基于Symbian智能手机的QR码的识别
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摘要
随着全球信息化技术的发展,二维条码应运而生,并且具有很好的应用前景。作为二维条码的一种,QR码是建立在数字图像处理技术、组合编码原理等基础上的一种特殊码制。由于二维条码的信息密度比较高,尤其对于QR码,其识别技术比一维条码的识别更为复杂,所以对二维条码有效快速的检测和识别成为当前重要的研究领域。因此,基于数字图像处理的嵌入式条码识别系统及应用的研究无论是在理论上还是在实践中都具有十分重要的意义。
本文首先分析了QR码的符号特征、编码理论以及纠错码的应用,探讨了QR码的应用。接着本文研究了图像预处理的算法如灰度化、中值滤波、二值化技术和边缘检测。QR码的检测和识别是QR码应用的关键技术。本文根据QR码的形状特征分析,提出了一种基于链码跟踪的快速有效的QR码检测算法。接下来研究了QR码的旋转算法和矫正算法。之后,探讨了QR码图像的识别和解码算法。实验表明,本文提出的检测和识别算法具有很好的性能,能够快速准确的检测和识别QR码。
本文将以上检测、识别和纠错解码一整套算法用C/C++实现,然后设计并实现了一个基于Symbian平台的QR码识别系统,重点分析了Symbian系统的技术特点的S60的应用程序特性,和在Symbian平台上实现本系统所遇到的图像采集、DLL的开发、异常处理、内存泄露以及多线程处理的技术和相应的解决方法。
最后,本系统进行了详细的测试,实验表明本系统可以快速检测并识别QR码,具有良好的性能,可以预言QR码在手机上的识别和应用,必将随着3G时代的到来而得到飞速的发展。
The 2D barcode emerged with the development of information technology has a promising future.As a kind of 2D barcode, QR Code is a special code based on Digital Image Processing and coding theory. Because 2D barcode has relatively higher density information, its detection and recognition technology is more complex than that of 1D barcode, especially QR Code.Therefore,it is of important theoretical and practical meaning to study the problems of embedded barcode recognition system based on Digital Image Processing.
This paper first introduces the QR Code symbol、coding theory and the application of error-correcting codes, and then discussed the application of QR Code. Then we discuss Image Preprocessing, such as gray level transformation, median filter, binarization and edge detection. Detection and Recognition of QR Code is the key technology. Based on the characteristics of the shape of the QR, the algorithm of QR Code’s detection based on chain code tracking has been proposal.Then the paper researches rotation of the QR code and rectification algorithm. At last, the paper discusses the QR Code’s decoding algorithm. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm has good performance, can quickly and accurately detection and identification QR Code.
The paper realizes the algorithm of Detection, Recognition and Decoding in C/C++, and designs QR Code decoding system based on the Symbian platform.The paper analysis of the technical characteristics of the Symbian and features of the S60. Then we resolve some key technologies in Symbian Platform, such as capturing image, developing DLL, exception handling and memory leaks and Multi-threaded.
Finally, the system has been tested in detail.The experiments prove that the system can quickly detection and identification QR Code with a good performance.The paper predicts the recognition and application of QR Code in the mobile phone is bound to rapid development with the coming of 3G .
本文首先分析了QR码的符号特征、编码理论以及纠错码的应用,探讨了QR码的应用。接着本文研究了图像预处理的算法如灰度化、中值滤波、二值化技术和边缘检测。QR码的检测和识别是QR码应用的关键技术。本文根据QR码的形状特征分析,提出了一种基于链码跟踪的快速有效的QR码检测算法。接下来研究了QR码的旋转算法和矫正算法。之后,探讨了QR码图像的识别和解码算法。实验表明,本文提出的检测和识别算法具有很好的性能,能够快速准确的检测和识别QR码。
本文将以上检测、识别和纠错解码一整套算法用C/C++实现,然后设计并实现了一个基于Symbian平台的QR码识别系统,重点分析了Symbian系统的技术特点的S60的应用程序特性,和在Symbian平台上实现本系统所遇到的图像采集、DLL的开发、异常处理、内存泄露以及多线程处理的技术和相应的解决方法。
最后,本系统进行了详细的测试,实验表明本系统可以快速检测并识别QR码,具有良好的性能,可以预言QR码在手机上的识别和应用,必将随着3G时代的到来而得到飞速的发展。
The 2D barcode emerged with the development of information technology has a promising future.As a kind of 2D barcode, QR Code is a special code based on Digital Image Processing and coding theory. Because 2D barcode has relatively higher density information, its detection and recognition technology is more complex than that of 1D barcode, especially QR Code.Therefore,it is of important theoretical and practical meaning to study the problems of embedded barcode recognition system based on Digital Image Processing.
