调频加网呈色模型与分色配色模型的研究
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摘要
本文主要研究建立调频加网工艺条件下的三色呈色与分色配色数学模型,也就是建立调频加网工艺的色彩转换模型。虽然现有的彩色印刷的数学模型很多,然而专门针对调频加网工艺的色彩转换数学模型,国内外在这方面的研究较少。
本文通过分析现有印刷颜色转换的数学模型,(1)针对典型的CTP胶印调频加网工艺条件,采用n值修正的局部纽介堡方程与三维查找表法分别建立从设备相关色空间CMY到设备无关色空间CIEXYZ或CIELab的色空间转换模型。对比、分析、验证这两种数学模型对调频加网工艺的理论适用性与实际应用性。深入分析影响调频加网的呈色模型精度的主要因素,尤其讨论了调频加网工艺的网点扩大问题,提出具有参考价值的调频加网有效网点面积率计算公式。(2)在此基础上,根据建立的n值修正的局部纽介堡方程,利用最优化法的序列二次规划法(SQP法)求解建立它的CIEXYZ色空间到CMY色空间色彩转换模型。(3)之后,讨论了三维查找表法在建立CIELAB色空间到CMY色空间色彩转换模型方面存在的问题;提出引入Delaunay四面体网格剖分技术,不仅成功的解决了设备色域范围的确定问题,而且解决三维查表插值法的分区问题。同时,优化其查找算法,提高了三维查找表法的搜索效率。最后,分别验证反向求解n值修正的局部纽介堡方程算法与Delaunay分割-四面体插值算法的模型精度,取得良好的建模效果。上述技术对于研究调频工艺的数据化、规范化以及色彩管理系统的进一步研究具有重要的参考价值与理论意义,同时在生产实际中,提高配色效率、降低配色误差,保证原稿色彩的精确复制等方面具有重要的实用价值。
This paper mainly discusses the problem about how to establish color conversion model of FM halftoning technique between the device-independent color space CIELAB or XYZ and the device-dependent color space CMY .Although there are many color conversion models , the research of color conversion about FM halftoning technique is scarcely any.
Above all, through analyzing the existed color conversion models and taking into account characteristic of FM halftoning techniques, this paper established the forward model which transformed the color from the color space CMY to the color space CIELAB or XYZ ,using the Yule-Nielsen Cellular Neugebauer equation and three-dimensioned look-up-table with tetrahedron interpolation technology. Compared , analyzed and tested them to find out whether this two algorithmic methods are adaptive and practicality. discussed the factors that influencing accuracy of the algorithmic methods ,especially dot gain problem of FM halftoning techniques . Then , author introduced a new area effectively covered equation which using the regression. Next, the performance of nonlinear optimization-routine algorithms were evaluated for their ability to efficiently invert the Yule-Nielsen Cellular Neugebauer model; After that, consider the problem of sample points distributing irregularly in the color space CIELAB , author brings forward the method that uses a 3D triangulation technique to build a tetrahedral partition of the printer color gamut volume enclosing the definition domain. The characterization provides the inverse transformation from the device-independent color space CIELAB to the device-dependent color space CMY, taking into account both colorimetric properties of the printer, and color gamut mapping . Finally, its accuracy tested throughout the colorant space. It was found to be highly accurate, performing as well as a more complex local, cellular Neugebauer equation. But its’speed of calculation was so fast that it is more easily to put into practice.
The technology of color conversion has an direct effect on the capacity of color reproduction . The paper is of great value to the further research on the ICC-based CMS and has certain applied values in the publishing field, which helps to the standardization of FM halftoning printing technology .
