中国近海环流及其季节变化的数值模拟
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
基于GFDL的MOM2建立了一个全球变网格大洋环流数值模式来研究中国近海环流及其季节变化。模式在南海和渤、黄、东海以及日本海为高分辨率(1/6(),在全球其它区域为粗分辨率(3()。
    利用模式结果计算了通过南海和东海开边界的体积、热、盐输运的各月和全年平均值。所得结果与已有的基于观测所得的体积输运估计值有良好一致性。结果显示,通过南海加入印尼贯穿流的体积、热、盐输运值为5.3Sv, 0.57PW和184Ggs-1,约占印尼贯穿流的1/4,表明南海是太平洋到印度洋贯穿流的重要通道之一。东海的黑潮输运值各为25.6Sv, 2.32PW和894Ggs-1,其中不到1/4的流量通过西表岛与冲绳岛之间的水道。热平衡计算表明,南海从太阳和大气获得净热通量,其值为0.08PW;而大气则从渤黄东海获得净热通量,其值为0.05PW。
    利用模式模拟结果和海平面气压分布获得了渤、黄、东、南海平均海面高度(海面地形)分布。结果表明,我国1985国家高程基准在全球平均海面之上24.7cm, 中国沿岸海面南高北低。与由大地水准测量得出的沿岸28个验潮站平均海面高度相比较,标准偏差为4.8cm,拟合系数达95.3%,通过线性回归订正,标准偏差可减至4.5cm, 表明模式结果已达到实际应用要求的准确度。依据模式结果给出了我国近海1/6(分辨率的平均海面高度值,由此并可将大陆与岛屿高程相联系,给出台湾、东沙、西沙和南沙的平均海面高度。
    给出模拟所得南海月平均以及年平均的海面高度和流函数分布以及等密面环流。与TOPEX/POSEIDON资料比较表明,所得海面高度距平与观测十分一致。基于这些结果,讨论了南海的环流结构。结果表明:对于表层海水来说,黑潮在冬、春和秋季均通过吕宋海峡入侵南海,夏季则表层没有入侵。但对于整海水层而言,全年均有海水从太平洋通过吕宋海峡进入南海。这一差异表明,在夏季,
    
    
    太平洋的海水是在次表层和中层入侵南海的。南海北部陆坡附近全年受气旋式环流控制。夏季的南海南部反气旋流圈、越南东南离岸流和冬季的南海南部气旋流圈都得到了很好的再现。南海海面高度和海面高度距平之间的差异明显。表明,在利用卫星高度计资料研究南海的上层环流时,长期平均海面高度的空间分布有重要意义。由等密面环流结果可以看出,次表层和中层环流具有明显的季节变化。全年均有次表层水通过吕宋海峡进入南海,并且冬季强夏季弱。中层环流最显著的特征就是与上层环流结构明显不同并几乎相反。夏季吕宋海峡中层水为西向运动,也即流入南海。深层环流较弱,季节变化不如次表层和中层明显,冬季和秋季流速大,其中又以冬季为最强;夏季和春季流速小,春季最小。
    研究了东中国海环流。黑潮得到较好的再现。黑潮在台湾以东海域的入流,夏季最强,冬季最弱;在吐噶喇海峡的出流则是夏季最强,秋季最弱。太平洋的海水通过西表岛-冲绳和冲绳-奄美大岛之间与东海黑潮有交换。通过西表岛-冲绳为入流。冲绳-奄美大岛之间的入流,一般发生在表层,冬、秋季强且明显,春、夏季甚至为出流(流出东海);从26.5m层开始四季基本均为流出东海。黑潮深层存在南向逆流。台湾-对马-津轻暖流系统得到良好模拟。台湾暖流的水主要由台湾海峡和黑潮入侵水共同贡献,各个季节各有差异。但下层水则不管哪个季节,主要都来自台湾东北方向黑潮的次表层水。对马暖流的三个来源,黑潮分支一直是主要的来源。台湾暖流的贡献则冬、秋季较弱,且主要在次表层以下有贡献;夏季最强。济州岛西北面黄海水的贡献在也是冬、秋季较弱,春、夏季较强。冬季的黄、渤海环流系统得到很好再现,但夏季黄海环流模拟结果与实际差距较大。说明,如何利用MOM模式模拟黄东海夏季环流还需作进一步的探索。
A variable-grid global ocean circulation model whose horizontal resolution is fine (1/6() in the South China Sea (SCS), East China Seas and Japan/East Sea, and coarse (3() in the rest part of the world ocean, was established based on GFDL’s MOM2 to study the ocean circulation of the China adjacent sea and its seasonal variation.
