作战仿真实体可视化数据模型关键技术研究
|
摘要
本文围绕作战仿真实体可视化数据模型,研究了作战仿真实体可视化数据模型在作战仿真系统中的地位,分析了作战仿真实体可视化数据模型的建立、管理和应用等,对作战仿真实体可视化数据模型系统进行总体结构设计和功能设计,最后给出了应用实例。
1.提出了作战仿真实体可视化数据模型的分类和层次体系结构
根据作战仿真系统的可视化需求,提出了作战仿真实体可视化数据模型的分类方法,设计了模型层次体系结构,为模型的生成、管理、使用提供了便捷;为了方便于应用各类模型、减少重复实体建模工作,加快显示和渲染速度,针对模型建立,制定了相应规则;模型建立的层次体系可以快速识别所显示的作战实体的级别等信息,可使用层次细节管理的方法来控制模型的动态显示层次,初步解决了军事态势表达中的聚合和解聚的问题。
2.设计作战仿真实体可视化数据模型数据管理系统的体系结构
设计了作战仿真实体可视化数据模型数据库管理系统的体系结构,选取关系数据库和空间数据库相结合的方法,对模型数据进行存储和维护;设计并实现了模型层次结构中各层次的数据存储结构和模型重构算法,实现了模型的数据获取、建模、处理及应用全过程的可视化,为构建具有高逼真度的作战仿真系统提供了模型支持;通过模型数据管理系统,对实体模型的属性、实体间相互间或与其它相关因素间的关系进行描述,解决了不同实体建模数据信息的兼容和数据交换问题,并可进行作战实体的各项技战术指标的参数分析,能方便地嵌入到其他作战仿真系统中,提高了模型的可重用性。
3.研究了大规模战场地形环境的多分辨率生成技术
针对综合自然环境的战场地形环境生成,结合限制四叉树与递进网格的思想,提出了限制四叉树的不同分辨率网络模型之间的网格递进方法,实现了在模型误差控制下视点相关的多分辨网格的实时正确构网,提高了大范围三维场景漫游速度,解决通常的基于内存模式的地形可视化无法满足要求的问题;该算法免去了许多数据结构和操作,对于实时控制大规模地形模型的细节层次,增强大规模地形模型的绘制效率是非常有效。
4.研究了作战仿真行动实体可视化数据模型实时简化技术
为较好保持模型的拓扑结构和属性特征,提出应用半边折叠操作和局部误、定性匹配技术误差度量的方式对行动实体模型进行简化,生成多分辨率模型;算法考虑了几何误差度量算子的三个因子:折叠边的欧氏距离、折叠边二面角和顶点到星型邻域平面的距离;引入模型属性特征权重值,将几何误差和属性误差加权作为总体误差进行简化,并对简化质量的进行了合法性检查,初步解决了目前作战仿真三维可视化场景显示存在的主要问题,达到了提高场景逼真度和流畅性的目的,对提高系统三维场景的真实感和画面的流畅性有着重要的作用。
Visual data models(VDM) on military simulation entities was an important part of military simulation display system, which was the basis of 3D display system of battlefield situation, military simulation system and Command Automation System, providing the support of data and models for the weapon system evaluation and computer generated forces (CGF). The models gave an impulse to make use of information technology and the conception of NCW(Network Centric Warfare), developed the joint C~4ISR architecture and realize combat capability based on visual full spectrum.
With concerns of visual data models on military simulation entities, the paper discussed the role of VDM in military simulation system .By analyzing the processes, management and application of VDM modeling, the general frame and functions of VDM on military simulation entities were established. Finally, the practical projects were presented.
1. Categorization and hierarchical architecture of visual data model on military simulation entities was presented.
According to the requirement of visualization in military simulation system, categorization methods of VDM on military simulation entities were proposed. VDM were classified by 4 kinds of models, such as combat entities, command entities, synthetic natural environment and military topology, which offered convenience of the creation, management and use of VDM. By analyzing the processes, management and application of VDM modeling, the overall structure and functions of VDM on military simulation entities were constructed. It comprised 8 layers of geometry and data: panorama level, integrated level, object level, surface level, vertex level, topological relations level, attribute level and action level, and analyzed characteristic and function for each level in order to improve VDM storage management. To facilitate of the application of various VDM, cut down repetitive works, and speed up the display and rendering pace, model-rules on grouping, multiresolution, grades of damage and texture rules were constituted. By adopting categorization methods and hierarchical architecture of VDM, it was helpful to implement fast rendering in three-dimensional scene, and it also could identify information about levels of military simulation entities quickly. Hierarchical architecture of VDM could control the dynamic display level of models by the management of hierarchical details. The problems of aggregation and disaggregation in military situation expression initially were solved as well.
