小型水平轴风力机的优化设计和数值模拟
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摘要
本文利用了CFD流体计算软件,以2KW小型定桨距水平轴风力机为研究对象,对风力机专用翼型以及风力机风轮的气动性能进行了数值模拟研究。机翼翼型的选择好坏直接影响风力机的损失大小,直接影响叶轮的空间结构。论文在对相同厚度的翼型优化的基础上,展开设计风力机,对三维模型CFD分析,给出相应分析结果。
选取三种具有相同相对厚度(相对厚度为21%)但形状不相同的常用风力机翼型NACA0021,NACA63421和NREL-S809(简称为S809),进行二维建模和网格划分,对比三种翼型形状上的差异,并利用Fluent取雷诺数等于5.5×105时对其空气动力学性能进行数值模拟和分析,得到不同攻角下三种翼型的升阻力系数和升阻比,并和实验数据进行对比验证。通过数值结果相互比较分析,给出同相对厚度风力机翼型气动性能。以Wilson理论为基础,对2KW小型定桨距风力机叶片进行了气动设计。在此过程中,考虑了叶尖、叶根损失和轴向、周向干扰因子对叶片最佳性能的影响。然后基于Pro/Engineer三维造型软件实现了风力机叶片及整个风轮实体模型的三维建模。
最后,在额定工况和七个非额定工况下,对整个风力机风轮流场进行了数值模拟,计算得到不同风速下风力机的功率和效率。验证了本文所采用的优化设计方法和数值模拟方法的可靠性和有效性,并对各工况下的风力机风轮叶片的压力和速度分布流场进行了分析,并讨论了三维旋转效应对流动特性的影响。
This article focuses on 2KW small fixed pitch horizontal axis wind turbine using the CFD software to explore the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine special airfoils and wind wheel regarding to numerical method. The energy lost and space structure of wind turbine is influenced by the performance of the airfoils.The following areas are being covered and an efforts are made to investigate in this study.
Three different kinds of airfoils with the similar relative thickness of 21% were choosen,the name of the blades are NACA0021,NACA63421 and NREL-s809. 2D caculated models of airfoils are being built and compared with each other. With the help of Fluent software,the aerodynamic performance of the airfoils is simulated and analyzed when the Renald Number is 5.5×105,comparison between the simulated data and the experiment data is carried out in order to verify the reliability of aerodynamic numerical simulation. The simulation and analysis is helpful to understand the aerodynamic performance and character of aerofoils of wind turbine.
Numerious factores need to be considered when the 2KW small fixed pitch wind turbine are being built, for instance the tip of blade loss、the root of blade loss、the axial and circumferential factor is also vital to the construction of 2KW small fixed pitch wind turbine and has the effects on the performance of the blade in order to optimize the function. Thanks to the Pro/ENGINEER 3D modeling software and the widely application and implenmentation, the target of building three dimensional solid model of the wind turbine blades and rotor are realized.
At last, if different conditions applied ,the statistics generated in numerical method will vary in wind turbinr power and efficiency. Therefore we have to use software Fluent in numerical simulation for wind turbine at rated operating condition and five other conditions to get the the different numbers respectively. In conclusion, it can be verified that the optimal design method and numerical simulation are reliable and valid. Meanwhile the analysis of pressure and velocity distribution of the wind wheel blades at rated operating conditions were given and the likely effects of the three dimensional rotationalon the flow characteristics.
选取三种具有相同相对厚度(相对厚度为21%)但形状不相同的常用风力机翼型NACA0021,NACA63421和NREL-S809(简称为S809),进行二维建模和网格划分,对比三种翼型形状上的差异,并利用Fluent取雷诺数等于5.5×105时对其空气动力学性能进行数值模拟和分析,得到不同攻角下三种翼型的升阻力系数和升阻比,并和实验数据进行对比验证。通过数值结果相互比较分析,给出同相对厚度风力机翼型气动性能。以Wilson理论为基础,对2KW小型定桨距风力机叶片进行了气动设计。在此过程中,考虑了叶尖、叶根损失和轴向、周向干扰因子对叶片最佳性能的影响。然后基于Pro/Engineer三维造型软件实现了风力机叶片及整个风轮实体模型的三维建模。
最后,在额定工况和七个非额定工况下,对整个风力机风轮流场进行了数值模拟,计算得到不同风速下风力机的功率和效率。验证了本文所采用的优化设计方法和数值模拟方法的可靠性和有效性,并对各工况下的风力机风轮叶片的压力和速度分布流场进行了分析,并讨论了三维旋转效应对流动特性的影响。
This article focuses on 2KW small fixed pitch horizontal axis wind turbine using the CFD software to explore the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine special airfoils and wind wheel regarding to numerical method. The energy lost and space structure of wind turbine is influenced by the performance of the airfoils.The following areas are being covered and an efforts are made to investigate in this study.
Three different kinds of airfoils with the similar relative thickness of 21% were choosen,the name of the blades are NACA0021,NACA63421 and NREL-s809. 2D caculated models of airfoils are being built and compared with each other. With the help of Fluent software,the aerodynamic performance of the airfoils is simulated and analyzed when the Renald Number is 5.5×105,comparison between the simulated data and the experiment data is carried out in order to verify the reliability of aerodynamic numerical simulation. The simulation and analysis is helpful to understand the aerodynamic performance and character of aerofoils of wind turbine.
Numerious factores need to be considered when the 2KW small fixed pitch wind turbine are being built, for instance the tip of blade loss、the root of blade loss、the axial and circumferential factor is also vital to the construction of 2KW small fixed pitch wind turbine and has the effects on the performance of the blade in order to optimize the function. Thanks to the Pro/ENGINEER 3D modeling software and the widely application and implenmentation, the target of building three dimensional solid model of the wind turbine blades and rotor are realized.