    Base on the model results, the monthly and annual mean freshwater, heat and salt transports through the open boundaries of the South and East China Seas are reported. The model results are in fairly good agreement with the existing estimates based on measurements. The computation shows that the flows passing through the South China Sea contribute volume, heat and salt transports of 5.3 Sv, 0.57 PW and 184Ggs-1, respectively (about 1/4), to the Indonesian Throughflow, indicating that the South China Sea is an important pathway of the Pacific to Indian Ocean throughflow. The volume, heat and salt transports of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea are 25.6Sv, 2.32 PW and 894Ggs-1, respectively. Less than 1/4 of those transports pass through the passage between Iriomote and Okinawa. The calculation of heat balance indicates that the South China Sea absorbs net heat flux from the sun and atmosphere with a rate of 0.08 PW, while the atmosphere gains net heat flux from the Baohai, Yellow and East China Seas with a rate of 0.05 PW.
    
    The mean sea surface heights (sea surface dynamic topography) of the South China, East China, Yellow and Bohai Seas are derived from the model results and surface air pressure. The result shows that the China 1985 National Altitude Datum is 24.7cm above the mean sea surface height of the world ocean. The mean sea surface in the coastal ocean adjacent to China is higher in the south than in the north. Comparison of the model results with the geodetic leveling measurements at 28 coastal tidal stations shows a standard deviation of 4.8cm and a fitting coefficient of 95.3%. After correction through linear regression, the standard deviation is reduced to 4.5cm. This indicates that the accuracy of model results is sufficient for practical application. Based on the model results, the mean sea surface heights for the study area with a resolution of 1/6 degree are given. This result also links the mean sea levels at islands with those on the mainland coast and gives the mean sea surface heights at tidal stations in Taiwan, Dongsha, Xisha and Nansha relative to the China 1985 National Altitude Datum.
    The model-produced monthly and annual mean transport stream functions and sea surface heights(SSH) and their anomalies,and isopycnal-surface circulation of the SCS are reported. Comparison to the TOPEX/Poseidon data shows that the model-produced monthly sea surface height anomalies (SSHA) are in good agreement with altimeter measurements. Based on the results, the circulation of the SCS is discussed. In the surface layer, the western Philippine Sea water intrudes the SCS through the Luzon Strait in autumn, winter and spring, but not in summer. However, as far as the whole water column is concerned, the water intrudes into the SCS through the Luzon Strait all the year round. This indicates that, in summer the water still intrudes into the SCS in the subsurface and intermediate layers. The area near the northern continental slope of the SCS is dominated by a cyclonic circulation all the year round. The SCS Southern Anticyclonic Gyre, SE Vietnam Off-Shore Current in summertime and SCS Southern Cyclonic Gyre in wintertime are reproduced reasonably well. The difference between the
    
    
    monthly averaged SSH and SSHA is significant, indicating the importance of the mean SSH in the SCS circulation. Based on the model-produced isopycnal-surface circulation, subsurface and intermediate circulations have remarkable seasonal variations. Subsurface water intrudes the SCS through Luzon Strait all the year round, with the strongest intrusion in winter and the weakest in summer. Intermediate circulation patterns significantly differ from the upper layer circulation. In summer, intermediate
引文
1. Gill, A. E. Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. Academic Perss, London, 1982:662pp.
    2. 毛汉礼. 海流理论评述. 海洋与湖沼,1962, 4(1-2):1-12。
    3. Smolarkiewicz, P.K. A Fully Multidimensional Positive Definite Advection Transport Algorithm with Small Implicit Diffusion. Journal of Computational Physics, 1984, 54.
