面向数字地球的三维景观构造关键技术研究
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摘要
作为数字地球的一部分，三维景观系统构建的研究涉及面非常广泛，包括了
3S(GIS、GPS、RS)、多媒体、网络、虚拟仿真等技术。它一般生成一个实时的
三维尺度空间系统来展现三维景观模型，从而产生逼真的“虚拟环境”效果。三
维景观系统具有一个开放、互动的系统环境，在这个环境中多种数据源集成融合
在一起，如DEM数据、影像数据、矢量数据等。在数据源方面，可以将原有传
统地理信息系统的具有二维坐标的地图数据添加上高程信息后以三维的形式来
存储、管理、查询和分析。三维景观信息的表达在环保、水文、地质、气象、地
球物理等领域有着广泛的应用前景。
本文在GeoBeans数字地球和三维景观系统项目的研究推动下，从系统构造
涉及的关键算法出发，对实现三维景观的相关关键技术进行了深入的研究。本文
主要研究工作如下：
(1) 在空间数据模型方面，分析与总结了现有的三维数据模型的优缺点，提
出了改进的面向查询的空间数据模型，并对该模型的数据组织和拓扑关系进行了
描述和实现，设计了对其进行空间数据查询和空间分析的方法。
(2) 对空间实体数据组织，特效数据的组织方法、纹理数据的管理进行了研
究。对不规则的几何实体、规则地形数据的组织管理以及模型库的建立方法进行
了研究。
(3) 在对场景组织方面，对复杂场景管理、空间数据的高效组织与管理进行
了深入的研究。本文针对具体的应用实例，在深入分析现阶段空间数据管理现状
的基础上，研究了复杂场景高效的组织方案。
(4) 为了减少网络传输数据，提高系统的响应速度，必须利用数据压缩方法
充分利用网络带宽，同时对网络传输应用多级数据缓存方法。本文提出了网络三
维数据缓存的方案。
(5) 在三维场景数据进行简化的方面，对三维模型数据简化算法、地形数据
的简化算法以及三维场景的空间分割技术进行了研究。
(6) 对三维景观中的动画仿真技术进行了探讨。首先对三维景观中常用的动
态实现方法作了介绍，并对帧动画的实现做了研究，同时对关节动画的构成和展
现方法做了分析。对动态仿真的粒子系统设计和实现做了探讨和研究，并对三维
实时碰撞检测算法做了研究。提出了几种在虚拟现实中常见的虚拟镜头类别，并
在此基础上的提出了相应的虚拟镜头模型。
(7) 对用光照贴图来实现光照模型的方法进行了研究，并对自然物体的绘制、
全景图的生成进行了研究。
As part of the digital earth, 3D landscape system involves very extensive techniques, ranging from 3S (GIS, GPS, RS), multimedia, networks and virtual reality to simulation technology. It generates a general measure space system of real-time to execute 3D landscape models and to produce a realistic "virtual environment" results. 3D landscape system with an open and interactive system environment integrates multiple data, such as DEM data, imaging data, vector data, and most of the traditional two-dimensional GIS maps where elevation data is added to become three-dimensional information in the form of storage, management, query, and analysis. 3D landscape information to convey environment, hydrology, geology, meteorology, geophysics and other areas of application is urgently needed.
The paper researches the key techniques of the three-dimensional landscape system from the key algorithms of the three-dimensional landscapes. The main research works are concluded as follows:
(1) The paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the current 3D data models and then presents the improvement work about the query oriented spatial data model. The data organization and the topology relationship of the new spatial data model are described and realized. Meanwhile query way and analysis approach are designed.
(2) Specific data organization methods and texture data management are researched. At the same time, the organization of irregular geometric entities, terrain data organization and establishment methodology of models library are studied at this paper.
(3) Complex scene management, the efficient organization and management of spatial data are deeply conducted. Based on the specific examples of the application and after carefully analyzing the current status of spatial data management, the efficient data organization of complex scenes project is studied.
