三维角链锁机织复合材料弹道侵彻玻坏的细观尺度有限元计算
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摘要
三维角链锁机织复合材料是3D复合材料中的一个重要分支,其层间连接强度远远高于层合复合材料。3D角链锁机织物主要包括通厚度角链锁结构与层层角链锁结构两种。由于3D角链锁机织物复合材料具有较高的冲击损伤容限,研究3D角链锁机织复合材料的弹道冲击性能对于个体防护设计着十分重要的意义。
本课题根据3D角链锁机织复合材料的细观结构,建立单胞模型从单胞尺度研究其弹道冲击性能。单胞模型将3D角链锁机织复合材料简化为经纱、纬纱与树脂三种组分,并定义各组分刚度矩阵及其破坏准则。采用FORTRAN语言,编写基于单胞模型的用户子程序(VUMAT)。通过ABASUS调用子程序,从单胞层次研究3D角链锁复合材料的弹道冲击性能,且与实验数据进行对比,证明VUMAT的可行性。
本论文的主要工作是：
(1)设计并织造3D角链锁芳纶机织物,借助真空辅助树脂转移成型技术制造3D角链锁机织物环饱和聚酯复合材料；
(2)测试3D角链锁机织复合材料弹道冲击性能,记录一系列入射速度下的弹体剩余速度,同时观测复合材料冲击破坏形态；
(3)基于3D角链锁机织复合材料单胞模型和临界失效面积破坏准则(CDA)编写用户子程序(VUMAT),联合ABAQUS计算复合材料弹道侵彻破坏。比较实验和有限元计算结果,发现两者在弹体剩余速度复合材料破坏形态上有很好的一致性。
本文研究为3D角链锁机织复合材料在弹道防护中的应用提供了一种设计方案,所得实验结论和相应计算方法可以指导高性能装甲板设计。
As one of 3D woven composite,3D angle-interlock woven composite (3DAWC) has higher fracture toughness and delamination resistance than that of laminated composite because of yarns run through thickness direction. Three-dimensional angle-interlock woven composite is more attractive in engineering owing to the 3D angle-interlock woven fabric can be manufactured in a traditional loom with high efficiency. Angle interlock weaving is a technique in which yarns are placed at an angle to the thickness direction to resist delamination. Three-dimensional interlock wove fabric can be classified into two types, referred as layer to layer angle interlock woven fabric and through-thickness angle interlock woven fabric. It is valuable to study the ballistic behavior of the 3D angle-interlock composites because of the wide potential applications in engineering, especially in the case of impact loading condition.
Unit cell model that based on the microstructure of the 3D angle interlock woven composite was established to investigate impact deformation and damage. In the unit cell model, the composite was simplified into a combination of resins, weft yarns and warp yarns to define the stiffness matrix and failure evolution of the material. VUMAT (FORTRAN vectorized user-material) subroutine which based on the unit cell model has been developed and connected with commercial FEM code ABAQUS to calculate the ballistic impact damage and energy absorption of the composite. The experimental and FEM results of residual velocities of the projectile, and damages of the composite target were compared. Good agreement between experimental and theoretical proves the unit cell model and the VUMAT subroutine are reasonable for ballistic performance design of the 3D angle interlock woven composite.
The main researches conducted are as follows:
(1) 3D angle interlock woven fabric with Twaron (PPTA) fiber tows was designed to manufacture in a tradition loom. Unsaturated polyester resin was injected into the 3D angle-interlock woven fabric with Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) technique.
(2) A series of ballistic impact experiments were conducted. The strike and residual velocities of the projectiles were measured to calculate strike velocity vs. residual velocity curves. The impact damage morphologies were photographed to reveal the impact damage mechanisms.
(3) Based on unit-cell model of the 3D angle interlock woven composites and critical damage area (CDA) criteria, a user-defined materials subroutine was established. VUMAT (FORTRAN vectorized user-material) connected with commercial FEM code ABAQUS to calculate the impact damage evolution and energy absorption of the composite. The experimental and FEM results of residual velocities of the projectile, and damages of the composite target were compared. These are good agreements between experimental observation and FEM calculation.
The results provide the design methodology of the 3D angle interlock woven composite in ballistic protection. With the scheme, the high performance ballistic armor could be design effectively.