本文通过分析现有印刷颜色转换的数学模型,(1)针对典型的CTP胶印调频加网工艺条件,采用n值修正的局部纽介堡方程与三维查找表法分别建立从设备相关色空间CMY到设备无关色空间CIEXYZ或CIELab的色空间转换模型。对比、分析、验证这两种数学模型对调频加网工艺的理论适用性与实际应用性。深入分析影响调频加网的呈色模型精度的主要因素,尤其讨论了调频加网工艺的网点扩大问题,提出具有参考价值的调频加网有效网点面积率计算公式。(2)在此基础上,根据建立的n值修正的局部纽介堡方程,利用最优化法的序列二次规划法(SQP法)求解建立它的CIEXYZ色空间到CMY色空间色彩转换模型。(3)之后,讨论了三维查找表法在建立CIELAB色空间到CMY色空间色彩转换模型方面存在的问题;提出引入Delaunay四面体网格剖分技术,不仅成功的解决了设备色域范围的确定问题,而且解决三维查表插值法的分区问题。同时,优化其查找算法,提高了三维查找表法的搜索效率。最后,分别验证反向求解n值修正的局部纽介堡方程算法与Delaunay分割-四面体插值算法的模型精度,取得良好的建模效果。上述技术对于研究调频工艺的数据化、规范化以及色彩管理系统的进一步研究具有重要的参考价值与理论意义,同时在生产实际中,提高配色效率、降低配色误差,保证原稿色彩的精确复制等方面具有重要的实用价值。
This paper mainly discusses the problem about how to establish color conversion model of FM halftoning technique between the device-independent color space CIELAB or XYZ and the device-dependent color space CMY .Although there are many color conversion models , the research of color conversion about FM halftoning technique is scarcely any.
Above all, through analyzing the existed color conversion models and taking into account characteristic of FM halftoning techniques, this paper established the forward model which transformed the color from the color space CMY to the color space CIELAB or XYZ ,using the Yule-Nielsen Cellular Neugebauer equation and three-dimensioned look-up-table with tetrahedron interpolation technology. Compared , analyzed and tested them to find out whether this two algorithmic methods are adaptive and practicality. discussed the factors that influencing accuracy of the algorithmic methods ,especially dot gain problem of FM halftoning techniques . Then , author introduced a new area effectively covered equation which using the regression. Next, the performance of nonlinear optimization-routine algorithms were evaluated for their ability to efficiently invert the Yule-Nielsen Cellular Neugebauer model; After that, consider the problem of sample points distributing irregularly in the color space CIELAB , author brings forward the method that uses a 3D triangulation technique to build a tetrahedral partition of the printer color gamut volume enclosing the definition domain. The characterization provides the inverse transformation from the device-independent color space CIELAB to the device-dependent color space CMY, taking into account both colorimetric properties of the printer, and color gamut mapping . Finally, its accuracy tested throughout the colorant space. It was found to be highly accurate, performing as well as a more complex local, cellular Neugebauer equation. But its’speed of calculation was so fast that it is more easily to put into practice.
The technology of color conversion has an direct effect on the capacity of color reproduction . The paper is of great value to the further research on the ICC-based CMS and has certain applied values in the publishing field, which helps to the standardization of FM halftoning printing technology .
引文
【1】 周世生 .高等色彩学[M].北京:印刷工业出版社,1997:106-151
【2】 刘世昌 .印刷品质量检测与控制[M].北京:印刷工业出版社,2000
【3】 胡成发 .印刷色彩与色度学[M].北京:印刷工业出版社,1993
【4】 张红鸣,徐捷.实用着色与配色技术[M] . 北京:化学工业出版社,2001:56-60
【5】 J. M. Kasson, W. Plouffe, and S. 1. Nin, A tetrahedral interpolation technique for color space conversion[J]. Proc. SPIE 1909, pp. 127-138 (1993)
【6】 K. Kanamori, T. Fumoto, and H. Kotera. A color transformation algorithm using prism interpolation[R]. IS&.T 8th International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing Technologies, pp. 477-482 (1992).
【7】 P. Flanklin. Interpolation Methods and apparatus[P], US Patent 4334240(1982).
【8】 Henry R. Kang.Comparisons of three-dimensional interpolation techniques by simulations[J]. Proc. SPIE 2414, pp. 104-114 (1995).
【9】 I.E. Bell and W. Cowan.Characterizing printer gamuts using tetrahedral interpolation[R]. First IS&T/SID Color Imaging Conference: Transforms &L Transportability of Color, pp. 108-113 (1993).
