具有高压缩比汉字编码能力的彩色二维条码的设计与实现
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摘要
条码技术已经成为当今主要的计算机自动识别技术之一,广泛应用到社会的各行各业,为人们的生产生活提供了极大的便利。随着条码应用领域的不断拓展,需要条码表示的数据信息量剧增,普通的黑白二色二维条码已不能满足某些应用需求。更为重要的是现有二维条码大多是针对英文字母和数字进行编码,尽管通过汉字内码的编码方法能表示汉字,但是缺少专门的汉字编码模式,对汉字编码的压缩比率较低,这增大了条码的印制面积,而且降低了汉字容量。
针对普通黑白二色二维条码的信息容量有限和汉字压缩比率较低的问题,本文设计了一种具有高压缩比汉字编码能力的彩色二维条码,将普通二维条码的颜色从黑白二色扩展成黑、白、红、绿、蓝、黄六色,并按汉字的使用频率高低建立汉字编码库,采取汉字使用频率与编码长度成反比的编码规则,使该彩色二维条码具有信息容量大和对汉字的压缩比高的特点。本文从数据信息编码、纠错码生成和符号化表示等三个方面,对彩色二维条码的编译码过程作了详细介绍,并对该条码的数据容量、压缩比、纠错能力、编译码效率和识别难度等性能进行分析和比较,最后给出了彩色二维条码在公文管理中的具体应用实例。
Barcode technology has become one of the computer automatic discriminating technologies. It is widely used in all walks of life, and it provides great convenience for people's life. Because of its widely use and the info proliferate that a bar-code should express, the common 2D black-and-white two-color bar code can't meet the needs. The most important thing is that all the barcodes are encoding for English letters and numbers. Although they can encode the Chinese character by Chinese character coding, they are lack of the specific Chinese character encoding model. As a result, the compression ratio for Chinese character encoding is low, and it needs bigger barcode printing but smaller capacity of Chinese characters.
Because of the common 2D black-and-white two-color barcode limited capacity and low compression ratio for Chinese character, this paper designs a new two-dimensional color barcode with black, white, red, green, blue, yellow six-colors by adding more colors into the common 2D black-and-white barcode. This barcode establishes a collection of Chinese characters through the using frequency of Chinese characters from high to low, and it encodes the data following the rules that the code length varies inversely with the using frequency of Chinese characters. This barcode makes the 2D color barcode have higher capacity and higher compression ratio for Chinese character coding. This paper introduces the encoding and decoding process of color barcode from encoding data message in detail, generating the Error-Correcting Code and constructing the barcode symbol. Then, the paper analysis and compares the barcode in the data capacity, compression ratio, error correction capacity, encoding and decoding efficiency and identifying difficult. At the last, the paper gives an application example of the 2D color barcode in the management of the documents.
针对普通黑白二色二维条码的信息容量有限和汉字压缩比率较低的问题,本文设计了一种具有高压缩比汉字编码能力的彩色二维条码,将普通二维条码的颜色从黑白二色扩展成黑、白、红、绿、蓝、黄六色,并按汉字的使用频率高低建立汉字编码库,采取汉字使用频率与编码长度成反比的编码规则,使该彩色二维条码具有信息容量大和对汉字的压缩比高的特点。本文从数据信息编码、纠错码生成和符号化表示等三个方面,对彩色二维条码的编译码过程作了详细介绍,并对该条码的数据容量、压缩比、纠错能力、编译码效率和识别难度等性能进行分析和比较,最后给出了彩色二维条码在公文管理中的具体应用实例。
Barcode technology has become one of the computer automatic discriminating technologies. It is widely used in all walks of life, and it provides great convenience for people's life. Because of its widely use and the info proliferate that a bar-code should express, the common 2D black-and-white two-color bar code can't meet the needs. The most important thing is that all the barcodes are encoding for English letters and numbers. Although they can encode the Chinese character by Chinese character coding, they are lack of the specific Chinese character encoding model. As a result, the compression ratio for Chinese character encoding is low, and it needs bigger barcode printing but smaller capacity of Chinese characters.
