4) the constant-volume mass-specific heat capacity of the sand-dust atmosphere can give rise to a generation of new temperature gradient on an isobaric surface and then enhance entrainment at the boundary of a sand-dust cloud;(5) the gas constant of the sand-dust atmosphere can lead to a generation of new pressure gradient on a isothermal surface and also enhance entrainment at the boundary of a sand-dust cloud;(6) mass change can affect largely density, velocity and temperature of the sand-dust atmosphere. In brief, compared with the sand-dust cloud given by equations based on passive scalar, the real sand-dust cloud is higher and greater. Besides this, its inner convection and its entrainment at the boundary are more active, and its horizontal motion is slower.
Establish the numerical model for wind-sand two-phase flow based on the above physical constraint equations, and the ideal experiment is performed. The results of Ideal experiment show that compared with the results from passive-scalar model, the horizontal velocity of two-phase-flow model is bigger within the vortex center and smaller outer the center; the potential temperature and vertical velocity increase under the height2km above the surface, decrease within the heights2-6km above the surface and then increase again above6km.
通过对包括气温与沙尘天气以及沙尘PM1o浓度的关系、沙尘天气中气温、压强与浓度的规律、沙尘大气状态方程、沙粒起动的顺序问题、沙粒垂直上升的规律问题、沙丘运动形态问题、冲击起沙问题、气动力起沙问题、沙尘数值模式的发展与改进、沙尘浓度同化对沙尘预报的影响、沙尘暴的起沙机制、两相流下沙尘大气物理约束方程组的推导、两相流下沙尘大气具有的特征与规律、两相流数值模式的建立以及该模式的理想试验等方面的研究,得到了以下结论：
(1)气温和沙尘天气的关系大致有降温型(沙尘天气与降温相伴)、升温型(沙尘天气与升温相伴)和混合型(沙尘天气发生过程中,既有降温又有升温)三种。其中,以降温型和升温型比较常见,而混合型少见。
(2)气温与沙尘PM1o浓度、两者5分钟间隔差以及两者24hr间隔差等均存在非常显著的相关关系。沙尘天气倾向于出现在温度较高的条件下。较强的沙尘天气(浓度>2000μg/m3)下的气温和浓度各自相邻两日日平均差的统计关系表明,较强的沙尘天气往往伴随降温天气。
(3)气温、气压和浓度各自在沙尘天气开始、最强和结束三个时刻呈现出非常显著的相关关系,暗示了沙尘云与其演化中存在一定的结构。
(4)有沙尘和无沙尘时温压密度的统计关系不同,可能会使得在等压面与等温面上夹卷加强,并且可能会使得不同等温面与等压面上沙尘云形态不同。
(5)利用温压浓度的统计关系,得到了统计意义上的沙尘大气状态方程。
(6)在拖曳力与沙平面坡度一定的情形下,最容易起动的是小粒径沙粒。在拖曳力和粒径一定的情况下,最容易起沙的地方依次是：上凸脊的拐点、斜面上的凸点、沙面上的极大点和斜面上的点、水平面、沙谷中的点。
(7)提出了沙丘的滑化运动、缩移运动与持相运动。
(8)沙粒起动与垂直上升的有力条件是：上升运动、大风、沙粒与水平风同符号的转动和与水平风反符号的涡度场、不稳定大气以及强切变。
(9)借助于电子的跃迁模型,提出了冲击起沙的跃迁模型。该模型的基本思想是,沙粒冲击沙床时,能量会沿冲击点向床面上周围粒子扩散,当某一粒子获得能量大于跃迁所需要的能量时,粒子即发生跃出；多余的能量将转化为该粒子的跃出初动能。基于该模型,采用了吸收系数法和输送方程的方法,推导出了两维和三维情况下冲击起沙的粒子数、跃出初动能和冲击坑的形状。
(10)提出了沙源地表和大气中存在的气体交流是气动起沙的内在机制。
(11)对沙尘模式GRAPES_SDM进行了landuse反演和土壤湿度反演,增加了雪盖,采用Barnes方法和沙尘同化系统为模式产生沙尘浓度的初值。
(12)个例显示,采用沙尘浓度同化可以对沙尘落区和沙尘浓度的演化有一定的改善作用,而且连续同化结果要优于一次同化。
(13)通过利用GRAPES_SDM模式对一次夏季沙尘暴过程进行数值模拟研究了沙尘暴的起沙机制,认为此次沙尘暴是水平低涡和其次级环流耦合而成的类似于Benard对流泡系统扫略沙源产生的。
(14)提出了完整的沙尘暴起沙的概念模型：涡泡经过沙源时,在其底部风速大于临界风速的地方,通过地气之间的气体交换,沙粒在气动与冲击两种方式作用下起动,然后通过湍流的相干结构(比如阵风或卷流)从近地面层进入到Ekman层中,接着通过Ekman层中的摩擦作用下产生的次级环流与热泡进入到垂直上升运动支中,再通过Ekman抽吸作用进入到自由大气,并随着涡泡的移动而移动,从而形成了沙尘暴天气。
(15)基于风沙两相流的相互作用和气块质量变化的观点,推导出了闭合的沙尘大气物理约束方程组。理想状况下分析发现：a.沙尘大气密度比同体积洁净大气大,一定程度上会减缓气块的运动速度；b.沙尘和空气间的速度差异会使得细粒子处于高流速区,而粗粒子位于低流速区；c.温度差异会使得沙尘在上升运动中充当热源,下沉运动中充当冷源,从而加强对流；d.沙尘大气质量定容热容会在等压面上诱发新的温度梯度,促进沙尘云边界处的夹卷；e.沙尘大气气体常数会在等温面上诱发新的气压梯度,促进沙尘云边界处的夹卷；f.质量变化会对气块密度、速度和温度造成较大影响.总之,沙尘云要比基于被动标量的方程组模拟出的更高大,内部对流更强,边界处夹卷更活跃,其水平运动更迟缓。
(16)建立了风沙两相流的数值模式,并基于此模式进行了理想试验。理想试验结果指出：相比于被动标量的模式结果,水平速度在低涡中心增速,在低涡中心外侧减速；2km高度以下位温增加、垂直运动增强,2-6kmm之间位温减少、垂直运动减弱,6km以上又促进垂直运动。
Sand-dust weather has important influence on biological growth, ocean thermohaline circulation, the environment, human health, agriculture, industry, transportation, fire and political and economic to some extent as well as climate, atmospheric dynamical field and thermal field, radiation, cloud microphysics and carbon circle. It relates to blown sand physics, meteorology, electricity, pathology, marine science, biology, agriculture and animal husbandry forestry, transportation, science and political economics and other disciplines. So the study on dust emissions and characteristics and patterns of sand-dust weather has important values.