2. The architecture of VDM management system on military simulation entities was proposed.
According to the concept of modern software engineering and the importance of VDM and data management in military simulation system, the architecture of VDM management system on military simulation entities was proposed. The techniques involving special database and relational database were synthesized to build the data storage and maintenance framework .Furthermore, the data storage structures for each level architecture were constructed, and, the algorithm for reconstructing VDM was designed and realized as well. The organization and management of established models was used during three phases: modeling, post-processing, and application. The visual process of data acquirement, modeling, disposal and its application was implemented. Hereby, these models could satisfy the requirement of VDM in the military simulation system. By VDM data management system, database storage technology was realized. The experiment showed it can solve compatibility and data exchanging issues between different entities. To describe the relationship during attributes, mutual entities or other factors, the VDM database should be established consistently and integrally. The system included modular and hierarchical design and VDM' s database establishment, maintenance, display, transfer, dynamic control and visual display .The models not only had many advantages, such as real 3D environment, clearer logic-tier and high resolution, but also could analyze parameters of tactical guide for combat entities, which can be embedded generically in military simulation system to improve the reusability of models.
3. The technology of creating multiresolution was discussed about large-Scale battlefield terrain environment.
According to the character of synthetic element in the battlefield terrain environment, such as large quantity of data, the complicated terrain, irregularly shape, multiresolution, considering the concept of restricted quad-tree and progressive meshes, an algorithm of real-time dynamic triangulation based on restricted quad-tree for large scale terrain visualization was discussed. In terms of view-port抯 position of and the directions of sight, an algorithm similar to prototype for mesh dynamic Simplification could come true by deleting little important vertexes and triangles or inserting more important vertexes and triangles . Propose a method of progressive meshes based on restricted quadtree between blocks of different resolution, and the real-time dynamic triangulation controlled by giving view dependent error come true. The method could speed up the speed of 3D scene roaming and solve such problems which can抰 be satisfied the demand of terrain visualization based on RMI. The experiments showed that this algorithm was less network costs and overleaped data structure and operation details. Furthermore, it was very good of the real-time LoD controlling for large scale terrain visualization and also for the real-time rendering.
4. A real-time Simplification technology of VDM on military simulation entities was researched.
This research analyzed VDM抯 function on military simulation system and the characteristic of VDM of action entities. To preserve the topology structure and attribute features of the model, it summarized the simplification algorithm with attribute feature of models oriented action entities, and proposed the simplification method based on half-edge collapse operation and local error tolerance, which constructed multi-resolution models. Three factors of geometric error metrics, including the length and dihedral angle of the collapse edge, the distance between vertex and adjacent plane were referred in this algorithm. By introducing the weight of attribute feature, the total error with geometric errors and attribute errors combined was simplified, and the validity for the simplification quality was examined.
Attribute information such as model抯texture had been preserved, and solved the display problem about 3D visual scene in military simulation system initially, in order to achieve the purpose of reality and fluency.
Compared the algorithm with other typical simplification method by average error, max error, simplification of time, and the characteristic of geometry and attribute preservation, test demonstrated that the algorithm was efficient for the geometric and attribute feature of the model maintenance, and played an important role in improving fidelity and fluency of 3D scenes.
1.提出了作战仿真实体可视化数据模型的分类和层次体系结构
根据作战仿真系统的可视化需求,提出了作战仿真实体可视化数据模型的分类方法,设计了模型层次体系结构,为模型的生成、管理、使用提供了便捷;为了方便于应用各类模型、减少重复实体建模工作,加快显示和渲染速度,针对模型建立,制定了相应规则;模型建立的层次体系可以快速识别所显示的作战实体的级别等信息,可使用层次细节管理的方法来控制模型的动态显示层次,初步解决了军事态势表达中的聚合和解聚的问题。
2.设计作战仿真实体可视化数据模型数据管理系统的体系结构
设计了作战仿真实体可视化数据模型数据库管理系统的体系结构,选取关系数据库和空间数据库相结合的方法,对模型数据进行存储和维护;设计并实现了模型层次结构中各层次的数据存储结构和模型重构算法,实现了模型的数据获取、建模、处理及应用全过程的可视化,为构建具有高逼真度的作战仿真系统提供了模型支持;通过模型数据管理系统,对实体模型的属性、实体间相互间或与其它相关因素间的关系进行描述,解决了不同实体建模数据信息的兼容和数据交换问题,并可进行作战实体的各项技战术指标的参数分析,能方便地嵌入到其他作战仿真系统中,提高了模型的可重用性。
3.研究了大规模战场地形环境的多分辨率生成技术
针对综合自然环境的战场地形环境生成,结合限制四叉树与递进网格的思想,提出了限制四叉树的不同分辨率网络模型之间的网格递进方法,实现了在模型误差控制下视点相关的多分辨网格的实时正确构网,提高了大范围三维场景漫游速度,解决通常的基于内存模式的地形可视化无法满足要求的问题;该算法免去了许多数据结构和操作,对于实时控制大规模地形模型的细节层次,增强大规模地形模型的绘制效率是非常有效。
4.研究了作战仿真行动实体可视化数据模型实时简化技术
为较好保持模型的拓扑结构和属性特征,提出应用半边折叠操作和局部误、定性匹配技术误差度量的方式对行动实体模型进行简化,生成多分辨率模型;算法考虑了几何误差度量算子的三个因子:折叠边的欧氏距离、折叠边二面角和顶点到星型邻域平面的距离;引入模型属性特征权重值,将几何误差和属性误差加权作为总体误差进行简化,并对简化质量的进行了合法性检查,初步解决了目前作战仿真三维可视化场景显示存在的主要问题,达到了提高场景逼真度和流畅性的目的,对提高系统三维场景的真实感和画面的流畅性有着重要的作用。