Because of the common 2D black-and-white two-color barcode limited capacity and low compression ratio for Chinese character, this paper designs a new two-dimensional color barcode with black, white, red, green, blue, yellow six-colors by adding more colors into the common 2D black-and-white barcode. This barcode establishes a collection of Chinese characters through the using frequency of Chinese characters from high to low, and it encodes the data following the rules that the code length varies inversely with the using frequency of Chinese characters. This barcode makes the 2D color barcode have higher capacity and higher compression ratio for Chinese character coding. This paper introduces the encoding and decoding process of color barcode from encoding data message in detail, generating the Error-Correcting Code and constructing the barcode symbol. Then, the paper analysis and compares the barcode in the data capacity, compression ratio, error correction capacity, encoding and decoding efficiency and identifying difficult. At the last, the paper gives an application example of the 2D color barcode in the management of the documents.
引文
[1]Pavlidis T,Swartz J.Fundamentals of bar code information theory[J].IEEE Computer,1990,23(4):74-86.
[2]中国物品编码中心.QR Code二维码技术与应用[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.1-14.
[3]条码知识大全[DB/OL].http://www.willopto.com/pictures/0572221523.pdf.
[4]条码发展历史[DB/OL].http://www.willopto.com/pictures/0572222156.pdf.
[5]关涛.彩色Data Matrix条码的设计及其若干问题的研究[D].中国学位论文全文数据库
[6]刘宁钟,杨静宇.三维条码的编码理论和设计[J].计算机学报,2007,30(4):686-687.
[7]Ohbuchi E,Hanaizumi H,Hock LA.Barcode Readers Using the Camera Device in Mobile Phones[J].Proceedings of the 2004 International Conference on Cyberworlds,2004.260-265.
[8]Kato H,Tan K T.2D Barcodes for Mobile Phones[J].2005 2nd International Conference on Mobile Technology,Applications and Systems,2005,(11):8-13.
[9]韩志国.手机二维码应用探析[N].中国信媒科技.2007.
[10]Michael Rohs,Beat Gfeller.Using Camera Equipped Mobile Phones for Interacting with Real World Objects[J].Proceedings of Advances in Pervasive Computing.2004,(4) 265-271.
[11]Michael Rohs.Visual Code Widgets for Marker-Based Interaction[R].Proceedings of the 25th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems,Columbus,Ohio,USA,June 6-10,2005.506-513.
[12]D.Parikh and G.Jancke.Localization and Segmentation of a 2D High Capacity Color Barcode[J].Workshop on Applications in Computer Vision(WACV),2008.
[13]微软的彩色二维码[DB/OL].http://hi.baidu.com/mavacode/blog/item/e5845c8b67d3e213c9fc7a3d.html.2007-04-19.
[14]韩国2维彩色条码技术挺进日本电视业[OL].http://china.nikkeibp.co.jp/china/news/mobi/200506/mobi200506140124.html.
[15]国家质量技术监督局.GB/T17172-1997.中华人民共和国国家标准——四一七条码[S],1997.
[16]国家质量技术监督局.GB/T18284-2000.中华人民共和国国家标准——快速响应矩阵码(QR Code)[S],2000.
[17]韦元华,舟子.条形码技术与应用[M],北京:中国纺织出版社,2003:1-100.
[18]http://www.lpcode.com/dt/bjwbzfzv.asp[EB/OL].
[19]International Organization for Standardization:Information Technology International Symbology Specication-Data Matrix[S].ISO/IEC 16022(P),2000.
[20]塔建庆.基于PDF4t7二维条码技术暂住人口信息管理系统实现及数据挖掘方法研究[D].中国学位论文全文数据库,2002:1-30.
[21]王新梅,肖国镇.纠错码——原理与方法[M].西安:西安电子科技出版社,2001.