(4) In order to decrease the transmission on the network and improve the system response rate, the data compression must be used to reduce network bandwidth and the network transmission applications of multi-level data storage methods must be
3S(GIS、GPS、RS)、多媒体、网络、虚拟仿真等技术。它一般生成一个实时的
三维尺度空间系统来展现三维景观模型，从而产生逼真的“虚拟环境”效果。三
维景观系统具有一个开放、互动的系统环境，在这个环境中多种数据源集成融合
在一起，如DEM数据、影像数据、矢量数据等。在数据源方面，可以将原有传
统地理信息系统的具有二维坐标的地图数据添加上高程信息后以三维的形式来
存储、管理、查询和分析。三维景观信息的表达在环保、水文、地质、气象、地
球物理等领域有着广泛的应用前景。
本文在GeoBeans数字地球和三维景观系统项目的研究推动下，从系统构造
涉及的关键算法出发，对实现三维景观的相关关键技术进行了深入的研究。本文
主要研究工作如下：
(1) 在空间数据模型方面，分析与总结了现有的三维数据模型的优缺点，提
出了改进的面向查询的空间数据模型，并对该模型的数据组织和拓扑关系进行了
描述和实现，设计了对其进行空间数据查询和空间分析的方法。
(2) 对空间实体数据组织，特效数据的组织方法、纹理数据的管理进行了研
究。对不规则的几何实体、规则地形数据的组织管理以及模型库的建立方法进行
了研究。
(3) 在对场景组织方面，对复杂场景管理、空间数据的高效组织与管理进行
了深入的研究。本文针对具体的应用实例，在深入分析现阶段空间数据管理现状
的基础上，研究了复杂场景高效的组织方案。
(4) 为了减少网络传输数据，提高系统的响应速度，必须利用数据压缩方法
充分利用网络带宽，同时对网络传输应用多级数据缓存方法。本文提出了网络三
维数据缓存的方案。
(5) 在三维场景数据进行简化的方面，对三维模型数据简化算法、地形数据
的简化算法以及三维场景的空间分割技术进行了研究。
(6) 对三维景观中的动画仿真技术进行了探讨。首先对三维景观中常用的动
态实现方法作了介绍，并对帧动画的实现做了研究，同时对关节动画的构成和展
现方法做了分析。对动态仿真的粒子系统设计和实现做了探讨和研究，并对三维
实时碰撞检测算法做了研究。提出了几种在虚拟现实中常见的虚拟镜头类别，并
在此基础上的提出了相应的虚拟镜头模型。
(7) 对用光照贴图来实现光照模型的方法进行了研究，并对自然物体的绘制、
全景图的生成进行了研究。
As part of the digital earth, 3D landscape system involves very extensive techniques, ranging from 3S (GIS, GPS, RS), multimedia, networks and virtual reality to simulation technology. It generates a general measure space system of real-time to execute 3D landscape models and to produce a realistic "virtual environment" results. 3D landscape system with an open and interactive system environment integrates multiple data, such as DEM data, imaging data, vector data, and most of the traditional two-dimensional GIS maps where elevation data is added to become three-dimensional information in the form of storage, management, query, and analysis. 3D landscape information to convey environment, hydrology, geology, meteorology, geophysics and other areas of application is urgently needed.
The paper researches the key techniques of the three-dimensional landscape system from the key algorithms of the three-dimensional landscapes. The main research works are concluded as follows:
(1) The paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the current 3D data models and then presents the improvement work about the query oriented spatial data model. The data organization and the topology relationship of the new spatial data model are described and realized. Meanwhile query way and analysis approach are designed.
(2) Specific data organization methods and texture data management are researched. At the same time, the organization of irregular geometric entities, terrain data organization and establishment methodology of models library are studied at this paper.
(3) Complex scene management, the efficient organization and management of spatial data are deeply conducted. Based on the specific examples of the application and after carefully analyzing the current status of spatial data management, the efficient data organization of complex scenes project is studied.
(4) In order to decrease the transmission on the network and improve the system response rate, the data compression must be used to reduce network bandwidth and the network transmission applications of multi-level data storage methods must be
引文
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