三维城市规划地理信息系统的研究与实现
摘要
随着数字化城市的建设推进,三维城市规划地理信息系统建设对于城市建设的规划和决策起着重要作用。三维城市规划地理信息管理系统需要能够把不同的空间数据、城市建设信息、城市规划信息整合在同一平台之内,以“信息资源整合”为核心,提供各种基于空间信息之上的智能化应用服务。面向城市规划的三维地理信息系统整合专业的数据库管理系统时,需要对空间数据进行统一存储和管理,以实现多元化数据的一体化管理,而且在数据处理时针对不同数据模型的动态管理与展现,来提高空间数据的使用效率,降低与各个对应应用子系统开发与维护的成本。
针对上述问题,本文对城市规划地理信息管理相关业务需求进行了深入分析,提出了一种可动态调整的三维地理信息一体化管理数据模型和面向城市规划的管理业务流程。在此基础上,本文进一步阐述了三维城市规划地理信息系统的设计与实现,该系统由可动态调整三维地理信息模型、支持可动态调整三维地理信息模型引擎、专题业务数据模块组成,实现了基础地理信息库(包括各种比例尺的矢量地理信息、各种卫星影像数据、航空影像数据及各种专业地理信息)基于元数据管理和属性信息管理的一体化应用。最后,本文介绍了该系统在长三角某城市规划项目中的应用,应用情况表明该系统是有效可行的,具有开放性强、可定制化、可以无缝连接三维模型信息和二维GIS信息、三维动画质量高等特点。
本文的主要工作如下:
1、提出了一种适用于城市规划业务的可动态调整三维地理信息一体化管理数据模型,该模型针对交通基础数据、植被、居民区、水系、公建设施、地貌、地面设施、建构筑物等进行定义,能够容纳各种标准地理信息资源信息并实现动态更新。
2、设计和实现了支持可动态调整三维地理信息模型的引擎。该引擎采用四叉树算法,用分层管理技术针对每个地物的地面高程、高度值实现真实的地物要素的完全逼真还原,用三维方式表现城市建设全生命周期的GIS信息。
3、设计和实现了基于OpenGIS的系统,该系统通过系统平台来自定义数据(包括数据表、数据字段、数据的存储验、数据的编辑修改规则等)、自定义数据管理功能(包括数据的界面操作表现、界面操作规则等)、自定义数据的查询分析(可以自定义任何的查询分析方法、分析内容、分析的形式)、自定义业务规则(可自定义数据之间的关系、数据的相关性约束规则、数据的有效性检验方式等)、自定义地理数据的表现形式(地图显示符号、颜色等自定义)。该系统已在长三角某城市中得到实际应用。
With the development of the construction of digital cities , three-dimensional urban planning geographic information system plays a more and more important role in the planning and decision-making of urban constructions.. Three-dimensional urban planning geographic information management system needs to integrate different spacial data and information on urban construction and urban planning into the same platform, and also with "Information Resources" as a core, to provide intelligent application service based on various spacial information. Urban planning-oriented three-dimensional geographic information system needs to store and manage all the spacial data when integrating profesional database system, so that it can achieve integrated management for diverse data, and that according to the dynamic management and demonstration of different data models ,to improve the efficiency in the usage of spacial data and reduce the cost of development and maintenance of the various sub-systems .
To address the above problems, this paper deeply analysed business requirements relating to urban planning geographic information management and proposed an adjustable data model of three-dimensional integrated geographic information management and a business prosedure for urban planning. On this basis, the paper further elaborated the design and implementation of three-dimensional urban planning geographic information system. The system consists of dynamically adjustable three-dimensional model of geographic information, an engine supporting the model, and several specialized business data modules. The above-mentioned system achieves integrated application based on metadata management and property mangement (including geographic vectors of various scales, a variety of image data of satellites, aerial image data, and various professional geographic information) . Finally, the paper introduced the application of the system in a city located in Yangtze Delta. This application indicates that the system is effective, feasible, and is of some outstanding advantages of openness, being able to be customized, having seamlessly connections between three-dimensional model information and two-dimensional GIS information, and carrying three-dimensional animation of high quality.