Visual data models(VDM) on military simulation entities was an important part of military simulation display system, which was the basis of 3D display system of battlefield situation, military simulation system and Command Automation System, providing the support of data and models for the weapon system evaluation and computer generated forces (CGF). The models gave an impulse to make use of information technology and the conception of NCW(Network Centric Warfare), developed the joint C~4ISR architecture and realize combat capability based on visual full spectrum.
With concerns of visual data models on military simulation entities, the paper discussed the role of VDM in military simulation system .By analyzing the processes, management and application of VDM modeling, the general frame and functions of VDM on military simulation entities were established. Finally, the practical projects were presented.
1. Categorization and hierarchical architecture of visual data model on military simulation entities was presented.
According to the requirement of visualization in military simulation system, categorization methods of VDM on military simulation entities were proposed. VDM were classified by 4 kinds of models, such as combat entities, command entities, synthetic natural environment and military topology, which offered convenience of the creation, management and use of VDM. By analyzing the processes, management and application of VDM modeling, the overall structure and functions of VDM on military simulation entities were constructed. It comprised 8 layers of geometry and data: panorama level, integrated level, object level, surface level, vertex level, topological relations level, attribute level and action level, and analyzed characteristic and function for each level in order to improve VDM storage management. To facilitate of the application of various VDM, cut down repetitive works, and speed up the display and rendering pace, model-rules on grouping, multiresolution, grades of damage and texture rules were constituted. By adopting categorization methods and hierarchical architecture of VDM, it was helpful to implement fast rendering in three-dimensional scene, and it also could identify information about levels of military simulation entities quickly. Hierarchical architecture of VDM could control the dynamic display level of models by the management of hierarchical details. The problems of aggregation and disaggregation in military situation expression initially were solved as well.
2. The architecture of VDM management system on military simulation entities was proposed.
According to the concept of modern software engineering and the importance of VDM and data management in military simulation system, the architecture of VDM management system on military simulation entities was proposed. The techniques involving special database and relational database were synthesized to build the data storage and maintenance framework .Furthermore, the data storage structures for each level architecture were constructed, and, the algorithm for reconstructing VDM was designed and realized as well. The organization and management of established models was used during three phases: modeling, post-processing, and application. The visual process of data acquirement, modeling, disposal and its application was implemented. Hereby, these models could satisfy the requirement of VDM in the military simulation system. By VDM data management system, database storage technology was realized. The experiment showed it can solve compatibility and data exchanging issues between different entities. To describe the relationship during attributes, mutual entities or other factors, the VDM database should be established consistently and integrally. The system included modular and hierarchical design and VDM' s database establishment, maintenance, display, transfer, dynamic control and visual display .The models not only had many advantages, such as real 3D environment, clearer logic-tier and high resolution, but also could analyze parameters of tactical guide for combat entities, which can be embedded generically in military simulation system to improve the reusability of models.
3. The technology of creating multiresolution was discussed about large-Scale battlefield terrain environment.
According to the character of synthetic element in the battlefield terrain environment, such as large quantity of data, the complicated terrain, irregularly shape, multiresolution, considering the concept of restricted quad-tree and progressive meshes, an algorithm of real-time dynamic triangulation based on restricted quad-tree for large scale terrain visualization was discussed. In terms of view-port抯 position of and the directions of sight, an algorithm similar to prototype for mesh dynamic Simplification could come true by deleting little important vertexes and triangles or inserting more important vertexes and triangles . Propose a method of progressive meshes based on restricted quadtree between blocks of different resolution, and the real-time dynamic triangulation controlled by giving view dependent error come true. The method could speed up the speed of 3D scene roaming and solve such problems which can抰 be satisfied the demand of terrain visualization based on RMI. The experiments showed that this algorithm was less network costs and overleaped data structure and operation details. Furthermore, it was very good of the real-time LoD controlling for large scale terrain visualization and also for the real-time rendering.