【10】 J. Z. Chang, C. A. Bouman, and J. P. Allebach.Recent results in color calibration using sequential linear interpolation[R]. IS&T's 47th Annual Conference/ICPS, pp. 500-505 (1994).
【11】 K. ICanamori, H. Kawakami, and H. Kotera. A novel color transformation algorithm and its applications[J]. Proc. SPIE 1244, pp. 272-281 (1990).
【12】 K. Kanamori and H. Kotera. Color correction technique for hard copies by 4-neighbors interpolation method[J]. Imag. Sci. Tech., 36: 73-80 (1992).
【13】 S. 1. Nin, ]. M. Kasson, and W. Plouffe, "Printing CIELAB images on a CMYK: printer using tri-linear interpolation[J]. Proc. SPIE 1670, pp. 316-324(1992).
【14】 Po-Chieh Hung.Colorimetric calibration in electronic imaging devices using a look-up-table model and interpolations[J]. Electron. Imag., 2: 53-61 (1993).
【15】 K.D.Gennetten.RGB to CMYK conversion using 3D barycentric interpolation[J].Proc. SPIE 1909, pp. 116-126 (1993)
【16】 Shoji Tominaga . Color control of printer by neural networks[J]. Journal of Electronic Imaging 7(3), 664-671(July 1998)
【17】 Andy Redman . Full Circle from AM to FM and Back Again .IPA Bulletin Magazine[J],2004(3):18-20
【18】 王选 . 调频加网与高保真彩色印刷 . 今日印刷[J],1995(4):35
【19】 韩玄武.调频加网中的网点扩大分析.印刷信息[J],1997(10):10-14
【20】 顾桓 . 彩色数字印前技术[M] . 北京:印刷工业出版社,2000
【21】 胡更生.调频加网中的网点扩大分析.今日印刷[J],1997(4):34-39
【22】 David R. Wyble,Roy S.Berns. A Critical Review of Spectral Models Applied to Binary Color Printing[J]. COLOR reseach and application volume 25,Number 1,February 2000
【23】 Rogers GL .Neugebauer revisited: random dots in halftone screening[J]. Color Reseach and Application 1998(23)104 –113.
【24】 Balasubramanian R .A printer model for dot-on-dot halftone screens [J].Proc SPIE 1995(2413)356 –364.
【25】 Rolleston R, Balasubramanian R.Accuracy of various types of Neugebauer model[R].Proc IS&T SID Col Imag Conf; 1993. p 32–37.
【26】 Raja Balasubramanian . Optimization of the spectral Neugebauer model for printer characterization[J].Journal of Electronic Imaging 8(2),152-166(April 1999)
【27】 Heuberger KJ, Jing ZM, Persiev S. Color transformations and lookup tables[J]. TAGA/ISCC Proc:1992.p861-881
【28】 Hardeberg, J.Y. & Schmitt, F.Color printer characterization using a computational geometry approach.[R]. The fifth IS&T color imaging conference: color science, systems and applications. Springfield, Virginia, USA: The Society for Imaging Science and Technology, 1997. pp. 96–99.