[22]Wicker,Bhargava.Reed-Solomon Codes and Applications[J].IEEE Press,1994.
[23]WW Peterson,E J Weldon.Error-Correcting Codes,2rid ed[M].Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,1972.
[24]黄宏博,肖峻岭,修俐鹃.基于Reed-Solomon算法的QR码纠错编码[J].计算机工程.2003.1(94):93-95.
[25]陈刚,王典洪.基于Reed-Solomon算法的DataMatrix条码纠错码的研究[J].现代电子技术,2006,(05):57-61.
[26]Sheng-Feng Wang,Huai-Yi Hsu,A Y Wu.A Very Low-Cost Multi-mode Reed Solomon Decoder Based on Peterson-Gorenstein-Zierler Algorithm[J].Proc.1EEE Workshop on Signal Processing Systems(SIPS-2001).Antwerp,Belgium,Sept,2001:37-48.
[27]Hee Il Hahn,Joung Koo Joung.Implementation of Algorithm to Decode Two-dimensional Barcode PDF-417[R].Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing.Beijing,China,2002,1791-1794
[28]尚振宏,袁梅宇,刘辉.二维条码中RS纠错译码算法的优化实现[J].计算机工程与应用,2007,43(25):175-177.
[29]龚声蓉,刘纯平,王强等.数字图像处理与分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2006
[30]王铁琨,侯敏和杨尔弘.报纸、广播电视、网络用字用词调查[J].语言文字应用,2007,(1):29-37.
[31]常宝儒.现代汉语词汇统计问题的初步研究[J].语言教学与研究,1985,(01)
[32]王良辰.汉字频度表[DB/OL].http://cq.netsh.com/eden/forum/tree_forum_page.php?piForumID=757809&p%20iPageNo=2,2008-5-15.
[33]R Muniz,L Junco,A Otero.A Robust Soft-ware Barcode Reader Using the Hough Transform[J].Proceedings of International Conference on Information Intelligence and Systems.Bethesda,MD,USA,1999.313-319
[34]E Ottaviani,A Pavan,et al.A Common Image Processing Framework for 2D Barcode Reading[J].Image Processing and its Applications.IEEE,1999.11(2):652-655
[35]郑河荣,王天舟,熊丽荣,涂小芹.PDF417条码解码引擎的软件实现[J].计算机应用与软件,2004,21(10):7-9
[36]刘宁钟,杨静宇.基于投影算法的二维条码识别[J].计算机工程,2002,28(9):32-33.
[37]冯宇梁.高速二维条码识别算法研究[D].苏州:苏州大学,2004.
[38]陈媛媛,施鹏飞.二维条形骂的识别及应用[J].测控技术,2006,25(12):17-19
[39]刘宁钟,杨静宇.基于波形分折的二维条码识别[J].计算机研究与发展,2004,41(3):463-469.
[40]胡东红,谭辉,陈莘萌.Radon变换在二维条码图像识别中的应用[J].武汉大学学报(理学版),2005,51(05):584-587.
[41]郑河荣,熊丽荣,王天舟.基于HOUGH变换的二维条码图象矫正[J].浙江工业大学学报,2003,31(02):169-172
[42]章毓晋.图像工程(上)图像处理和分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999
[43]牛希泉,梁艳梅.自然场景下成熟苹果彩色图像分割方法的研究.光电子.激光,2007,18(12):1453-1456.
[44]Navon E,Miller O,Averbuch A.Color image segmentation based on adaptive local thresholds[J].Image and Vision Computing,2005,23(1):69-85.
[45]黄国祥.RGB颜色空间及其应用研究[D].湖南:中南大学,2002.
[46]Blahut R E.[M].差错控制码的理论与实践[M].广东:华南理工大学出版社,1990.
[47]陶德元,何小海,吴志华.RS码编译码算法的实现[J].四川大学学报:自然科学版,2000,37(6):868-872.