This paper first introduces the QR Code symbol、coding theory and the application of error-correcting codes, and then discussed the application of QR Code. Then we discuss Image Preprocessing, such as gray level transformation, median filter, binarization and edge detection. Detection and Recognition of QR Code is the key technology. Based on the characteristics of the shape of the QR, the algorithm of QR Code’s detection based on chain code tracking has been proposal.Then the paper researches rotation of the QR code and rectification algorithm. At last, the paper discusses the QR Code’s decoding algorithm. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm has good performance, can quickly and accurately detection and identification QR Code.
The paper realizes the algorithm of Detection, Recognition and Decoding in C/C++, and designs QR Code decoding system based on the Symbian platform.The paper analysis of the technical characteristics of the Symbian and features of the S60. Then we resolve some key technologies in Symbian Platform, such as capturing image, developing DLL, exception handling and memory leaks and Multi-threaded.
Finally, the system has been tested in detail.The experiments prove that the system can quickly detection and identification QR Code with a good performance.The paper predicts the recognition and application of QR Code in the mobile phone is bound to rapid development with the coming of 3G .
引文
[1] Pavlidis T. Swartz J., Fundamentals of bar code information theory [J], IEEE Computer, 1990, 23(4):74-86.
[2] Pavlidis T. Swartz, J. and Wang Y. P., Information encoding with two-dimensional bar codes [J], IEEE Computer, 1992, 25(6):18-28.
[3] Vangils W. J., Two-dimensional dot code for product identification [J], IEEE Trans. Information Theory, Sept.1987:620-631.
[4] AIM, Internation Symbology Specification: QR-Code[S], 1997.
[5] Wang Y. P., Pavlidis T., Swartz J. Analysis of one-dimensional bar code [J], Proceedings of SPIE, v 1384, 1991:145-160.
[6] Wang Y. P., Pavlidis T. and Swartz J., High density two dimensional bar code [J], Proceedings of SPIE , v 1384, 1991:169-175.
[7] Longacre A. J., Stacked bar code symbologies, Identification Journal [J], 1989, 11(1):12-14.
[8] Wang Y. P., Spatial information and coding theory [J], PhD thesis, SUNY, Stony Brook, Dec, 1989.
[9] Jain A. K. and Chen Y., Bar code localization using texture analysis[A], Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition,1993(Oct):41-44.
[10] Lo Chih-Chung and Chang C. Alec, Neural networks for bar code positioning in automated material handling[A], Proceedings of the 1995 International IEEE/IAS Conference on Industrial Automation and Control, 1995:485-491.
[11] Chang C. Alec, Lo Chih-Chung and Hsieh Kuang-Han, Neural networks and Fourier descriptors for part positioning using bar code features in material handling systems [J], Computers & Industrial Engineering, 1997,32(2):467-476.
[12] Howlett R. J., Berthier S. and Awcock G. J., Determining the location of industrial bar codes using neural networks[A],IEE Conference Publication, n 443 pt 2, 1997: 511-515.
[13] Jain A. K. and Farrokhnia F., Unsupervised texture segmentation using Gabor filters[J], Pattern Recognition, 1991, 24(12) :1167-1186.
[14] Viard-Gaudin C., Normand N. and Barba D., Bar code location algorithm using atwo-dimensional approach[A],Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, 1993(Oct):45-48.
[15] Ohbuchi E., Hanaizumi H., Hock LA.,Barcode readers using the camera device in mobile phones[A],2004 International Conference On Cyberworlds, Proceedings, 2004: 260-265.