After a serial of study related to air temperature and sand-dust weather and dust PM10concentrations, relations of air temperature, atmospheric pressure and the concentrations in dust weathers, state equation of dust atmosphere, the sequence of entrainment of blown sand particles, the pattern of the upward motions of sand-dust particles, patterns of dune, dust emissions by saltation bombardment and force associated with air, sand-dust model's development and its advancement, sand-dust forecast imposed by sand-dust concentration assimilation, the mechanism of sand-dust storm, the deduce of closed physical constraint equations of sand-dust atmosphere based on both interaction of wind-blown-sand two-phase flows and mass change, the theoretical analysis of the equations and the numerical model for the two-phase flow and its associated ideal experiment, the following results are obtained:
The relationship between temperature and dust weather indicates that there are generally three types between them, namely, cold type (sand-dust weather occurring with cold air), warm type (sand-dust weather occurring with warm air) and mixed type (with cold air and warm air, together). Among them, the cold and warm types are more common, and the mixed rare.
Some empirical relationships between temperature and dust aerosols are obtained by using automated observational records of dust PM10concentrations and temperatures, which are taken every five minutes at the Minqin observational station during the time period, January2004through June2006. Results of the study disclose that:(1) empirical relationships are obtained by finding statistical regressions of temperature and dust PM10concentrations, taken at either 5-minute intervals,24-hour intervals and daily intervals of daily-average temperatures and dust PM10concentrations;(2) higher temperatures and larger fluctuations of temperatures are likely to correspond to higher dust PM10concentrations, which agrees well with the knowledge that high temperatures are helpful to the appearance of dust events;(3)5-minute intervals of temperatures and dust PM10concentrations are also linearly and positively correlated as well as their24-hour intervals;(4) the characteristic24-hour intervals for floating dust, blowing dust and dust storm are-2.1～4.4℃,-2.4～4.6℃and-2.7～5.0℃, respectively;(5) the relationship between daily-average temperature and dust PM10concentrations is not significant for low dust PM10concentrations, but for high dust PM10concentrations corresponding to dust storms.
Air temperature, air pressure and concentration in the start, the strongest and the end of sand-dust weather show a very significant correlation in their own, suggesting that there is a certain structure in the dust cloud or its evolution.
Different statistical relationships are found in density, temperature and pressure for dust weather and nondust weather, which maybe advance the entrainment on the isothermal surface and isobaric surface, and make the dust cloud has different actions on different isothermal surfaces such as rising with contraction or sinking with expansion, divergence or convergence along vertical direction, and also has different actions on different isobaric surface such as vertical development of dust cloud, or sink, divergence or convergence in the middle of the cloud.