    4. 张学洪,俞永强,刘海龙. 海洋环流模式的发展和应用I全球海洋环流模式.大气科学,2003(4):待刊
    5. 李荣凤,游小宝. 海洋环流模式的发展和应用II近海和区域环流模式,大气科学.2003(4):待刊
    6. Zhang Xue Hong, and Liang Xin Zhong. A numerical world ocean general circulation model. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,2003,6(1):43-61.
    7. Zhang Xue Hong, Bao Ning, and Wang Wan Qiu. Numerical simulation of seasonal cycle of world oceanic general circulation, In The Proceedings of The Sixth Japan and East China Sea Study Workshop (JECSS-VI), Fukuoda, Japan, April 22-27, 1991. (La mer, 1993, 30, 73-82).
    8. 陈克明. IAP全球海气耦合环流模式的改进及温室气体引起的气候变化的数值模拟研究.中国科学院大气物理研究所博士论文, 2003:145页.
    9. Zhang Xue Hong, Chen Ke Ming, Jin Xiang Ze, Lin Wu Ying, Yu Yong Qiang. Simulation of thermohaline circulation with a twenty-layer oceanic general circulation model. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 1996, 55(1-4):65-87.
    10. 俞永强,1997: 海-冰-气耦合方案的设计及年代际气候变化的数值模拟研究. 中国科学院大气物理研究所博士论文, 130页.
    11. Jin Xiang Ze,Zhang Xue hong, Zhou Tian Jun. Fundamental Framework and Experiments of the Third Generation of IAP/LASG World Ocean General Circulation Model. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 1999, 16(2): 197-215.
    
    12. Gent, P.R., and J.C. McWilliams. Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 1990,20: 150-155.
    13. Pacanowski, R.C., and G. Philander. Parameterization of vertical mixing in numerical models of the tropical ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 1981,11: 1442-1451.
    14. 刘海龙. 高分辨率海洋环流模式和热带太平洋上层环流的模拟研究,中国科学院大气物理研究所博士论文,2002: 178页.
    15. Zeng Qingcun, Some numerical ocean-atmosphere coupling models, in: Proceedings of the Firt International Symposium on Integrated Global Ocean Modelling, 1983, Tullin,USSR
    16. 方国洪,于克俊. 斜压海洋动力学的一种三维数值模式,I. 动力学方程数值格式. 海洋与湖沼,1998, 29(3):232-240.
    17. 于克俊,方国洪. 斜压海洋动力学的一种三维数值模式,II. 温度、盐度和垂直涡动粘性系数的计算. 海洋与湖沼,1998,29(4):381-388
    18. 方国洪、朱耀华、魏泽勋、王凯. 半隐半拉格朗日差分格式的三维海洋动力学数值模式. 水动力学研究与进展,Ser. A, 1999,14(4B): 40-49.
    19. Feng, S., Cheng, R. T., Sun, W., Xi, P., & Song, L. Lagrangian Residual Current and Longterm Transport Processes in a Weakly Nonlinear Barocclinic System, Physics of Shallow Seas, Edited by Wang, H., Wang, J., & Dai, H., China Ocean Press,1990:1-20.