本课题根据3D角链锁机织复合材料的细观结构,建立单胞模型从单胞尺度研究其弹道冲击性能。单胞模型将3D角链锁机织复合材料简化为经纱、纬纱与树脂三种组分,并定义各组分刚度矩阵及其破坏准则。采用FORTRAN语言,编写基于单胞模型的用户子程序(VUMAT)。通过ABASUS调用子程序,从单胞层次研究3D角链锁复合材料的弹道冲击性能,且与实验数据进行对比,证明VUMAT的可行性。
本论文的主要工作是：
(1)设计并织造3D角链锁芳纶机织物,借助真空辅助树脂转移成型技术制造3D角链锁机织物环饱和聚酯复合材料；
(2)测试3D角链锁机织复合材料弹道冲击性能,记录一系列入射速度下的弹体剩余速度,同时观测复合材料冲击破坏形态；
(3)基于3D角链锁机织复合材料单胞模型和临界失效面积破坏准则(CDA)编写用户子程序(VUMAT),联合ABAQUS计算复合材料弹道侵彻破坏。比较实验和有限元计算结果,发现两者在弹体剩余速度复合材料破坏形态上有很好的一致性。
本文研究为3D角链锁机织复合材料在弹道防护中的应用提供了一种设计方案,所得实验结论和相应计算方法可以指导高性能装甲板设计。
As one of 3D woven composite,3D angle-interlock woven composite (3DAWC) has higher fracture toughness and delamination resistance than that of laminated composite because of yarns run through thickness direction. Three-dimensional angle-interlock woven composite is more attractive in engineering owing to the 3D angle-interlock woven fabric can be manufactured in a traditional loom with high efficiency. Angle interlock weaving is a technique in which yarns are placed at an angle to the thickness direction to resist delamination. Three-dimensional interlock wove fabric can be classified into two types, referred as layer to layer angle interlock woven fabric and through-thickness angle interlock woven fabric. It is valuable to study the ballistic behavior of the 3D angle-interlock composites because of the wide potential applications in engineering, especially in the case of impact loading condition.
Unit cell model that based on the microstructure of the 3D angle interlock woven composite was established to investigate impact deformation and damage. In the unit cell model, the composite was simplified into a combination of resins, weft yarns and warp yarns to define the stiffness matrix and failure evolution of the material. VUMAT (FORTRAN vectorized user-material) subroutine which based on the unit cell model has been developed and connected with commercial FEM code ABAQUS to calculate the ballistic impact damage and energy absorption of the composite. The experimental and FEM results of residual velocities of the projectile, and damages of the composite target were compared. Good agreement between experimental and theoretical proves the unit cell model and the VUMAT subroutine are reasonable for ballistic performance design of the 3D angle interlock woven composite.
The main researches conducted are as follows:
(1) 3D angle interlock woven fabric with Twaron (PPTA) fiber tows was designed to manufacture in a tradition loom. Unsaturated polyester resin was injected into the 3D angle-interlock woven fabric with Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) technique.
(2) A series of ballistic impact experiments were conducted. The strike and residual velocities of the projectiles were measured to calculate strike velocity vs. residual velocity curves. The impact damage morphologies were photographed to reveal the impact damage mechanisms.
(3) Based on unit-cell model of the 3D angle interlock woven composites and critical damage area (CDA) criteria, a user-defined materials subroutine was established. VUMAT (FORTRAN vectorized user-material) connected with commercial FEM code ABAQUS to calculate the impact damage evolution and energy absorption of the composite. The experimental and FEM results of residual velocities of the projectile, and damages of the composite target were compared. These are good agreements between experimental observation and FEM calculation.
The results provide the design methodology of the 3D angle interlock woven composite in ballistic protection. With the scheme, the high performance ballistic armor could be design effectively.