[16] Bilcu RC, Author, Reprint Author Bilcu Radu Ciprian Bilcu, Radu Ciprian, Burian, A, et al,Image pre-processing for barcode detection in mobile devices[J], INT CONF ACOUST SPEE,2006: 3631-3634.
[17]刘宁钟,复杂背景中条码检测定位技术的研究[J],南京航空航天大学学报,2005, 37(1):65-69.
[18] Gaston C. A., Bar code and reading technique[J], IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, 1973, 15(11).
[19] Joseph E. and Pavlidis T., bar code waveform recognition using peak locations[J], IEEE Trans. PAMI, 1994, 16(6):630-640.
[20] Kuroki Mikio, Yoneoka Takayuki, Satou Tetsuo, Takagi Yoichi, Kitamura Tadaaki and Kayamori Noriaki, Bar-code recognition system using image processing[J], IEEE Symposium on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation, 1997:568-572.
[21] E. Ottaviani A., Pavan M., Bottazzi E., Brunelli F. and Caselli M. Guerrero, A common image processing framework for 2D bar code reading[A], The Seventh International Conference on Image Processing and itsApplications, 1999:652-655.
[22] Normand N. and Viard-Guadin C., Two dimensional bar code reader [J], Proceedings of SPIE, v 2181, 1994: 125-132.
[23] Shellhammer S. J., Goren David P. and Pavlidis, T., Novel signal-processing techniques in barcode scanning[J], IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine, 1999, 6(1):57-65
[24] Shellhammer S. J., Goren D. P., Pavlidis T., Selective sampling and edge enhancement in bar code laser scanning[J], SPIE Document Recognition, v 2660, 1996:354-366
[25] Joseph E. and Pavlidis T., Deblurring of bilevel waveforms[J], IEEE Trans. Image Processing, 1993, 2(2):223-235.
[26] Joseph E., Pavlidis T., Waveform recognition with application to bar codes[A], 1991 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics ,1991:129-134.
[27] Liao Hong Yuan, Liu Shu-Jen, Chen Liang-Hua and Tyan Hsiao-Rong, Bar-code recognition system using backpropagation neural networks[J], Engineering Applications of ArtificialIntelligence, 1995,8(1):81-90.
[28] Liu Shu-Jen, Liao Hong-Yuan, Chen Liang-Hua, Tyan Hsiao-Rong and Hsieh, Jun-Wei, Camera-based bar code recognition system using neural net [A], Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, v 2, 1993:1301-1303.
[29] Okol’nishnikova L. V., Polynomial algorithm for recognition of bar codes [J], Pattern recognition and image analysis, 2001, 11(2):361-364.
[30] Turin W. and Boie R. A., Bar code recovery via the EM algorithm [J], IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing, 1998, 46(2): 354-363.
[31] Turin W. and Boie R. A., Minimum discrimination information bar code decoding[A], Proceedings of the 1996 19th Convention of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in Israel, 1996:255-258.
[32] Boie, R.A., Turin W., Noise-limited reading of bar codes [J], IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, 1997,44(6):816-824.
[33] Marom E., Bergstein L. and Kresic-Juric S, Analysis of speckle noise in bar-code scanning systems [J], Optics and Image Science, 2001, 18(4):888-901.
[34] Ezekiel S., Greenwood G., Pazzaglia D., Barcode identification using wavelet based energy [A], proceedings of the 23rd iasted international conference on modeling identification and control, 2004: 109-112.
[35] Oktem RE., Bar code localization in wavelet domain by using binary morphology [A], Proceedings of the IEEE 12th signal processing and communications applications conference, 2004: 499-501.