4. A real-time Simplification technology of VDM on military simulation entities was researched.
This research analyzed VDM抯 function on military simulation system and the characteristic of VDM of action entities. To preserve the topology structure and attribute features of the model, it summarized the simplification algorithm with attribute feature of models oriented action entities, and proposed the simplification method based on half-edge collapse operation and local error tolerance, which constructed multi-resolution models. Three factors of geometric error metrics, including the length and dihedral angle of the collapse edge, the distance between vertex and adjacent plane were referred in this algorithm. By introducing the weight of attribute feature, the total error with geometric errors and attribute errors combined was simplified, and the validity for the simplification quality was examined.
Attribute information such as model抯texture had been preserved, and solved the display problem about 3D visual scene in military simulation system initially, in order to achieve the purpose of reality and fluency.
Compared the algorithm with other typical simplification method by average error, max error, simplification of time, and the characteristic of geometry and attribute preservation, test demonstrated that the algorithm was efficient for the geometric and attribute feature of the model maintenance, and played an important role in improving fidelity and fluency of 3D scenes.
引文
[1]李伯虎,柴旭东,等.现代建模与仿真技术发展中的几个焦点[J].系统仿真学报,2004,16(9):1871-1878.
[2]黄柯棣,刘宝宏,黄健等.作战仿真技术综述[J].系统仿真学报,2004,16(9):1887-1895.
[3]王精业.军事转型中的仿真科学与技术[J].系统仿真学报,2005 17(6):1282-1284.
[4]孙柏林,靳大安.外军建模与仿真综述[J].计算机仿真,2002,19(1):4-8.
[5]孙柏林.美军建模与仿真网上信息概览[J].军事运筹与系统工程,2001(4):10-15.
[6]lattp://www.defenselink.mil//millennium-challenge-2002/[EB/OL].
[7]熊新平.”千年挑战2002”启示[J].现代防御技术,2002,30(5):22-24.
[8]胡晓峰.构建科学的战争模拟体系迎接新军事变革的挑战[J].系统仿真学报,2004,16(2):190-193.
[9]Thoennessen,U.Gross,H.Three-dimensional visualization of buildings for urban warfare[A].Proceedings of the SPIE,Volume 5101[C],2003.USA:SPIE,2003:224-232.
[10]E.Mert,E.W.Jilson:Modeling conventional land combat in a multi-agent system using generalizations of the different combat entities and combat operations[D].USA:Naval Postgraduate School,NSN 7540-01-280-5500,September 2001.
[11]Philip J.Rhodes,R.Daniel Bergeron,Ted M.Sparr.A data model for adaptive multiresolution scientific data[A].Proceedings of Data Visualization:The State of the Art 2003[C].Holland:Kluwer Academic Publisher,2003:257-272.
[12]赵沁平.分布式虚拟战场环境-现代战争的实验场[J].系统仿真学报,2001.13(Suppl):1-7.
[13]赵沁平.DVENET分布式虚拟环境[M].北京:科学出版社.2002.
[14]Chinese Association of System Simulation.Present and Future of Modeling and Simulation Technology in China[A].Proceedings of ICSC'2002[C],China:2002.
[15]赵沁平.DVENET分布式虚拟现实应用系统运行平台与开发工具[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[16]王维平等.Sim2000:一个柔性仿真开发环境[J].系统仿真学报,2000,12(1):61-64.
[17]军事科学院.中国人民解放军军语[M].北京,军事科学出版社,1997.
[18]马亚平.作战行动模型的描述对象与建模方法[J].军事运筹与系统工程,2002(3):14-16.
[19]陈雷鸣,沈寿林.训练模拟系统建模理论与方法的创新[J].军事运筹与系统工程,2003(3):6-9。
[20]程旺迟,许瑞明,张最良.多分辨率建模理论方法研究的现状与发展[J].军事运筹与系统工程,2003(3):58-61.
[21]何晶,王刚.李为民.C3I系统仿真模型库系统研究[J].计算机工程.2003,29(4):54-57.
[22]Wright Gordon P,Chaturved Alok K,MookerJee Radha V,et al.Intergrated Modeling environments in organizations:An empirical study[J].Information System Research,1998,9(1):64-85.
[23]陈富赞,范贻昌,纪世光,等.面向对象的模型管理方法的研究与应用[J].系统工程理论与实践,1999(6):9-16.
[24]杨育彬,林珲,朱庆.基于内容的三维模型检索综述[J].计算机学报,2004,27(10):1297-1310.