    20. Feng, S. On the Lagrangian Residual Velocity and the Mass-Transport in a Multi-Frequency Oscillatory System, Physics of Shallow Estuaries and Bays, Edited by R.T.Cheng, Lecture Notes on Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Springer-Verlag,1990:18-34
    21. 冯士筰. 浅海环流物理及数值模拟,《物理海洋数值计算》(冯士笮和孙文心主编),科学与工程计算丛书,河南科技出版社, 1992: 543-610
    22. 苏纪兰. 中国近海的环流动力机制研究. 海洋学报,2001,23(4): 1-16
    23. 方国洪等. 西北太平洋环流若干计算结果,台湾海峡及邻近海域海洋科学讨论
    
    
    会论文集,海洋出版社,1995: 83-89
    24. 管秉贤. 伊豆海脊两侧顺时针流涡的若干观测证据,黄渤海海洋, 1996,14(4):1-9
    25. 孙湘平. 西北太平洋副热带逆流,北赤道流,北赤道逆流几个特征的比较,黄渤海海洋,2000,18(1):1-12.
    26. Nitani H. Beginning of the Kuroshio. In: Stommel H, Yoshida K, ed. Kuroshio, Physical Aspects of the Japan Current. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972:129-163
    27. Hidaka K. Japan Sea. In: Fairbridge R W, ed. The Encyclopedia of Oceanography. Stroudsburg: Dowen, Hutchinson & Ross Inc., 1966:417-424
    28. Fang G, Zhao B. A note on the main forcing of the northeastward flowing current off the southeast China coast. Progr Oceanogr, 1988, 21: 363-372
    29. Fang G, Zhao B, Zhu Y. Water volume transports through the Taiwan Strait and the East China Sea measured with current meters. In: Takano K, ed. Oceanography of Asian Marginal Seas. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991:345-358
    30. Metzger E J, Hurlburt H E. Coupled dynamics of the South China Sea, the Sulu Sea, and the Pacific Ocean. J Geophys Res, 1996, 101(C5): 12331-12352
    31. Lebedev K V, Yaremchuk M I. A diagnostic study of the Indonesian Throughflow. J Geophys Res, 2000, 105(C5): 11243-11258
    32. Mizuno S, Kawatate K, Kaneko A, et al. Results of direct measurements of Kuroshio currents in the East China Sea. Fukuoka: Kyushu University Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, 1991:1-18
    33. 袁耀初,刘勇刚,苏纪兰. 1997-1998 El Nino 至La Nina期间东海黑潮的变异. 地球物理学报, 2001, 44: 1-10
    34. Liu C-T, Cheng S –P, Chuang W –S, et al. Mean structure and transport of Taiwan Current (Kuroshio). Acta Oceanogr Taiwan, 1998, 36: 159-176
    
    35. 于洪华,苏纪兰,苗育田,等. 东海黑潮低盐水核与琉球以东西边界流的入侵. 黑潮调查研究论文选,北京:海洋出版社, 1993. 5: 235-241
    36. Miita T, Ogawa Y. Tsushima currents measured with current meters and drifters. In: Ichiye T, ed. Ocean Hydrodynamics of the Japan and East China Seas. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1984:67-76
    37. Wyrtki K. Physical Oceanography of the Southeast Asian Waters. La Jolla: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 1961:1-195
    38. 郭宗信,方文东. 1985年9月的吕宋海峡黑潮及其输送. 热带海洋, 1988, 7: 13-19
    39. 蒲书箴,于惠苓. 巴士海峡和南海东北部黑潮分支. 热带海洋, 1992, 11: 1-8
    40. Chu P C, Li R. South China Sea isopycnal-surface circulation. J Phys Oceanogr, 2000, 30: 2419-2438
    41. 顾玉荷. 西北太平洋137°E断面海流的纬向体积输送,海洋与湖沼. 1996, 27(1):79-85
    42. 王东晓,周发琇,李永平. 南海表层水温和海面热收支的年循环特征. 海洋学报,1997, 19: 35-44
    43. Wu C –R, Shaw P –T, Chao S –Y, et al. Seasonal and interannual variations in the velocity field of the South China Sea. J Oceanogr, 1998, 54: 361-372.