[36]刘宁钟,杨静宇.基于傅立叶变换的二维条码识别[J],中国图像图形学报,2003,8(8):877-882。
[37]刘宁钟,杨静宇.基于波形分析的二维条码识别[J],计算机研究与发展,2004,41(3):463-469。
[38]刘宁钟,杨静宇.综合利用投影算法和相似距离算法的二维条码识别[J],模式识别与人工智能,2003,16(1):86-90。
[39]刘宁钟,杨静宇.基于中点检测的二维条码识别[J],小型微型计算机系统,2004,25(2):283-286。
[40]中国标准出版社,条码国家标准汇编[M],中国标准出版社,2004。
[41]国家质量监督局,GB/T 18284-2000,快速响应矩阵码[M],北京,北京标准出版,2001.3。
[42]刘宁钟,杨静宇.三维条码的编码理论和设计[J],计算机学报,2007,30(4):686-692。
[43]王新梅,肖国镇,纠错码-原理与方法[M],西安,西安电子科技大学出版社,2001。
[44]何斌,马天予,王运坚等.VISua1C++数字图像处理(第二版) [M],北京,人民邮电出版社,2002:674。
[45]欧阳伟,QR二维条码自动识别系统的研究与实现,[硕士学位论文],上海,复旦大学,2006。
[46]张远朋,董海,计算机图像处理技术基础[M],北京,北京大学出版社,1996。
[47] N.Ostu,A Threshold Seleetion Method Form Gray-Level HisToGrams [J],IEEE Transactions on stytems,Man and Cybernetics,1979,9(1):62-66.
[48] Wakaumi H., Author, Reprint Author Wakaumi Hiroo Wakaumi, Hiroo, Nagasawa, C, et al,A ternary barcode detection system with a pattern-adaptable dual threshold [J], SENSOR ACTUAT A-PHYS 130: 176-183 Sp. Iss. SI AUG 14 2006.
[49]章毓晋,图象处理和分析[M],北京,清华大学出版社,1999。
[50]王娜,李霞,一种新的改进Canny边缘检测算法[J],深圳大学学报,2005,4(2):149-152。
[51]赵全友,潘保昌,郑胜林,基于LoG算子的边缘零交叉二值化方法[J],微型机与应用, 2005(8) :46- 48.
[52] Pavilidis T., Algorithm for Graphics and Image Proeessing [J], Rockvill D, Computer Science Press, 2006.
[53] Hahn, HI, Jung JG, Improving performance of the decoder for two-dimensional barcode symbology PDF417[J], Informatics in Control, Automations and Roboticsi, 2006:233-237.
[54] Liang YH, Wang ZY,A skew detection method for 2D bar code images based on the least square method [A],proceedings of 2006 international conference on machine learning and cybernetics, vols1-7 : 3974-3977 2006.
[55] Yu, ZQ, Author, Reprint Author Yu Zhong-Qing Yu, Zhong-Qing, Tang, GY, et al, Barcode reader based image processing on camera phones[J], DYNAM CONT DIS SER A 13: 1151-1153 Part 3 Suppl. S DEC 2006.
[56]王勇智,数字图像的二值化处理技术探究[J],长沙,湖南理工学院学报(自然科学版),2005.03。
[57]刘宁钟,杨静宇.基于迭代计算的二值波形反卷积[J],中国图像图形学报,2004,9(10):1160-1164。
[58]胡孝鹏,董强,于忠清.QR码识别中图像处理方法的研究及软件实现,[硕士学位论文],西安,计算机技术与发展,2006.10,Vol.16:288-290。
[2] Pavlidis T. Swartz, J. and Wang Y. P., Information encoding with two-dimensional bar codes [J], IEEE Computer, 1992, 25(6):18-28.
[3] Vangils W. J., Two-dimensional dot code for product identification [J], IEEE Trans. Information Theory, Sept.1987:620-631.
[4] AIM, Internation Symbology Specification: QR-Code[S], 1997.
[5] Wang Y. P., Pavlidis T., Swartz J. Analysis of one-dimensional bar code [J], Proceedings of SPIE, v 1384, 1991:145-160.
[6] Wang Y. P., Pavlidis T. and Swartz J., High density two dimensional bar code [J], Proceedings of SPIE , v 1384, 1991:169-175.
[7] Longacre A. J., Stacked bar code symbologies, Identification Journal [J], 1989, 11(1):12-14.
[8] Wang Y. P., Spatial information and coding theory [J], PhD thesis, SUNY, Stony Brook, Dec, 1989.