引文
1. 黄涛,矫桂琼.3D纤维增强聚合物复合材料.北京：科学出版社,2008：55-60
2. 杨彩云,李嘉禄.三维机织复合材料力学性能的各项异性.复合材料学报,2006,23(2)：59-60
3. 田玲玲,杨彩云,刘雍.带衬纬的三维角联锁结构复合材料弹性性能分析.天津大学学报,2006,26(1)：7-8
4. 吴德隆,沈怀荣.三维复合材料的力学性能研究.力学进展,2001,31(4)：581-591
5. 张永宁,甘应进,王建刚,陈东升.有限元技术及其在纺织中的应用.纺织学报,2002,23(5)：85-86
6. 庄茁,朱以文ABAQUS有限元软件6.4版入门指南.北京：清华大学出版社,2004：25-50
7. Chen X, et al. Mouldability of angle-interlock woven fabrics for technical applications. Textile Research Journal,2002,72(3):195-200
8. Chen X, et al. Experimental studies on the structure and mechanical properties of multi-layer and angle-interlock woven structures. Journal of the Textile Institute,1999,90(1):91-99
9. Chen XG, Tayyar AE. Engineering, manufacturing, and measuring 3D domed woven fabrics. Textile Research Journal,2003,73(5):375-380.
10.丁辛,易洪雷.三维机织物结构的几何模型.复合材料学报,2003,20(5)：108-110
11. Tan P, Tong LY, Steven GP. Micromechanics models for mechanical and thermomechanical properties of 3D through-the-thickness angle interlock woven composites. Composites Part A, 1999,30(5):637-648
12. Cox BN, Dadkhah MS. The Macroscopic Elasticity of 3d Woven Composites. Journal of Composite Materials,1995,29(6):785-819
13. Chang YJ, et al. Elastic behavior analysis of 3D angle-interlock woven ceramic composites. Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica,2006,19(2):152-159
14. Whitney TJ, Chou TW. Modeling of 3-D Angle-interlock Textile structureal Composite. Journal of Composite Materials,1989,23(9):890-911
15. Cox BN, Dadkhah MS, Inman RV. Mechanisms of Compressive Failure in 3D-Composites. Acta Metallurgica et Materialia,1992,40(12):3285-3298
16. Huang G, Zhong ZL. Tensile behavior of 3D woven composites by using different fabric structures. Materials & Design,2002,23(7):671-674
17. Tsai KH, Chiu CH, Wu TH. Fatigue behavior of 3D multi-layer angle interlock woven composite plates. Composites Science and Technology,2000,60(2):241-248
18. Sun B, Gu B. Frequency analysis of stress waves in testing 3-D angle-interlock woven composite at high strain rates. Journal of Composite Materials,2007,41(24):2915-2938
19. Chiu CH, Lai MH, Wu CM. Compression failure mechanisms of 3-D angle interlock woven composites subjected to low-energy impact. Polymers & Polymer Composites,2004,12(4): 309-320
20. Tan P, et al. Behavior of 3D orthogonal woven CFRP composites. Part I. Experimental investigation. Composites Part a-Applied Science and Manufacturing,2000,31(3):259-271
21. Luo YS, Lv LH, Sun B. Transverse impact behavior of 3D orthogonal hybrid woven composite. Composites structures,2007,81:202-209
22.姬长干.三维正交机织复合材料准静态侵彻实验和有限元模拟.纤维复合材料,2007(4)：48-49.
23. Zeng T, Wu LZ, Li-cheng G. Mechanical analysis of 3D braided composites:a finite element model. composites structures,2004(64):399-404
24.刘振国,陆萌,麦汉超.三维四向编织复合材料弹性模量数值预报.北京航空航天大学学报,2002,26(2)：182-185
25. Gu B, Ding X A refined quasi-microstructure model for finite element analysis of 3-dimensional braided composite under ballistic perforation. Journal of Composite Materials, 2009,39(8):685-710.