    44. Ho C –R, Zheng Q, Soong Y S, et al. Seasonal variability of sea surface height in the South China Sea observed with TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data. J Geophys Res, 2000, 115(C6): 13981-13990
    45. Nerem R S, Lerch F L, Klosko S M, et al. Ocean dynamic topography from satellite altimetry based on the GEM-T3 gravity model. Manuscr Geod, 1994, 19: 346-366.
    46. 王海瑛,陆洋,许厚泽,王广运. 利用T/P卫星测高资料构造中国近海及邻域平均海平面和海面地形. 海洋与湖沼,1999,30:403-409.
    
    47. Kuragano T, Shibata A. Sea surface dynamic height of the Pacific Ocean derived from TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data: Calculation method and accuray. J Oceanogr, 1997, 53: 585-599.
    48. 赵明才,翟国君,黄漠涛,高贵绪. 中国近海海面地形的计算与机制研究. 中国东部沿海地区海平面与陆地垂直运动(冯浩鉴编),海洋出版社,1999:239-249.
    49. 李立,吴日升,郭小钢. 南海的季节环流. 海洋学报,2000,22(6):13-25
    50. Dale W. L. Wind and drift currents in the South China Sea。 The Malaysian Journal of Tropical Geography, 1956,8:1-31
    51. 管秉贤,陈上及.中国近海的海流系统. 国家科委海洋组办公室编.全国海洋综合调查报告,1964
    52. Su J. L., B. X. Guan & J. Z. Jiang,The Kuroshio. I Physical features. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 1990,28:11-71
    53. 管秉贤,南海暖流研究回顾. 海洋与湖沼,1998,29(3):322-329
    54. 徐锡桢,邱章,陈惠昌. 南海水平环流概述. 中国海洋湖沼学会水文气象学会学术会议论文集,北京:科学出版社,1982:137-145
    55. Fang G, Fang W, Fang Y, et al. A survey of studies on the South China Sea upper ocean circulation. Acta Oceanogr Taiwan, 1998, 37: 1-16
    55. 曾庆存, 李荣凤,季仲贞等. 南海月平均流的计算. 大气科学,1989,13(2):127-138.
    56. 苏纪兰,刘先炳, 南海环流的数值模拟. 海洋环流研讨会论文选集. 北京: 海洋出版社,1992: 206-215
    57. Shaw P –T, Chao S –Y, Liu K –K, et al. Winter upwelling off Luzon in the northeastern South China Sea. J Geophys Res, 1994, 101: 16435-16448.
    58. 李荣凤,黄企洲,王文质. 南海上层环流的数值模拟. 海洋学报,1994, 16(4):13-22
    
    59. 李荣凤,王文质,黄企洲. 南海夏季海流的数值模拟. 大气科学,1994, 18(3):257-262
    60. Fang Y, Fang G, Yu K. ADI barotropic ocean model for simulation of Kuroshio intrusion into China southeastern waters. Chin J Oceanol Limnol, 1996, 14: 357-366
    61. Chao, S. Y., P. T. Shaw, S. Y. Wu, 1996: El Nino modulation of the South China Sea circulation. Prog. Oceanography, 1996, 38, 51-93.
    62. Wu, C. R, Ping Tung Shaw, 1999, Assimilation altimetric data into a South China Sea model. J. Geophys. Res. 104(C2),29987-30005.