[9] Jain A. K. and Chen Y., Bar code localization using texture analysis[A], Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition,1993(Oct):41-44.
[10] Lo Chih-Chung and Chang C. Alec, Neural networks for bar code positioning in automated material handling[A], Proceedings of the 1995 International IEEE/IAS Conference on Industrial Automation and Control, 1995:485-491.
[11] Chang C. Alec, Lo Chih-Chung and Hsieh Kuang-Han, Neural networks and Fourier descriptors for part positioning using bar code features in material handling systems [J], Computers & Industrial Engineering, 1997,32(2):467-476.
[12] Howlett R. J., Berthier S. and Awcock G. J., Determining the location of industrial bar codes using neural networks[A],IEE Conference Publication, n 443 pt 2, 1997: 511-515.
[13] Jain A. K. and Farrokhnia F., Unsupervised texture segmentation using Gabor filters[J], Pattern Recognition, 1991, 24(12) :1167-1186.
[14] Viard-Gaudin C., Normand N. and Barba D., Bar code location algorithm using atwo-dimensional approach[A],Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, 1993(Oct):45-48.
[15] Ohbuchi E., Hanaizumi H., Hock LA.,Barcode readers using the camera device in mobile phones[A],2004 International Conference On Cyberworlds, Proceedings, 2004: 260-265.
[16] Bilcu RC, Author, Reprint Author Bilcu Radu Ciprian Bilcu, Radu Ciprian, Burian, A, et al,Image pre-processing for barcode detection in mobile devices[J], INT CONF ACOUST SPEE,2006: 3631-3634.
[17]刘宁钟,复杂背景中条码检测定位技术的研究[J],南京航空航天大学学报,2005, 37(1):65-69.
[18] Gaston C. A., Bar code and reading technique[J], IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, 1973, 15(11).
[19] Joseph E. and Pavlidis T., bar code waveform recognition using peak locations[J], IEEE Trans. PAMI, 1994, 16(6):630-640.
[20] Kuroki Mikio, Yoneoka Takayuki, Satou Tetsuo, Takagi Yoichi, Kitamura Tadaaki and Kayamori Noriaki, Bar-code recognition system using image processing[J], IEEE Symposium on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation, 1997:568-572.
[21] E. Ottaviani A., Pavan M., Bottazzi E., Brunelli F. and Caselli M. Guerrero, A common image processing framework for 2D bar code reading[A], The Seventh International Conference on Image Processing and itsApplications, 1999:652-655.
[22] Normand N. and Viard-Guadin C., Two dimensional bar code reader [J], Proceedings of SPIE, v 2181, 1994: 125-132.
[23] Shellhammer S. J., Goren David P. and Pavlidis, T., Novel signal-processing techniques in barcode scanning[J], IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine, 1999, 6(1):57-65
[24] Shellhammer S. J., Goren D. P., Pavlidis T., Selective sampling and edge enhancement in bar code laser scanning[J], SPIE Document Recognition, v 2660, 1996:354-366
[25] Joseph E. and Pavlidis T., Deblurring of bilevel waveforms[J], IEEE Trans. Image Processing, 1993, 2(2):223-235.
[26] Joseph E., Pavlidis T., Waveform recognition with application to bar codes[A], 1991 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics ,1991:129-134.
[27] Liao Hong Yuan, Liu Shu-Jen, Chen Liang-Hua and Tyan Hsiao-Rong, Bar-code recognition system using backpropagation neural networks[J], Engineering Applications of ArtificialIntelligence, 1995,8(1):81-90.
[28] Liu Shu-Jen, Liao Hong-Yuan, Chen Liang-Hua, Tyan Hsiao-Rong and Hsieh, Jun-Wei, Camera-based bar code recognition system using neural net [A], Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, v 2, 1993:1301-1303.
[29] Okol’nishnikova L. V., Polynomial algorithm for recognition of bar codes [J], Pattern recognition and image analysis, 2001, 11(2):361-364.
[30] Turin W. and Boie R. A., Bar code recovery via the EM algorithm [J], IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing, 1998, 46(2): 354-363.