26. Ji KH, Kim SJ. Dynamic direct numerical simulation of woven composites for low-velocity impact. Journal of Composite Materials,2007,41(2):175-200
27. Rao MP, et al. Global/Local Modeling of Ballistic Impact onto Woven Fabrics. Journal of Composite Materials,2009,43(5):445-467
28. Karahan M, Kus A, Eren R. An investigation into ballistic performance and energy absorption capabilities of woven aramid fabrics. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2008,35(6):499-510
29. Reid SR, Zhou G. Impact behavior of fibre-reinforced composite materials and structures. 2000, Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC:Cambridge England:Woodhead publishing limited
30.徐淑艳,熊杰,俞巧珍.芳纶层压复合材料靶板的点冲击破坏模式.浙江工程学院院报,2002,19(2)：102-105
31.王元博,et al. Kevlar层和材料抗弹性能研究.工程力学,2005.22(3)：76-80
32.练军,顾伯洪.三维编织复合材料弹道冲击细观结构模型的有限元计算.弹道学报,2006.18(3)：79-83
33. Sun BZ, Liu YK, Gu BH. A unit cell approach of finite element calculation of ballistic impact damage of 3-D orthogonal woven composite. Composites Part B-Engineering,2009.40(6): 552-560
34. Grogan J, et al. Ballistic resistance of 2D and 3D woven sandwich composites. Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials,2007,9(3):283-302
35.卢士艳,聂建斌.角联锁三维机织物的设计与生产.棉纺织技术,2005,33(2)：72-75
36.陈祥宝.先进复合材料低成本技术.北京：化学工业出版社,2004：11-22
37.黄伯琴.合成树脂.北京：中国石油出版社,2006：1-8
38.刘元坤,张继伟.三维正交机织复合材料弹道冲击实验及破坏模式.纤维复合材料,2009,26(1)：24-28
39.姜建飞,胡良剑,唐俭.数值分析及其MATLAB实验.北京：科学出版社,2005：117-120
40.沈关林,胡更开.复合材料力学.北京：清华大学出版社,2006：12-17
41. Thiruppukuzhi SV Sun CT. Testing and modeling high strain rate behavior of polymeric composites. Composites Part B-Engineering,1998,29(5):535-546
42. Chen JK Beraun JE. A non-quadratic elasticity model suitable for metal matrix composites. Journal of Composite Materials,1998,32(23):2156-2176
43.刘士光,张涛.弹塑性力学基础理论.武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2008：22-28
44. Hahn H, Tsai S. Nonlinear elastic behavior of unidirectional composite laminae. Journal of Composite Materials,1973(7):102-108
45. Rosen W. Tensile Failure of Fibrous Composites. AIAA Journal,1973,2(11):1985-1991
46.单祖辉.材料力学.北京：高等教育出版社,2009：11-20
2. 杨彩云,李嘉禄.三维机织复合材料力学性能的各项异性.复合材料学报,2006,23(2)：59-60
3. 田玲玲,杨彩云,刘雍.带衬纬的三维角联锁结构复合材料弹性性能分析.天津大学学报,2006,26(1)：7-8
4. 吴德隆,沈怀荣.三维复合材料的力学性能研究.力学进展,2001,31(4)：581-591
5. 张永宁,甘应进,王建刚,陈东升.有限元技术及其在纺织中的应用.纺织学报,2002,23(5)：85-86
6. 庄茁,朱以文ABAQUS有限元软件6.4版入门指南.北京：清华大学出版社,2004：25-50
7. Chen X, et al. Mouldability of angle-interlock woven fabrics for technical applications. Textile Research Journal,2002,72(3):195-200
8. Chen X, et al. Experimental studies on the structure and mechanical properties of multi-layer and angle-interlock woven structures. Journal of the Textile Institute,1999,90(1):91-99
9. Chen XG, Tayyar AE. Engineering, manufacturing, and measuring 3D domed woven fabrics. Textile Research Journal,2003,73(5):375-380.
10.丁辛,易洪雷.三维机织物结构的几何模型.复合材料学报,2003,20(5)：108-110
11. Tan P, Tong LY, Steven GP. Micromechanics models for mechanical and thermomechanical properties of 3D through-the-thickness angle interlock woven composites. Composites Part A, 1999,30(5):637-648
12. Cox BN, Dadkhah MS. The Macroscopic Elasticity of 3d Woven Composites. Journal of Composite Materials,1995,29(6):785-819
13. Chang YJ, et al. Elastic behavior analysis of 3D angle-interlock woven ceramic composites. Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica,2006,19(2):152-159
14. Whitney TJ, Chou TW. Modeling of 3-D Angle-interlock Textile structureal Composite. Journal of Composite Materials,1989,23(9):890-911
15. Cox BN, Dadkhah MS, Inman RV. Mechanisms of Compressive Failure in 3D-Composites. Acta Metallurgica et Materialia,1992,40(12):3285-3298
16. Huang G, Zhong ZL. Tensile behavior of 3D woven composites by using different fabric structures. Materials & Design,2002,23(7):671-674
17. Tsai KH, Chiu CH, Wu TH. Fatigue behavior of 3D multi-layer angle interlock woven composite plates. Composites Science and Technology,2000,60(2):241-248
18. Sun B, Gu B. Frequency analysis of stress waves in testing 3-D angle-interlock woven composite at high strain rates. Journal of Composite Materials,2007,41(24):2915-2938
19. Chiu CH, Lai MH, Wu CM. Compression failure mechanisms of 3-D angle interlock woven composites subjected to low-energy impact. Polymers & Polymer Composites,2004,12(4): 309-320
20. Tan P, et al. Behavior of 3D orthogonal woven CFRP composites. Part I. Experimental investigation. Composites Part a-Applied Science and Manufacturing,2000,31(3):259-271
21. Luo YS, Lv LH, Sun B. Transverse impact behavior of 3D orthogonal hybrid woven composite. Composites structures,2007,81:202-209
22.姬长干.三维正交机织复合材料准静态侵彻实验和有限元模拟.纤维复合材料,2007(4)：48-49.