[48]尚振宏,袁梅宇,刘辉.二维条码中RS纠错译码算法的优化实现[J].计算机工程与应用,2007,43(25):175-177.
[49]Daniel J Costello,Joachim Hagenauer,Hideki Imai,Stephen B Wicker.Application of Error-Control Coding[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,1998,44(6).2531-2560.
[50]Song L,Parhi K K.Low-Energy Software Reed-Solomon Codes Using Specialized Finite Field Datapath and Division-Free Berlekamp-Massey Algorithm[J].IEEE Symp.On Circuits and Systems,1999.84-89.
[2]中国物品编码中心.QR Code二维码技术与应用[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.1-14.
[3]条码知识大全[DB/OL].http://www.willopto.com/pictures/0572221523.pdf.
[4]条码发展历史[DB/OL].http://www.willopto.com/pictures/0572222156.pdf.
[5]关涛.彩色Data Matrix条码的设计及其若干问题的研究[D].中国学位论文全文数据库
[6]刘宁钟,杨静宇.三维条码的编码理论和设计[J].计算机学报,2007,30(4):686-687.
[7]Ohbuchi E,Hanaizumi H,Hock LA.Barcode Readers Using the Camera Device in Mobile Phones[J].Proceedings of the 2004 International Conference on Cyberworlds,2004.260-265.
[8]Kato H,Tan K T.2D Barcodes for Mobile Phones[J].2005 2nd International Conference on Mobile Technology,Applications and Systems,2005,(11):8-13.
[9]韩志国.手机二维码应用探析[N].中国信媒科技.2007.
[10]Michael Rohs,Beat Gfeller.Using Camera Equipped Mobile Phones for Interacting with Real World Objects[J].Proceedings of Advances in Pervasive Computing.2004,(4) 265-271.
[11]Michael Rohs.Visual Code Widgets for Marker-Based Interaction[R].Proceedings of the 25th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems,Columbus,Ohio,USA,June 6-10,2005.506-513.
[12]D.Parikh and G.Jancke.Localization and Segmentation of a 2D High Capacity Color Barcode[J].Workshop on Applications in Computer Vision(WACV),2008.
[13]微软的彩色二维码[DB/OL].http://hi.baidu.com/mavacode/blog/item/e5845c8b67d3e213c9fc7a3d.html.2007-04-19.
[14]韩国2维彩色条码技术挺进日本电视业[OL].http://china.nikkeibp.co.jp/china/news/mobi/200506/mobi200506140124.html.
[15]国家质量技术监督局.GB/T17172-1997.中华人民共和国国家标准——四一七条码[S],1997.
[16]国家质量技术监督局.GB/T18284-2000.中华人民共和国国家标准——快速响应矩阵码(QR Code)[S],2000.
[17]韦元华,舟子.条形码技术与应用[M],北京:中国纺织出版社,2003:1-100.
[18]http://www.lpcode.com/dt/bjwbzfzv.asp[EB/OL].
[19]International Organization for Standardization:Information Technology International Symbology Specication-Data Matrix[S].ISO/IEC 16022(P),2000.
[20]塔建庆.基于PDF4t7二维条码技术暂住人口信息管理系统实现及数据挖掘方法研究[D].中国学位论文全文数据库,2002:1-30.
[21]王新梅,肖国镇.纠错码——原理与方法[M].西安:西安电子科技出版社,2001.
[22]Wicker,Bhargava.Reed-Solomon Codes and Applications[J].IEEE Press,1994.
[23]WW Peterson,E J Weldon.Error-Correcting Codes,2rid ed[M].Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,1972.
[24]黄宏博,肖峻岭,修俐鹃.基于Reed-Solomon算法的QR码纠错编码[J].计算机工程.2003.1(94):93-95.
[25]陈刚,王典洪.基于Reed-Solomon算法的DataMatrix条码纠错码的研究[J].现代电子技术,2006,(05):57-61.