【29】 Cheol-Hee Lee,Eung-Joo Lee,suk-Chul Ahn and Yeong-Ho Ha. Color Space Conversion via Gamut-Based Color Samples of Printer[J]. Journal of Electronic Imaging 45(5),427-435(October 2001)
【30】 郭茂祖,王亚东,苏晓红,王兴起.基于 BP 网络的色彩匹配方法研究[J],计算机学报,VoL.23,819-823(in Chinese)
【31】 周双全,赵达尊。打印机色彩控制技术[J].光学技术,2000:26(1),49-51
【32】 赵忠旭,沈兰荪,卫爱民等,基于人工神经网络的彩色校正方法研究[J],中国图像图形学报,5(9),785-789
【33】 陈亚雄. 色彩管理技术及应用现状[J].印刷技术,2002.2:1-8
【34】 ICC Profile Format Specification Version 3.4.International Color Consortium,1997
【35】 张二虎,胡涛.ICC 标准的分析及研究[J].中国印刷,1999,3:32-35
【36】 高晶.彩色管理.中国印刷[J],1995,1:28-34
【37】 Philip K.Robertson,Visualizing Color Gamuts:A User Interface for the Effective Use of Perceptual Color Spaces in Data Displays,IEEE Computer Graphics &Applicationa, 1998, September, Vol.8, No.5. pp.50-64
【38】 Raja Balasubramanian and Edul Dalal.A method for quantifying the color gamut of an output device[C].SPIE.1997,Vol.3018.pp110-116
【39】 杨钦。Delaunay 三角网格剖分技术[M].北京:电子工业出版社.2005
【40】 Rogers GL.Optical dot gain in a halftone print.[J] Imag Sci Tech 1997(41):643-656
【41】 Arney JS,Engeldrum PG,Zeng H.An expanded Murray-Davies model of tone reproduction in halftoning imaging.[J] Imag Sci Tech 1995(39):502-508
【42】 闵涛,秦新强,赵凤群.数值分析[M].中国:中国科学文化出版社.2003
【43】 数学手册编写组.数学手册[M].北京:高等教育出版社.1979:921-959
【44】 飞思科技产品研发中心编著.MATLAB 6.5 辅助优化计算与设计[M].北京:电子工业出版社.2003
【45】 司连法,王文静.色域范围判断方法探索[J].印刷杂志,2001(2):56-57
【2】 刘世昌 .印刷品质量检测与控制[M].北京:印刷工业出版社,2000
【3】 胡成发 .印刷色彩与色度学[M].北京:印刷工业出版社,1993
【4】 张红鸣,徐捷.实用着色与配色技术[M] . 北京:化学工业出版社,2001:56-60
【5】 J. M. Kasson, W. Plouffe, and S. 1. Nin, A tetrahedral interpolation technique for color space conversion[J]. Proc. SPIE 1909, pp. 127-138 (1993)
【6】 K. Kanamori, T. Fumoto, and H. Kotera. A color transformation algorithm using prism interpolation[R]. IS&.T 8th International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing Technologies, pp. 477-482 (1992).
【7】 P. Flanklin. Interpolation Methods and apparatus[P], US Patent 4334240(1982).
【8】 Henry R. Kang.Comparisons of three-dimensional interpolation techniques by simulations[J]. Proc. SPIE 2414, pp. 104-114 (1995).
【9】 I.E. Bell and W. Cowan.Characterizing printer gamuts using tetrahedral interpolation[R]. First IS&T/SID Color Imaging Conference: Transforms &L Transportability of Color, pp. 108-113 (1993).
【10】 J. Z. Chang, C. A. Bouman, and J. P. Allebach.Recent results in color calibration using sequential linear interpolation[R]. IS&T's 47th Annual Conference/ICPS, pp. 500-505 (1994).
【11】 K. ICanamori, H. Kawakami, and H. Kotera. A novel color transformation algorithm and its applications[J]. Proc. SPIE 1244, pp. 272-281 (1990).
【12】 K. Kanamori and H. Kotera. Color correction technique for hard copies by 4-neighbors interpolation method[J]. Imag. Sci. Tech., 36: 73-80 (1992).
【13】 S. 1. Nin, ]. M. Kasson, and W. Plouffe, "Printing CIELAB images on a CMYK: printer using tri-linear interpolation[J]. Proc. SPIE 1670, pp. 316-324(1992).
【14】 Po-Chieh Hung.Colorimetric calibration in electronic imaging devices using a look-up-table model and interpolations[J]. Electron. Imag., 2: 53-61 (1993).