The main content of this paper is as follows:
1, proposed an adjustable data molde for 3D GIS integrated management which can be applied to urban planning business. The model can abstract necessary information from basic transportation data, plants, residential areas, water systems, public facilities and infrastructures, geomorphology, ground facilities as well as buildings, and then process all the geographic information and accommodate these standard data resources to achieve dynamic updating. .
2, designed and implemented an enginee which supports the above mentioned data model. With the help of hierarchical management techniques to reproduce the true condition of every object in the ground via the object’s height and ground eveluation, the engine can display the GIS.information of the complete life cycle of a city’s construction in the form of three dimension ,
3, designed and implemented a system based on OpenGIS. The system can organize and process these data (including data tables, data fields, the validity of the data, the rual for data’s edition and modification etc.), arrange data management functions (including the operation performances of data interface , and the interface operation rules etc.), decide examination and analysis system for data (including analytical content, analytical form and analytical method), form business rules (including the relationship between the data, relevant inter-constraint rules of the data and test methods for the validity of the data etc.), and decide the demonstrative forms of these geographic data (symbols on the map , colors etc.). The system has been applied in a city in Yangtze Delta .
针对上述问题,本文对城市规划地理信息管理相关业务需求进行了深入分析,提出了一种可动态调整的三维地理信息一体化管理数据模型和面向城市规划的管理业务流程。在此基础上,本文进一步阐述了三维城市规划地理信息系统的设计与实现,该系统由可动态调整三维地理信息模型、支持可动态调整三维地理信息模型引擎、专题业务数据模块组成,实现了基础地理信息库(包括各种比例尺的矢量地理信息、各种卫星影像数据、航空影像数据及各种专业地理信息)基于元数据管理和属性信息管理的一体化应用。最后,本文介绍了该系统在长三角某城市规划项目中的应用,应用情况表明该系统是有效可行的,具有开放性强、可定制化、可以无缝连接三维模型信息和二维GIS信息、三维动画质量高等特点。
本文的主要工作如下:
1、提出了一种适用于城市规划业务的可动态调整三维地理信息一体化管理数据模型,该模型针对交通基础数据、植被、居民区、水系、公建设施、地貌、地面设施、建构筑物等进行定义,能够容纳各种标准地理信息资源信息并实现动态更新。
2、设计和实现了支持可动态调整三维地理信息模型的引擎。该引擎采用四叉树算法,用分层管理技术针对每个地物的地面高程、高度值实现真实的地物要素的完全逼真还原,用三维方式表现城市建设全生命周期的GIS信息。
3、设计和实现了基于OpenGIS的系统,该系统通过系统平台来自定义数据(包括数据表、数据字段、数据的存储验、数据的编辑修改规则等)、自定义数据管理功能(包括数据的界面操作表现、界面操作规则等)、自定义数据的查询分析(可以自定义任何的查询分析方法、分析内容、分析的形式)、自定义业务规则(可自定义数据之间的关系、数据的相关性约束规则、数据的有效性检验方式等)、自定义地理数据的表现形式(地图显示符号、颜色等自定义)。该系统已在长三角某城市中得到实际应用。
With the development of the construction of digital cities , three-dimensional urban planning geographic information system plays a more and more important role in the planning and decision-making of urban constructions.. Three-dimensional urban planning geographic information management system needs to integrate different spacial data and information on urban construction and urban planning into the same platform, and also with "Information Resources" as a core, to provide intelligent application service based on various spacial information. Urban planning-oriented three-dimensional geographic information system needs to store and manage all the spacial data when integrating profesional database system, so that it can achieve integrated management for diverse data, and that according to the dynamic management and demonstration of different data models ,to improve the efficiency in the usage of spacial data and reduce the cost of development and maintenance of the various sub-systems .