    63. 王东晓,周发琇,秦曾灏. 南海上层海洋环流两层半模式的数值模拟:I. 闭边界海盆季节性环流.海洋学报,1996,18(5):30-40
    63. 李立,苏纪兰. 南海的黑潮分离流环. 热带海洋.1997,16(2):42-57
    64. 许建平,苏纪兰. 黑潮水入侵南海的水文分析:Ⅱ.1994年8-9月期间的观测结果. 热带海洋.1997,16(2):1-23
    65. 王凡,赵永平等. 1998年春夏南海温盐结构及其变化特征. 海洋学报,2001,23(5):1-13
    66. 王卫强,王东晓等. 南海大尺度动力场年循环和年际变化. 热带海洋学报.2001,20(1):61-68
    67. Chu,PC,李荣凤等. 等密度面P-矢量方法和南海北部环流. 自然科学进展. 2001,11(5):499-506
    68. 刘秦玉,甘子钧等. 南海海面高度季节变化的数值模拟. 海洋学报. 2001,23(2):9-17
    69. 蔡树群,苏纪兰等. 冬季南海上层环流动力机制的数值研究. 海洋学报,2001,23(5):14-23
    70. 袁叔尧,邓九仔. 巴士海峡水质点运动路径的分布特征. 海洋与湖沼. 1999,30(2):219-223
    71. Isobe, Atsuhiko; Namba, Takaya.?The Circulation in the Upper and Intermediate Layers of the South China Sea. Journal of Oceanography,2001,57(1): 93-104
    
    72. Metzger, E. Joseph; Hurlburt, Harley E. The Nondeterministic Nature of Kuroshio Penetration and Eddy Shedding in the South China Sea. Journal of Physical Oceanography , 2001, 31(7): 1712-1732
    73. Qu, Tangdong. Upper-Layer Circulation in the South China Sea. Journal of Physical Oceanography,2000,30(6): 1450-1460
    74. Qu, T., H. Mitsudera and T. Yamagada. Intrusion of North Pacific waters into the South China Sea, J. Geophys. Res. , 2000, 105(C3), 6415-6424.
    75. Qu, T.and H. Mitsudera. A climatology of the circulation and water mass distribution near the Philippine Coast, Journal of Physical Oceanography,1999,29: 1488-1505.
    76. 管秉贤.有关我国近海海流的若干问题.海洋与湖沼,1962,4(3—4):121—141
    77.管秉贤. 东海海流系统概述. 东海大陆架论文集,青岛:中科院海洋研究所,1978:126—183
    78.管秉贤. 黄东海浅海水文学的主要特征. 黄渤海海洋,1985,3(4):1—9
    79.管秉贤. 东海海流结构及涡旋特征概述. 海洋科学集刊,北京:科学出版社,1986,27:1—22
    80.Guan BingXian and Mao Hanli. A note on circulation of the East China Sea. J. Oceanol. Limnolo.,1982,1(1):1—16
    81.浦泳修,苏玉芬,许小云. 东海南部流场的若干特征. 黑潮调查论文集, 1987,北京,海洋出版社:33—44
    82.翁学传,王从敏. 台湾暖流深层水变化特征分析. 海洋与湖沼,1983,14(4):357—366
    83. 翁学传,王从敏. 台湾暖流水(团)夏季T—S特征和来源的初步分析. 海洋科学集刊,1984,21:113—132
    84. 赵保仁. 局地风对黄海和东海近岸域海流的影响的研究. 海洋与湖沼,1982,13(6):479—490
    85. 朱耀华, 方国洪. 陆架和浅海环流的一个三维正压模式及其在渤、黄、东海的应用. 海洋学报,1994,16(6):11—26
    86. 奚盘根, 张淑珍, 冯士筰. 东中国海环流的一种模型(I). 山东海洋学院学报,1980,10(3):13—25
    
    87. Choi B. H. Note on currents driven by a steady uniform wind stress on the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. La Mer,1982,20:65—74
    88. 袁耀初,苏纪兰, 赵金三. 东中国海陆架环流的单层模式. 海洋学报,1982,4(1):1—10
    89. 袁耀初, 苏纪兰等. 东海1984年夏季三维海流诊断计算. 黑潮调查研究论文集,北京海洋出版社,1987a:45—53
    90. 袁耀初,苏纪兰等. 东海1984年12月—1985年1月冬季三维海流诊断计算.黑潮调查研究论文集,北京海洋出版社,1987b:54—60
    91. Wang J. and Yuan Y. Numerical modeling of wintertime circulation in the East China Sea. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol,1988,6(4):300—319