【15】 K.D.Gennetten.RGB to CMYK conversion using 3D barycentric interpolation[J].Proc. SPIE 1909, pp. 116-126 (1993)
【16】 Shoji Tominaga . Color control of printer by neural networks[J]. Journal of Electronic Imaging 7(3), 664-671(July 1998)
【17】 Andy Redman . Full Circle from AM to FM and Back Again .IPA Bulletin Magazine[J],2004(3):18-20
【18】 王选 . 调频加网与高保真彩色印刷 . 今日印刷[J],1995(4):35
【19】 韩玄武.调频加网中的网点扩大分析.印刷信息[J],1997(10):10-14
【20】 顾桓 . 彩色数字印前技术[M] . 北京:印刷工业出版社,2000
【21】 胡更生.调频加网中的网点扩大分析.今日印刷[J],1997(4):34-39
【22】 David R. Wyble,Roy S.Berns. A Critical Review of Spectral Models Applied to Binary Color Printing[J]. COLOR reseach and application volume 25,Number 1,February 2000
【23】 Rogers GL .Neugebauer revisited: random dots in halftone screening[J]. Color Reseach and Application 1998(23)104 –113.
【24】 Balasubramanian R .A printer model for dot-on-dot halftone screens [J].Proc SPIE 1995(2413)356 –364.
【25】 Rolleston R, Balasubramanian R.Accuracy of various types of Neugebauer model[R].Proc IS&T SID Col Imag Conf; 1993. p 32–37.
【26】 Raja Balasubramanian . Optimization of the spectral Neugebauer model for printer characterization[J].Journal of Electronic Imaging 8(2),152-166(April 1999)
【27】 Heuberger KJ, Jing ZM, Persiev S. Color transformations and lookup tables[J]. TAGA/ISCC Proc:1992.p861-881
【28】 Hardeberg, J.Y. & Schmitt, F.Color printer characterization using a computational geometry approach.[R]. The fifth IS&T color imaging conference: color science, systems and applications. Springfield, Virginia, USA: The Society for Imaging Science and Technology, 1997. pp. 96–99.
【29】 Cheol-Hee Lee,Eung-Joo Lee,suk-Chul Ahn and Yeong-Ho Ha. Color Space Conversion via Gamut-Based Color Samples of Printer[J]. Journal of Electronic Imaging 45(5),427-435(October 2001)
【30】 郭茂祖,王亚东,苏晓红,王兴起.基于 BP 网络的色彩匹配方法研究[J],计算机学报,VoL.23,819-823(in Chinese)
【31】 周双全,赵达尊。打印机色彩控制技术[J].光学技术,2000:26(1),49-51
【32】 赵忠旭,沈兰荪,卫爱民等,基于人工神经网络的彩色校正方法研究[J],中国图像图形学报,5(9),785-789
【33】 陈亚雄. 色彩管理技术及应用现状[J].印刷技术,2002.2:1-8
【34】 ICC Profile Format Specification Version 3.4.International Color Consortium,1997
【35】 张二虎,胡涛.ICC 标准的分析及研究[J].中国印刷,1999,3:32-35
【36】 高晶.彩色管理.中国印刷[J],1995,1:28-34
【37】 Philip K.Robertson,Visualizing Color Gamuts:A User Interface for the Effective Use of Perceptual Color Spaces in Data Displays,IEEE Computer Graphics &Applicationa, 1998, September, Vol.8, No.5. pp.50-64
【38】 Raja Balasubramanian and Edul Dalal.A method for quantifying the color gamut of an output device[C].SPIE.1997,Vol.3018.pp110-116
【39】 杨钦。Delaunay 三角网格剖分技术[M].北京:电子工业出版社.2005
【40】 Rogers GL.Optical dot gain in a halftone print.[J] Imag Sci Tech 1997(41):643-656
【41】 Arney JS,Engeldrum PG,Zeng H.An expanded Murray-Davies model of tone reproduction in halftoning imaging.[J] Imag Sci Tech 1995(39):502-508
【42】 闵涛,秦新强,赵凤群.数值分析[M].中国:中国科学文化出版社.2003
【43】 数学手册编写组.数学手册[M].北京:高等教育出版社.1979:921-959
【44】 飞思科技产品研发中心编著.MATLAB 6.5 辅助优化计算与设计[M].北京:电子工业出版社.2003
【45】 司连法,王文静.色域范围判断方法探索[J].印刷杂志,2001(2):56-57