[25]Min P.Halderman A.,Kazhdan M.Funkhouser A..Early experiences with a 3d model search engine[A].Proceedings of Web3D Symposium,2003[C].France:Saint Malo,2003:7-8.
[26]Novotni,Klein R.3dzernike descriptors for content based shape retrieval[A].Proceedings of ACM Symposium on Soild Modeling and Application,2003[C].USA:Seattle,Washington,2003:216-255.
[27]Yamada A.,et al.MPEG-7 visual part of experimetation model version 9.0.MPEG Video Group[R].Pisa,Italy:Technical Report ISO/MPEG N3914,2001.
[28]Corney J.,et al.Coarse Filters for shape matching[J].IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,2002,22(3):65-74.
[29]Funkhouser T.,et al.A search engine for 3d models[J].ACM Transactions on Graphics,2003,22(1):83-105.
[30]王波兴,王波,张云清等.复杂机械系统仿真平台模型管理研究与实现[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2004,16(6):819-825.
[31]周晓云,何大曾,刘慎权.一种层次化模型构造方法[J].中国图象图形学报,1997,2(8,9):555-561.
[32]Zhiqiang Gao.Designing Interactive Multi-agent Systems with Semantic 3D Environments[M].Nara,Japan:SWFAT,2003.
[33]杨峰,李群,王维平等.体系对抗仿真跨层次建模方法论[J].系统仿真学报,2005,17(5):270-274.
[34]Meyer M,Desbrun M,Schroder P,et al.Discrete differential geometry operators for triangulated 2-manifolds[A].Hege HC,Polthier K,eds Visualization and Mathematics Ⅲ[C].2003:35-57.
[35]Kim S.J.,Jeong W.K.,Kim C.H.LOD generation with discrete curvature error metric[A].Proceedings of the 2nd Korea Israel Bi-National Conference on Geometrical Modeling and Computer Graphics[C],Korea:1999:97-104.
[36]R Pajarola.Large Scale Terrain Visualization Using the Restricted Quadtree Triangulation [A].Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'98[C],1998:19-26.
[37]Immersion Corporation,http://www.immersion.com/products/3d/[EB/OL].
[38]3D Scanners Ltd,http://www.3dscanners.com/[EB/OL].
[39]Cyberware Inc.,http://www.cyberware.com/products/index.html[EB/OL].
[40]3rdTech,Inc.,http://www.3rdtech.com/DeltaSphere.htm[EB/OL].
[41]汪成为,高文,王行仁.灵境(虚拟现实)技术的理论、实现及应用[M].南宁:广西科学技术出版社,1996.
[42]Borghese N A,Ferrari S.A portable modular system for automatic acquisition of 3D objects[J].IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement,2000,49(5):1128-1136.
[43]Attene,M.,Spagnuolo,M.Automatic surface reconstruction from point sets in space[J].Computer Graphics Forum,2000,19(3):457-465
[44]Varady T.,Martin R.R.,Cox J.Reverse engineering of geometric models-an introduction[J].Computer-Aided Design,1997,29(4):255-268.
[45]许智钦,孙长库.3D逆向工程技术[M].中国计量出版社,2002.
[46]Jin Gu.3D reconstruction of sculptured objects[D].Hong Kong:The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,1998.
[47]蔺宏伟.离散几何信息处理-从点到面[D].杭州:浙江大学,2003.
[48]Pulli K.,Duchamp T.,Hoppe H.,McDonald J.,Shapiro L.,and Stuetzle W.Robust meshes from multiple range maps[A].International Conference on Recent Advances in 3D Digital Imaging and Modeling[C],IEEE CS Press,1997:205-211.
[49]Bernardini F.and Rushmeier H.The 3D model acquisition pipeline[J].Computer Graphics Forum,2002,21(2):149-172.
[50]Mencl E.,M(u|¨)ller H.Interpolation and approximation of surfaces from three-dimensional scattered data points[A].State of the Art Reports,Eurographics'98[C],1998:51-67.
[51]Bernardini F.,Bajaj C.,Chen J.,and Schikore D.Automatic Reconstruction of 3D CAD Models from Digital Scans[J].Computational Geometry and Applications,1999,9(4&5):327-370.
[52]Petitjean S.,and Boyer E.Regular and non-regular point sets:Properties and reconstruction[J].Computational Geometry.2001,19(1):101-126.
[53]Adamy U.,Giesen J.,and John M.Surface reconstruction using umbrella filters[J].Computational Geometry,2002,21(1):63-86.
[54]Dyn N,Hormann K,Kim S-J,and Levin D.Optimizing 3D triangulations using discrete curvature analysis[A].Mathematical Methods for Curves and Surface[C],2001:135-146.