    92. Chao S. Y. Circulation of the East China Sea. A numerical Study,J. Of Oceanol,Society of Japan,1991,46:273—295
    93. 陈水明, 张庆华. 台湾以东区域及东海南部黑潮动力分析. 海洋学报,1992,14(3):1—11
    94. 袁耀初. 东海三维海流的一个预报模式. 黑潮调查研究论文选(五),北京:海洋出版社,1993:311—323
    95. 王辉. 东海和南黄海冬季环流的斜压模式.海洋学报,1995,17(2):21—26
    96. 王辉. 东海和南黄海夏季环流的斜压模式.海洋与湖沼,1996,27(1):73—78
    97. Hsueh Y., Dongliang Yuan. A numerical study of currents, heat advection, and sea-level fluctuations in the Yellow Sea in winter 1986. J. Phys Oceanogr.,1997,27:2313—2326
    98. 朱建荣,肖成猷,沈焕庭. 夏季长江冲淡水扩展的数值模拟. 海洋学报,1998a,20(5):13—22
    99. 朱建荣, 肖成猷, 沈焕庭, 朱首贤. 黄海冷水团对长江冲淡水扩展的影响. 海洋与湖沼,1998b,20(4):389—393
    100. 张淑珍,奚盘根,冯世笮. 渤海环流数值模拟. 山东海洋学院学报, 1984, 14(2):12-18
    101. 缪经榜,刘兴泉. 北黄海和渤海冬季环流动力学的数值实验. 海洋学报, 1989, 11(1):15-22
    
    102. 刘兴泉,缪经榜,季忠贞.渤海冬季环流的数值研究. 大气科学,1989, 13(3):280-288
    103. 王宗山,龚滨,李繁华等. 黄渤海风海流的数值计算.黄渤海海洋,1992, 10(1):12-18
    104. Zhao J and Shi M. Numerical modeling of three-dimension characteristics of wind-driven current in the Bohai Sea. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Liminology, 1993, 11(1),70-79
    105. 黄大吉,陈宗镛,苏纪兰. 三维陆架海模式在渤海中的应用. 海洋学报, 1996, 18(5):1-13
    106.黄大吉,苏纪兰,张立人.渤海冬夏季环流的数值研究. 空气动力学学报, 1998, 16(1):115-121。
    107. Fang Y, Fang G. and Zhang Q. Numerical simulation and dynamic study of the wintertime circulation of the Bohai Sea. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Liminology, 2000, 18(1):1-9
    108. Huang D, Su J and Backhaus O. Modelling the seasonal thermal stratification and baroclinic circulation in the Bohai Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 1999,19:1485-1505
    109. Wei H, Wu J, Pohlmann Thomas. A simulation on the seasonal variation of the circulation and transport in the Bohai Sea. 黄渤海海洋, 2001, 19(2):1-9
    110. Mao H and Guan B. A note on circulation of the East China Sea. Proceedings of the Japan-China Ocean Study Symposuim on “Physical Oceanography and Marine Engineering in the East China Sea”, October, 28-29, Special Report of Institute of Oceanic Research. Shimizu: Tokai University.,1981,1-14
    111.赵保仁,庄国文,曹德明等.渤海的环流、潮余流及对沉积物分布的影响.海洋与湖沼,1995, 26(5):466-473
    112. 赵保仁,曹德明. 渤海冬季环流形成机制动力学分析及数值研究.海洋与湖沼,1998,29(1):86-96
    113. 江文胜,汪景庸,赵建中等. 渤海湾环流的一次观测和分析. 青岛海洋大学学报, 1997, 27(1):23-32
    114. 江文胜,吴德星,高会旺. 渤海夏季底层环流的观测与模拟. 青岛海洋大学学报, 2002, 32(4):511-518
    
    115. Hu J, Kawamura H, Hong H and Qi Y. A review on the currents in the South China Sea: Seasonal circulation, South China Sea Warm Current and Kuroshio intrusion. J Oceanogr, 2000, 56: 607-624