[26]Sheng-Feng Wang,Huai-Yi Hsu,A Y Wu.A Very Low-Cost Multi-mode Reed Solomon Decoder Based on Peterson-Gorenstein-Zierler Algorithm[J].Proc.1EEE Workshop on Signal Processing Systems(SIPS-2001).Antwerp,Belgium,Sept,2001:37-48.
[27]Hee Il Hahn,Joung Koo Joung.Implementation of Algorithm to Decode Two-dimensional Barcode PDF-417[R].Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing.Beijing,China,2002,1791-1794
[28]尚振宏,袁梅宇,刘辉.二维条码中RS纠错译码算法的优化实现[J].计算机工程与应用,2007,43(25):175-177.
[29]龚声蓉,刘纯平,王强等.数字图像处理与分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2006
[30]王铁琨,侯敏和杨尔弘.报纸、广播电视、网络用字用词调查[J].语言文字应用,2007,(1):29-37.
[31]常宝儒.现代汉语词汇统计问题的初步研究[J].语言教学与研究,1985,(01)
[32]王良辰.汉字频度表[DB/OL].http://cq.netsh.com/eden/forum/tree_forum_page.php?piForumID=757809&p%20iPageNo=2,2008-5-15.
[33]R Muniz,L Junco,A Otero.A Robust Soft-ware Barcode Reader Using the Hough Transform[J].Proceedings of International Conference on Information Intelligence and Systems.Bethesda,MD,USA,1999.313-319
[34]E Ottaviani,A Pavan,et al.A Common Image Processing Framework for 2D Barcode Reading[J].Image Processing and its Applications.IEEE,1999.11(2):652-655
[35]郑河荣,王天舟,熊丽荣,涂小芹.PDF417条码解码引擎的软件实现[J].计算机应用与软件,2004,21(10):7-9
[36]刘宁钟,杨静宇.基于投影算法的二维条码识别[J].计算机工程,2002,28(9):32-33.
[37]冯宇梁.高速二维条码识别算法研究[D].苏州:苏州大学,2004.
[38]陈媛媛,施鹏飞.二维条形骂的识别及应用[J].测控技术,2006,25(12):17-19
[39]刘宁钟,杨静宇.基于波形分折的二维条码识别[J].计算机研究与发展,2004,41(3):463-469.
[40]胡东红,谭辉,陈莘萌.Radon变换在二维条码图像识别中的应用[J].武汉大学学报(理学版),2005,51(05):584-587.
[41]郑河荣,熊丽荣,王天舟.基于HOUGH变换的二维条码图象矫正[J].浙江工业大学学报,2003,31(02):169-172
[42]章毓晋.图像工程(上)图像处理和分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999
[43]牛希泉,梁艳梅.自然场景下成熟苹果彩色图像分割方法的研究.光电子.激光,2007,18(12):1453-1456.
[44]Navon E,Miller O,Averbuch A.Color image segmentation based on adaptive local thresholds[J].Image and Vision Computing,2005,23(1):69-85.
[45]黄国祥.RGB颜色空间及其应用研究[D].湖南:中南大学,2002.
[46]Blahut R E.[M].差错控制码的理论与实践[M].广东:华南理工大学出版社,1990.
[47]陶德元,何小海,吴志华.RS码编译码算法的实现[J].四川大学学报:自然科学版,2000,37(6):868-872.
[48]尚振宏,袁梅宇,刘辉.二维条码中RS纠错译码算法的优化实现[J].计算机工程与应用,2007,43(25):175-177.
[49]Daniel J Costello,Joachim Hagenauer,Hideki Imai,Stephen B Wicker.Application of Error-Control Coding[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,1998,44(6).2531-2560.
[50]Song L,Parhi K K.Low-Energy Software Reed-Solomon Codes Using Specialized Finite Field Datapath and Division-Free Berlekamp-Massey Algorithm[J].IEEE Symp.On Circuits and Systems,1999.84-89.