To address the above problems, this paper deeply analysed business requirements relating to urban planning geographic information management and proposed an adjustable data model of three-dimensional integrated geographic information management and a business prosedure for urban planning. On this basis, the paper further elaborated the design and implementation of three-dimensional urban planning geographic information system. The system consists of dynamically adjustable three-dimensional model of geographic information, an engine supporting the model, and several specialized business data modules. The above-mentioned system achieves integrated application based on metadata management and property mangement (including geographic vectors of various scales, a variety of image data of satellites, aerial image data, and various professional geographic information) . Finally, the paper introduced the application of the system in a city located in Yangtze Delta. This application indicates that the system is effective, feasible, and is of some outstanding advantages of openness, being able to be customized, having seamlessly connections between three-dimensional model information and two-dimensional GIS information, and carrying three-dimensional animation of high quality.
The main content of this paper is as follows:
1, proposed an adjustable data molde for 3D GIS integrated management which can be applied to urban planning business. The model can abstract necessary information from basic transportation data, plants, residential areas, water systems, public facilities and infrastructures, geomorphology, ground facilities as well as buildings, and then process all the geographic information and accommodate these standard data resources to achieve dynamic updating. .
2, designed and implemented an enginee which supports the above mentioned data model. With the help of hierarchical management techniques to reproduce the true condition of every object in the ground via the object’s height and ground eveluation, the engine can display the GIS.information of the complete life cycle of a city’s construction in the form of three dimension ,
3, designed and implemented a system based on OpenGIS. The system can organize and process these data (including data tables, data fields, the validity of the data, the rual for data’s edition and modification etc.), arrange data management functions (including the operation performances of data interface , and the interface operation rules etc.), decide examination and analysis system for data (including analytical content, analytical form and analytical method), form business rules (including the relationship between the data, relevant inter-constraint rules of the data and test methods for the validity of the data etc.), and decide the demonstrative forms of these geographic data (symbols on the map , colors etc.). The system has been applied in a city in Yangtze Delta .
引文
[1]. Miller,C. and LaFlamme, R.A. (1958), "The digital terrain model—theory and applications", Photogrammetric Engineering, 24, 433–442.
[2]. Jenson, SK, and Dominque, JO (1988) Extracting Topographic Structure from Digital Elevation Data for Geographic Information System Analysis, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v.54, no.11, p.1593-1600.
[3].唐凯康凤举宋志明褚彦军系统仿真学报2004年第16卷第2期268-269
[4].杨钦,徐永安,翟红英.计算机图形学清华大学出版社2005年3月15-16
[5]. Victor J D. Delaunay Triangulation in TIN creation: A overview and A Linear-Time Algorithm.GIS,1993,7(6):501-504
[6]. ArthurW.BurksandAliceR.Burks, Theeniac:Firstgeneral-purpose electroniccomputer,IEEEAnnalsoftheHistoryofComputing 3 (1981),no.4,310–399.
[7]. James H. Clark, The Geometry Engine: A VLSI Geometry System for Graphics, ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics 16(3), Pages: 127-133, July 1982.
[8]. Pajarola. Lar ge Scale Terr ain Visualization Using the Restricted Quadtr ee Triangula tion[ C] . Proceeding s of IEEE Visualization’98,1998. 19- 26.
[9]. P Lindstrom, V Pascucci. Visualization of Large Terrains Made Easy[ C] . Proceedings of IEEE Visualization, 2001. 363 - 370.
[10]. Xiaohong Bao, Renato Pajarola. LOD-based Clustering Techniques for Efficient Large-scale Terrain Storage and Visualiza tion[ C] . Pr o-ceedings SPIE Conference on Visualiza tion and Data Analysis, 2003.225- 235.
[11]. Clark, J.H. Hierarchical geometric models for visible surface algorithm. Communications of the ACM, 1976,19(10):547~554
[12].吴加敏,孙连英,张德政;空间数据可视化的研究与发展;计算机工程与应用;2002年10期
[13].刘大杰,全球定位系统(GPS)的原理与数据处理,同济大学出版社241
[14].王冬,陈春,何海舰网络地理信息系统关键技术及其发展趋势的研究与探讨,测绘与空间地理信息
[15].周炜三维游戏引擎设计技术及其应用中国水利水电出版社2009年6月366-340
[16]. Blood,Rebecca.“Weblogs:AHistoryandPerspective”,Rebecca’sPocket. September7,2000.[http://www.rebeccablood.net/essays/weblog history.html]
[17]. Lieberman,Henry.“InterfacesThatGiveandTakeAdvice.”FromHuman- ComputerInteractionintheNewMillenium.JohnM.Carroll,Ed.Boston: AddisonWesley,2002.