    116. Guo Xinyu,Hukuda Hisashi,Miyazawa Yasumasa, Yamagata Toshio. A Triply Nested Ocean Model for Simulating the Kuroshio-Roles of Horizontal Resolution on JEBAR. Journal of Physical Oceanography,2003,33(1): 146-169
    117. Bryan K. A numerical method for the study of the circulation of the world ocean, J Comp Phys, 1969,4:347-376
    118. Hellerman S, Rosenstein M. Normal monthly wind stress over the World Ocean with error estimates. J Phys Oceanogr, 1983, 13: 1093-11042
    119. Levitus S, Boyer T. World Ocean Atlas. Washington, D.C.:NOAA, 1994:1-117
    120. 谢强,王东晓,王卫强等. 南海几种海面风应力资料的比较分析. 热带海洋学报,2001, 20(1): 91-100
    121. Josey S A, Kent E C, Taylor P K. New insights into the ocean heat budget closure problem from analysis of the SOC air-sea flux climatology. J Climate, 1999, 12: 2856-2880
    122. 陈宗镛,周天华,于宜法,汤恩祥,黄彦福. 1985国家高程基准的研究. 青岛海洋大学学报,1988,18:9-14.
    123. 王卫强, 王东晓, 施平等. 南海上层海洋大尺度环流的建立与调整. 中国科学(D辑), 2002, 32(12):995-1002
    124管秉贤. 中国东南近海冬季逆风海流. 青岛,中国海洋大学出版社,2002,267页.
    125方国洪,赵保仁,朱耀华. 台湾-对马-津轻暖流系统及其动力机制的初步探讨. 海洋环流研讨会论文选集,北京,海洋出版社,1992,13-27
    126管秉贤.我国台湾及其附近海底地形对黑潮途径的影响.海洋科学集刊,1978,14:1-21
    
    127郭炳火,林葵,宋万先.夏季东海南部海水流动的若干问题. 海洋学报,1985,7(2):143-153
    128 Su J. L., Y.Q. Pan. On the shelf circulation north of Taiwan. Acta Oceanol. Sin.,1987,6(Suppl. I):1-20
    129 郭炳火,林葵,左海滨,卢景明.东海环流的某些特征.黑潮调查研究论文集.北京:海洋出版社,1987: 15-37
    130 Guan Bing-xian. Patterns and structures of the currents in Bohai,Huanghai and East Chian seas. In: Zhou Di et al, eds. Oceanology of China Seas(1). Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994: 17-26
    131 Heung-Jae Lie and Cheol-Ho Cho. On the origin of the Tsushima Warm Current. J Geophys Res, 1994,99(C12): 25081-25091
    132 李荣凤,曾庆存. 冬季中国海及其邻近海域海流系统的数值模拟. 中国科学(D辑), 1993, 23(12):1329-1335
    133 Isobe, Atsuhiko.On the Origin of the Tsushima Warm Current and its seasonality. Continental Shelf Research,1999,19: 117-133
    134 Osamu Katoh, Kazuyuki Teshima, Osamu Abe, Hitoshi Fujita, Kuniaki Miyaji, Kenji Morinaga and Norihisa Nakagawa. Process of the Tsushima Current formation revealed by ADCP measurements in summer. J Oceanogr, 1996, 52: 491-507
    135 Wang,Y.H., S. Jan and D.P. Wang, Transports and tidal current estimates in the Taiwan Strait from shipboard ADCP observations (1999-2001). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 2003, 57: 193-199.
    136 Shaw P.-T., S. –Y. Chao, K –K. Liu et al.,Winter upwelling off Luzon in the northern South China Sea. J. Geophy. Res., 1996, 101: 16435-16448.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700