[31] Turin W. and Boie R. A., Minimum discrimination information bar code decoding[A], Proceedings of the 1996 19th Convention of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in Israel, 1996:255-258.
[32] Boie, R.A., Turin W., Noise-limited reading of bar codes [J], IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, 1997,44(6):816-824.
[33] Marom E., Bergstein L. and Kresic-Juric S, Analysis of speckle noise in bar-code scanning systems [J], Optics and Image Science, 2001, 18(4):888-901.
[34] Ezekiel S., Greenwood G., Pazzaglia D., Barcode identification using wavelet based energy [A], proceedings of the 23rd iasted international conference on modeling identification and control, 2004: 109-112.
[35] Oktem RE., Bar code localization in wavelet domain by using binary morphology [A], Proceedings of the IEEE 12th signal processing and communications applications conference, 2004: 499-501.
[36]刘宁钟,杨静宇.基于傅立叶变换的二维条码识别[J],中国图像图形学报,2003,8(8):877-882。
[37]刘宁钟,杨静宇.基于波形分析的二维条码识别[J],计算机研究与发展,2004,41(3):463-469。
[38]刘宁钟,杨静宇.综合利用投影算法和相似距离算法的二维条码识别[J],模式识别与人工智能,2003,16(1):86-90。
[39]刘宁钟,杨静宇.基于中点检测的二维条码识别[J],小型微型计算机系统,2004,25(2):283-286。
[40]中国标准出版社,条码国家标准汇编[M],中国标准出版社,2004。
[41]国家质量监督局,GB/T 18284-2000,快速响应矩阵码[M],北京,北京标准出版,2001.3。
[42]刘宁钟,杨静宇.三维条码的编码理论和设计[J],计算机学报,2007,30(4):686-692。
[43]王新梅,肖国镇,纠错码-原理与方法[M],西安,西安电子科技大学出版社,2001。
[44]何斌,马天予,王运坚等.VISua1C++数字图像处理(第二版) [M],北京,人民邮电出版社,2002:674。
[45]欧阳伟,QR二维条码自动识别系统的研究与实现,[硕士学位论文],上海,复旦大学,2006。
[46]张远朋,董海,计算机图像处理技术基础[M],北京,北京大学出版社,1996。
[47] N.Ostu,A Threshold Seleetion Method Form Gray-Level HisToGrams [J],IEEE Transactions on stytems,Man and Cybernetics,1979,9(1):62-66.
[48] Wakaumi H., Author, Reprint Author Wakaumi Hiroo Wakaumi, Hiroo, Nagasawa, C, et al,A ternary barcode detection system with a pattern-adaptable dual threshold [J], SENSOR ACTUAT A-PHYS 130: 176-183 Sp. Iss. SI AUG 14 2006.
[49]章毓晋,图象处理和分析[M],北京,清华大学出版社,1999。
[50]王娜,李霞,一种新的改进Canny边缘检测算法[J],深圳大学学报,2005,4(2):149-152。
[51]赵全友,潘保昌,郑胜林,基于LoG算子的边缘零交叉二值化方法[J],微型机与应用, 2005(8) :46- 48.
[52] Pavilidis T., Algorithm for Graphics and Image Proeessing [J], Rockvill D, Computer Science Press, 2006.
[53] Hahn, HI, Jung JG, Improving performance of the decoder for two-dimensional barcode symbology PDF417[J], Informatics in Control, Automations and Roboticsi, 2006:233-237.
[54] Liang YH, Wang ZY,A skew detection method for 2D bar code images based on the least square method [A],proceedings of 2006 international conference on machine learning and cybernetics, vols1-7 : 3974-3977 2006.
[55] Yu, ZQ, Author, Reprint Author Yu Zhong-Qing Yu, Zhong-Qing, Tang, GY, et al, Barcode reader based image processing on camera phones[J], DYNAM CONT DIS SER A 13: 1151-1153 Part 3 Suppl. S DEC 2006.
[56]王勇智,数字图像的二值化处理技术探究[J],长沙,湖南理工学院学报(自然科学版),2005.03。
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