[18].孔祥元,郭际明,刘宗泉.大地测量学基础武汉大学出版社.2001年9月:145
[19]. OGC. OpenGIS topic1: OpenGIS abstract specification. 1999. http://www.opengis.org/techno/specs.htm.
[20]. OGC. Geography Markup Language (GML) v1.0. 1999. http://www.opengis.org/techno/specs/00-029/GML.html.
[21]. Google App Engine, http://appengine.google.com [18 July 2008].
[22]. Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), http://www.amazon.com/ec2/ [18 July 2008]
[23]. Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters 3 October 2004
[2]. Jenson, SK, and Dominque, JO (1988) Extracting Topographic Structure from Digital Elevation Data for Geographic Information System Analysis, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v.54, no.11, p.1593-1600.
[3].唐凯康凤举宋志明褚彦军系统仿真学报2004年第16卷第2期268-269
[4].杨钦,徐永安,翟红英.计算机图形学清华大学出版社2005年3月15-16
[5]. Victor J D. Delaunay Triangulation in TIN creation: A overview and A Linear-Time Algorithm.GIS,1993,7(6):501-504
[6]. ArthurW.BurksandAliceR.Burks, Theeniac:Firstgeneral-purpose electroniccomputer,IEEEAnnalsoftheHistoryofComputing 3 (1981),no.4,310–399.
[7]. James H. Clark, The Geometry Engine: A VLSI Geometry System for Graphics, ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics 16(3), Pages: 127-133, July 1982.
[8]. Pajarola. Lar ge Scale Terr ain Visualization Using the Restricted Quadtr ee Triangula tion[ C] . Proceeding s of IEEE Visualization’98,1998. 19- 26.
[9]. P Lindstrom, V Pascucci. Visualization of Large Terrains Made Easy[ C] . Proceedings of IEEE Visualization, 2001. 363 - 370.
[10]. Xiaohong Bao, Renato Pajarola. LOD-based Clustering Techniques for Efficient Large-scale Terrain Storage and Visualiza tion[ C] . Pr o-ceedings SPIE Conference on Visualiza tion and Data Analysis, 2003.225- 235.
[11]. Clark, J.H. Hierarchical geometric models for visible surface algorithm. Communications of the ACM, 1976,19(10):547~554
[12].吴加敏,孙连英,张德政;空间数据可视化的研究与发展;计算机工程与应用;2002年10期
[13].刘大杰,全球定位系统(GPS)的原理与数据处理,同济大学出版社241
[14].王冬,陈春,何海舰网络地理信息系统关键技术及其发展趋势的研究与探讨,测绘与空间地理信息
[15].周炜三维游戏引擎设计技术及其应用中国水利水电出版社2009年6月366-340
[16]. Blood,Rebecca.“Weblogs:AHistoryandPerspective”,Rebecca’sPocket. September7,2000.[http://www.rebeccablood.net/essays/weblog history.html]
[17]. Lieberman,Henry.“InterfacesThatGiveandTakeAdvice.”FromHuman- ComputerInteractionintheNewMillenium.JohnM.Carroll,Ed.Boston: AddisonWesley,2002.
[18].孔祥元,郭际明,刘宗泉.大地测量学基础武汉大学出版社.2001年9月:145
[19]. OGC. OpenGIS topic1: OpenGIS abstract specification. 1999. http://www.opengis.org/techno/specs.htm.
[20]. OGC. Geography Markup Language (GML) v1.0. 1999. http://www.opengis.org/techno/specs/00-029/GML.html.
[21]. Google App Engine, http://appengine.google.com [18 July 2008].
[22]. Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), http://www.amazon.com/ec2/ [18 July 2008]
[23]. Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters 3 October 2004