23. Zeng T, Wu LZ, Li-cheng G. Mechanical analysis of 3D braided composites:a finite element model. composites structures,2004(64):399-404
24.刘振国,陆萌,麦汉超.三维四向编织复合材料弹性模量数值预报.北京航空航天大学学报,2002,26(2)：182-185
25. Gu B, Ding X A refined quasi-microstructure model for finite element analysis of 3-dimensional braided composite under ballistic perforation. Journal of Composite Materials, 2009,39(8):685-710.
26. Ji KH, Kim SJ. Dynamic direct numerical simulation of woven composites for low-velocity impact. Journal of Composite Materials,2007,41(2):175-200
27. Rao MP, et al. Global/Local Modeling of Ballistic Impact onto Woven Fabrics. Journal of Composite Materials,2009,43(5):445-467
28. Karahan M, Kus A, Eren R. An investigation into ballistic performance and energy absorption capabilities of woven aramid fabrics. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2008,35(6):499-510
29. Reid SR, Zhou G. Impact behavior of fibre-reinforced composite materials and structures. 2000, Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC:Cambridge England:Woodhead publishing limited
30.徐淑艳,熊杰,俞巧珍.芳纶层压复合材料靶板的点冲击破坏模式.浙江工程学院院报,2002,19(2)：102-105
31.王元博,et al. Kevlar层和材料抗弹性能研究.工程力学,2005.22(3)：76-80
32.练军,顾伯洪.三维编织复合材料弹道冲击细观结构模型的有限元计算.弹道学报,2006.18(3)：79-83
33. Sun BZ, Liu YK, Gu BH. A unit cell approach of finite element calculation of ballistic impact damage of 3-D orthogonal woven composite. Composites Part B-Engineering,2009.40(6): 552-560
34. Grogan J, et al. Ballistic resistance of 2D and 3D woven sandwich composites. Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials,2007,9(3):283-302
35.卢士艳,聂建斌.角联锁三维机织物的设计与生产.棉纺织技术,2005,33(2)：72-75
36.陈祥宝.先进复合材料低成本技术.北京：化学工业出版社,2004：11-22
37.黄伯琴.合成树脂.北京：中国石油出版社,2006：1-8
38.刘元坤,张继伟.三维正交机织复合材料弹道冲击实验及破坏模式.纤维复合材料,2009,26(1)：24-28
39.姜建飞,胡良剑,唐俭.数值分析及其MATLAB实验.北京：科学出版社,2005：117-120
40.沈关林,胡更开.复合材料力学.北京：清华大学出版社,2006：12-17
41. Thiruppukuzhi SV Sun CT. Testing and modeling high strain rate behavior of polymeric composites. Composites Part B-Engineering,1998,29(5):535-546
42. Chen JK Beraun JE. A non-quadratic elasticity model suitable for metal matrix composites. Journal of Composite Materials,1998,32(23):2156-2176
43.刘士光,张涛.弹塑性力学基础理论.武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2008：22-28
44. Hahn H, Tsai S. Nonlinear elastic behavior of unidirectional composite laminae. Journal of Composite Materials,1973(7):102-108
45. Rosen W. Tensile Failure of Fibrous Composites. AIAA Journal,1973,2(11):1985-1991
46.单祖辉.材料力学.北京：高等教育出版社,2009：11-20