[55]Zigelman G.,Kimmel R.,Kiryati N.Texture mapping using surface flattening via multidimensional scaling[J].IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,2002,8(2):198-207.
[56]Page D.,Koschan A.,and Abidi M.A.Perception-based 3D Triangle Mesh Segmentation Using Fast Marching Watersheds[A].Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition CVPR03[C],USA:Madison,WI,Vol.(Ⅱ),2003:27-32.
[57]贾瑞玉,汪炳权,含病变肝脏CT图像三角形表面重构的实现[J],微机发展,1999,23(3):325-327.
[58]Hugues Hoppe.Surface reconstruction from unorganized points[A].In Proceedings of Siggraph 92[C],Chicago:1992:26-31.
[59]Muraki,S.,1991.Volumetric shape description of range data using "Blobby Model"[J].Computer Graphics 1991,25(4):227-235.
[60]Curless,B.,and Levoy,M.,1996.A volumetric method for building complex models from range images[A].Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 96[C](August),1996:303-312.
[61]Alexa,M.,Behr,J.,Cohen-Or,D.,Fleishman,S.,Levin,D.,Silva,C.T.Computing and rendering point set surfaces[J].IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,2003,9(1):3-15.
[62]Y.Ohtake,A.Belyaev,M.Alexa,G.Turk,H.Seidel.Multi-level Partition of Unity Implicits[A].Proceedings of Siggraph 2003[C],2003:463-470.
[63]G.M.Nielson.Radial Hermite Operators for Scattered Point Cloud Data with Normal Vectors and Applications to Implicitizing Polygon Mesh Surfaces for Generalized CSG Operations and Smoothing[A].Proceedings of IEEE Visualization 2004[C].
[64]苗兰芳.点模型的表面几何建模和绘制[D].杭州:浙江大学,2005.
[65]Gerald E.Farin.Curves and surface for computer aided design,a practical guide[M].Holland:Kluwer Academic Publisher,1990.
[66]Maria-Elena Algorri.Surface reconstruction from unstructured 3d data[J].Computer Graphics forum,1996,15(1):47-60.
[67]R.Pfeifle,H-P.Seidel.Spherical triangular B-splines with application to data fitting[J].Computer Graphc s Forum.1995:14(3):89-96.
[68]William E.Lorensen.Marching cubes,a high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm[J].Computer Graphics,1987,21(4):356-360.
[69]Eric Bittar.Automatic reconstruction of unstructured 3D data:combining a medial axis and implicit surface[J].EUROGRAPHICS '95.1995,14(3)799-803.
[70]Robert Mencl.A Graph-based approach to surface reconstruction[J].Eurographcs,1995,14(3):222-225.
[71]卞学海.具有纹理真实感的曲面重构算法及其系统实现技术的研究[D].北京:清华大学,2002.
[72]MultiGen-Paradigm,Inc.T he MultiGen Creator Desktop Tutor/Creator Help.http://www.multigen-paradigm.com,2005[EB/OL].
[73]Amenta,N.,Bern,M.Surface reconstruction by Voronoi filtering[J].Discrete Comput.Geo.1999:22(4):481-504.
[74]崔汉国,张星,刘晓成.图像和建模相结合的虚拟场景绘制技术研究[J].系统仿真学报,2005,17(5):1168-1171.
[75]Stoter J E,van Oosterom P J M.De Integratie van 2D en 3D Geo-object-en in een DBMS[A].Proceedings GIN 2002[C],Geoinformatiedag Nederland,2002-02.
[76]Abdul-Rahman,A.,Zlatanova,S.,and Shi,W.Topology for 3D spatial objects[A].Proceedings of International Symposium and Exhibition on Geoinformation 2002[C],Kuala Lumpur:2002.
[77]刘伟.赵德鹏.王德强.基于隐实体建模模式的分布式约束数据库系统[J].计算机工程,2005,31(17):87-89.
[78]赵定海,黄玺瑛.三维造型库在作战仿真中的应用初探[A].2005全国仿真技术学术会议论文集[C],2005:197-199。
[79]Cai Xingquan.Research of Dynamic Terrain in Complex Battlefield Environments[A].Proceedings of Edutainment[C],2006.
[80]陆艳青.海量地形数据实时绘制的技术研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2003
[81]Yan,J K.Advances in Computer Generated Imagery for Flight Simulation[J].IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.1985,5(1):37-51.
[82]Vince,J.Virtual Reality Techniques in Flight Simulation[A].In:R A Earnshaw,M A Gigante,and H Jones,eds.Virtual Reality Systems[C].Holland:Kluwer Academic Publisher,1993.
[83]Fowler,R J and J J Little.Automatic Extraction of Irregular Network Digital Terrain Models[A].Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 79[C],1979:199-207.