At last, if different conditions applied ,the statistics generated in numerical method will vary in wind turbinr power and efficiency. Therefore we have to use software Fluent in numerical simulation for wind turbine at rated operating condition and five other conditions to get the the different numbers respectively. In conclusion, it can be verified that the optimal design method and numerical simulation are reliable and valid. Meanwhile the analysis of pressure and velocity distribution of the wind wheel blades at rated operating conditions were given and the likely effects of the three dimensional rotationalon the flow characteristics.
引文
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[2]刘雄,陈严,叶枝全,水平轴风力机气动性能计算模型,太阳能学报,December 2005,Vol.26,PP792-800
[3]张智维,李军,董文华,风力机叶片设计优化的探讨,风力发电,2003年第2期, PP9-11
[4]伍艳,王同光,三维旋转效应对叶片非定常气动特性的影响,南京航空航天大学学报,April 2005,Vol.37,PP178-182
[5]刘虎平,廖明夫,失速型和变距型风力机的性能比较,机械设计与制造,August,2005,PP42-43
[6]孙文磊,邱兴克.风力机的三维建模与分析.2006
[7]王友进,闫超,周涛.不同厚度翼型动态失速涡运动数值研究.北航天大学学报,2006,32(2):PP153-157
[8] F.Bertagnolio,N.N.Srensen,F.Rasmussen.New Insight Into the Flow Around a Wind Turbine Airfoil Section,Journal of Solar Energy of engineering,Transactions of the ASME,2005,127(2):PP214-222
[9]钱炜祺,符松,蔡金狮.翼型动态失速的数值研究.空气动力学学报,2001,19(4):PP427-433
[10]陈旭,郝辉,田杰,杜朝辉.水平轴风力机翼型动态失速特性的数值研究.太阳能学报,2003,24(6):PP735-740
[11]李栋,焦予秦,Igor Men’shov,中村佳朗.Detached-Eddy Simulation方法模拟不同类型翼型的失速特性.航空学报,2005,26(4):PP406-410
[12]李栋,Igor Men’shov,中村佳朗.翼型失速特性的RANS方法与DES方法数值模拟对比分析.西北工业大学学报,2006,24(2):PP228-231
[13]张楚华,谷传纲,苗永淼.利用非结构化网格方法对翼型绕流的数值研究.应用力学学报,2000,17(3):PP35-41
[14]张士杰,袁新,叶大均.非线性双方程湍流模型用于翼型分离流动模拟.太阳能学报,2001,22(2):PP162-166
[15]袁新,徐利军,叶枝全,叶大均.水平轴风力机翼型大攻角分离流动的数值模拟.太阳能学报,1997,18(1):PP35-40
[16] Walter P.Wolfe , Stuart S.Ochs , CFD Calculations of S809 Aerodynamic Characteristics,AIAA Paper 97-0973:PP1-8
[17]高志鹰,汪建文,韩晓亮,东雪青,刘冬冬,新吉勒图,仇连君.水平轴风力机桨叶的实验模态分析.太阳能学报,2001,04期:PP49-55
[18]申振华,于国亮,申鸿烨,朱文祥.增大叶片弯度提高风力机性能的实验研究.太阳能学报,2008,08期:PP78-83
[19]霍福鹏;刘红;陈佐一;提高水平轴风力机叶型升力的实验研究.工程热物理学报,2003年02期:PP25-30
[20]叶枝全;马昊旻;丁康;包能胜;曹人靖;水平轴风力机桨叶的实验模态分析.太阳能学报,2001年04期:PP32-35
[21]叶枝全,黄继雄,陈严,包能胜,霍福鹏,适用于风力机的新翼型气动性能的实验研究,太阳能学报,August 2003,Vol.24,PP548-554
[22]汪建文,孙科,辛士红,吴克启,风力机扩散放大器的数值分析与风洞实验研究,华中科技大学,December 2005,Vol.33 PP37-40
[23]陈默,刘红,袁新,振荡射流提高风力机叶型升力的PIV实验,工程热物理学报,July 2005,Vol.26,PP591-592.
[24]陈矛章,粘性流体动力学基础,第一版,高等教育出版社,1993.
[25]陶文铨,数值传热学,第一版,西安交通大学出版社,1998.
[26]陶文铨,计算传热学的近代进展,第一版,北京:科学出版社,2000.
[27]贺德馨等,风工程与工业空气动力学,北京:国防工业出版社,2006.
[28]李庆宜等,小型风力机设计,北京:机械工业出版社,1985.
[29] [日本]牛山泉,三野正洋著,汪淑贞译,小型风力机的设计与制作,能源出版社,1982.
[30] [法]D.勒古里雷斯著,施鹏飞译,风力机的理论与设计,机械工业出版社,1987.
[31]王军,周丙超.基于MATLAB的小型风力机叶片设计[J].水电能源科学,2007(5):PP142-144.
[32] Fluent Inc.GAMBIT user’s guide[M].Fluent Inc.,2003.
[33]王福军.计算流体动力学分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[34] Abbott I H, von Doenhoff A E. Theory of Wing Sections-Including a Summary of Airfoil Data.NY:Inc,1959
[35]赵伟国,李仁年,李德顺,杨从新,张玉良,李晓鹏.风力机专用翼型数值模拟中湍流模型的选择[J].西华大学学报,2007(11):PP61-65.
[36]王友进,闫超,周涛.不同厚度翼型动态失速涡运动数值研究[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2006(2):PP153-157.
[37]李仁年,张士昂,杨瑞,李德顺.风力机的翼型弯度对风力机气动性能的影响[J].流体机械,2009(5) :PP19-21
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