The state equation of dust atmosphere is found in statistical view based on air temperature, pressure and dust PM10concentration.
Initial entrainment of sand depends on its size, the slope of the sands plane, the magnitude and the direction of the drag force, loose degree between sands and rough degree of sands plane. Given a fixed drag force and a fixed particle size, the sequence of locations of most likely entrainment at the outset is:point of inflection on a sands ridge, bump on the slope of sands plane and peak on the sands plane, points on the slope, points on horizontal sands plane and trough points.
Bring forward smoothening movement, phase-retreating movement and phase-holding movement of the sand dune.
The favorable conditions for sand-dust particles'emissions and uplifted motions are:updraft of air, big wind, particles'swirling with same direction's sign to horizontal wind, vortical field with direction's sign opposite to the horizontal wind, atmosphere static instability and strong shear of horizontal wind.
Bring forward a transition model to predict dust emission by saltation bombardment. The transition model of dust emission is an analogy of the electron transition, which results from a detailed analysis of the stress transferring process in sand bed. In this transition model, a particle in the bed will be released if its energy, transferred to it from the impacting particle, is bigger than the transition energy which is the least energy to make a particle have a "transition", and the remained energy of the particle with a transition is treated as its initial kinetic energy. Thus the expressions of the number of ejected particles, their velocity distributions and the shapes of bombardment crater in two-dimension and three-dimension situations are then easily obtained based on the transition model. And the dust emission by saltation bombardment then becomes a problem to research into the transition energy and the energy distribution around the point where collision happens.
Proposed sand source in the presence of surface and atmospheric gas exchange is the internal mechanism of pneumatic sand.
A dust assimilation system named GRAPES_3DVAR_DUST was developed through adding a new control variable (namely, dust concentration) in the three-dimensional variational data assimilation system of GRAPES model in order to improve its forecast accuracy.
Through the use of the dust model, namely, GRAPES_SDM, a dust-storm weather happening in summer, Jun17,2005, was modeled in order to study the structure of dust storm and its associated mechanism. The results show that there is a coupled system similar to Benard cell existing in the dust storm and the system caused this dust storm. So a theory of votex cell is proposed to explain the formation of the dust storm, which is the dust storm is a result from the the system's sweeping sand-dust source.
A whole mechanism of dust emissions for dust storm is proposed after the above studies. The mechanism is:when the vortex cell passes by the sand-dust source, the sand-dust particles will be emitted through the gas exchange between the land and atmosphere on the area where the wind speed is bigger than the threshold wind speed; the sand-dust particles then are litf up by the corherent structure of turbulence such as gust and plump within atmospheric surface layer; once they step into Ekman boundary layer, because the air current turns to the the lower-pressuer center due to the turbulent friction and then the secondary circulation will be produced, the particles will still be lifted up through the lower-pressure system and its associated secondary circulation (both are coupled into a vortex-cell system), and even be drived into the free atmosphere through Ekman pumping; at last the particles will move with the vortex-cell system and the sand-dust storm weather is formed.
The closed physical constraint equations of sand-dust atmosphere were established based on both interaction of wind-blown-sand two-phase flows and mass change. Ideal analysis of the equations shows that:(1) the density of the sand-dust atmosphere is bigger than that of the pure atmosphere, which will reduce the velocities of air parcels of the former to some extent;(2) velocity difference between sand-dust particles and air can make the fine particles be located in high-speed region and the coarse particles be located in low-speed region;(3) temperature difference between sand-dust particles and air can make the particles tend to enhance convection through acting as heat source in updraft and cold source in downdraft;(4) the constant-volume mass-specific heat capacity of the sand-dust atmosphere can give rise to a generation of new temperature gradient on an isobaric surface and then enhance entrainment at the boundary of a sand-dust cloud;(5) the gas constant of the sand-dust atmosphere can lead to a generation of new pressure gradient on a isothermal surface and also enhance entrainment at the boundary of a sand-dust cloud;(6) mass change can affect largely density, velocity and temperature of the sand-dust atmosphere. In brief, compared with the sand-dust cloud given by equations based on passive scalar, the real sand-dust cloud is higher and greater. Besides this, its inner convection and its entrainment at the boundary are more active, and its horizontal motion is slower.
Establish the numerical model for wind-sand two-phase flow based on the above physical constraint equations, and the ideal experiment is performed. The results of Ideal experiment show that compared with the results from passive-scalar model, the horizontal velocity of two-phase-flow model is bigger within the vortex center and smaller outer the center; the potential temperature and vertical velocity increase under the height2km above the surface, decrease within the heights2-6km above the surface and then increase again above6km.
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