[84]DeFloriani,L,B Falcidieno,and C Pien-Ovi.A Delaunay-Based Method for Surface Approximation[A].Proceedings of Eurographics' 83[C],1983:333-350.
[85]Scarlatos,L and T Pavlidis.Hierarchical Triangulation Using Cartographic Coherence[J].CVGIP:Graphical Models and Image Processing.1992,54(2):147-161.
[86]Heckbert,P and M Garland.Survey of Polygonal Simplification Algorithms[A].Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 97 Course Notes[C],1997.
[87]Cohen,J,A Varshney,D Manocha,G Turk,H Weber,P Agarwal,F Brooks,and W Wright.Simplification Envelopes[A].Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 96[C].1996:119-128.
[88]DeFloriani,L,L Marzano,and E Puppo.Multiresolution Models for Topographic Surface Description[J].The Visual Computer.1996,12(7):317-345.
[89]Youbing,Z,Z Ji,S Jiaoying,and P Zhigeng.A Fast Algorithm for Large-Scale Terrain Walkthrough[A].Proceedings of CAD/Graphics 2001[C].2001:103-106.
[90]John S.Falby,Michael J.Zyda,Daud R.Pratt and Randy L.Mackey,NPSNET:Hierarchical Data Structures for Real-Time Three-Dimensional Visual Simulation[J].Computers & Graphics,1993,17(1):65-69.
[91]Xia,J C,J El-Sana,and A Varshney.Adaptive Real-Time Level-of-Detail-Based Rendering for Polygonal Models[J].IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.1997,3(2):171-183.
[92]Hugues Hoppe.Progressive meshes[A].Proceedings of Computer Graphics Annual Conference Series[C],New Orleans:ACM Press,1996:99-108.
[93]Hugues Hoppe,View-Dependent Refinement of Progressive Meshes[A].Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 97[C],1997:189-198.
[94]D.Luebke and Erickson,E.,View-Dependent Simplification of Arbitrary Polygonal Environments[A].Computer Graphics Proceedings,Annual Conference Series,SIGGRAPH 1997[C],1997:199-208.
[95]Herzen,B and A Barr.Accurate Triangulations of Deformed[A].Intersecting Surfaces. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 87[C].1987:103-110.
[96]E Wu and G Fei.A Real Time Generation Algorithm of Progressive Mesh for Changing Environments[J].International Journal of Virtual Reality,2000,4(3):49-54.
[97]Samet,H and R Sivan.Algorithms for Constructing Quadtree Surface Maps[A].5th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling(1992)[C],1992:361-370.
[98]Duchaineau,M,M Wolinsky,D E Sigeti,M C Miller,C Aldrich,and M B Mineev-Weinstein.ROAMing Terrain:Real-Time Optimally Adapting Meshes[A].Proceedings of IEEE Visualization '97[C],1997:81-88.
[99]Pajarola,R.Large Scale Terrain Visualization Using the Restricted Quadtree Triangulation[A].Proceedings of IEEE Visualization '98[C],1998:19-26.
[100]Gerstner,T.Multiresolution Visualization and Compression of Global Topographic Data[R].to be published in GeoInformatica.2002.
[101]P.Lindstrom,D.Koller,W.Ribarsky,L.F.Hodges,N.Faust,and G.A.Turner.Real-time,continuous level of detail rendering of height fields[A].In Proceedings SIGGRAPH 96,ACM SIGGRAPH[C],1996:109-118.
[102]Mark Duchaineauy,Murray Wolinsky,et al.ROAMing Terrain:Real-time Optimally Adapting Meshes[A].Proceedings IEEE Visualization 97[C],1997:81-88.
[103]R.Pajarola,M.Antonijuan,R.Lario.QuadTIN:Quadtree based Triangulated Irregular Networks[A].Proceedings IEEE Visualization[C],2002:395-402.
[104]Stefan R鰐ger Wolfgang Heidrich,Philipp Slasallek,Hans-Peter Seidel,Real-Time Generation of Continuous Levels of Detail for Height Fields[A].Winter School in Computer Graphics(WSCG Proceedings)'98[C],1998.
[105]W.Evans,D.Kirkpatrick,and G.Townsend.Right-triangulated irregular networks[A].Algorithmica 30.[C]2001:264-286.
[106]Lindstrom P.Visualization of Large Terrains Made Easy[A].Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'2001[C].2001:363-370.
[107]Blow J.Terrain Rendering at High Levels of Detail.Proceedings of Game Developers'[R].Conference 2000,2000:1-6.
[108]Xiaohong Bao,Renato Pajarola.LOD-based Clustering Techniques for Efficient Large-scale Terrain Storage and Visualization[A].Proceedings of Conference on Visualization and Data Analysis[C].USA:SPIE,2003:225-235.
[109]Turner B.Real-Time Dynamic Level of Detail Terrain Rendering with ROAM.http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20000403/Tumer_01.htm.2006[DB/OL].
[110]Losasso F. Terrain Rendering Using Nested Regular Grids [A]. Proceeding of ACM SIGGRAPH'04[C], 2004.
[111]Pajarola R. Reasarch: efficient view-denpend meshing [A]. Proceeding of Computer Graphics and Application'01 [C]. Tokyo: 2001: 22-30.
[112]Luebke, D and C Erikson. View-Dependent Simplification of Arbitrary Polygonal Environments [A]. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 97[C], 1997:199-208.
[113] Cohen J. Measuring Simplification Error[R]. SIGGRAPH'02 course notes report, 2002.
[114]Kalvin Alan D, Russell H Taylor. Superfaces: polygonal mesh simplification with bounded error [J]. IEEE Computer Graphics and Application, 1996,15(3).
[115] El-Sana, J, N Sokolovsky, C Silva. Integrating Occlusion Culling with View- Dependent Rendering [A]. Proceedings IEEE Visualization 2001 [C]. 2001:371-378.
[116] El-Sana J, O Hadar. Motion-Based View-Dependent Rendering [J]. To be published in Computer and Graphics (June). 2002.
[117] P. Lindstrom, D. Koller, W. Ribarsky, L. F. Hodges, N. Faust, and G. A. Turner. Real-time, continuous level of detail rendering of height fields[C]. Proceedings SIGGRAPH 96, ACM SIGGRAPH[C], 1996:109-118.
[118] Thomas Gerstner. Top-Down View-Dependent Terrain Triangulation using the Octagon Metric [A]. Processing of Eurographics Symposium on Geometry[C], 2003:1-11.
[119] Johnson, D and E Cohen. Spatialized Normal Cone Hierarchies [A]. Processing of Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics[C], 2001:129-134.
[120]Zhang, H and K E Hoff III. Fast Backface Culling Using Normal Masks [A]. Proceedings of ACM Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics[C], 1997:103-106.
[121]Luebke, D and B Hallen. Perceptually Driven Simplification for Interactive Rendering [A]. Proceedings of Eurographics Rendering Workshop[C], 2001:223-234.
[122]David Luebke, Martin Reddy, Jonathan D. Cohen, et al. Level of Detail for 3D Graphics (M). (ISBN: 1-55860-838-9), USA: Elsevier Science, 2003.
[123]Brodersen A. Real-Time Visualization of Large Textured Terrains [A]. Proceedings of GRAPHITE 2005[C]. 2005.
[124]Xiaohong Bao, Renato Pajarola. LOD-based Clustering Techniques for Efficient Large-scale Terrain Storage and Visualization [A]. Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Visualization and Data Analysis[C], USA: SPIE, 2003:225-235.
[125] Pajarola R. Fastmesh: efficient view-dependent meshing [A]. Proceedings of Computer Graphics and Applications 01 [C], Tokyo: 2001:22-30.
[126]Bier E A,Sloan K R.Two part texture mappings[J].IEEE Computer Graphics Applications 1986,6(9):12-21.
[127]刘学慧.虚拟现实中三维复杂几何形体的层次细节模型的研究[D].北京:中国科学院软件研究所,1998.
[128]Bernd Hamann,A Data Reduction Scheme for Triangulate Surfaces[J],Computer Aided Geometric Design,1994,11:197-214.
[129]Mark Duchaineauy.Real-Time Optimally Adapting Meshing[A].Proceedings of IEEE Visualization[C],1997.
[130]De Floriant L.Hierarchical Triangulation for Multiresolution Surface Description[J].ACM Transactions on Graphics.1995,14:31-36.
[131]Garland M,Heckbert P.Simplifying surface with color and texture using quadric error metrics[A].Proceedings of IEEE Visualization Conference[C],USA:Research Triangle Park,NC,1998:263-269.
[132]Hoppe H,DeRose,Duchamp T et al.Mesh optimization[A].Proceedings of the Computer Graphics,Annual Conference Series[C].Anaheim:ACM Press,1993.19-26.
[133]MuhammadHussain,Yoshihiro Okasa.Efficient and feature-preserving triangular rmesh decimation[J].Journal of WSCG,2004,12(1):167-174.
[134]Rossignac J,Borrel P.Multi-Resolution 3D approximation for rendering complex scenes [A].Proceedings of Geometric Modeling in Computer Graphics[C],Berlin:Springer-Verlag,Falcidieno B,Kunii TL,eds.1993.445-465.
[135]Low KL,Tan TS.Model simplification using vertex clustering[A].Proceedings of the 1997 Symposium on ACM Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics[C].1997:5-81.
[136]Lindstrom P.Out-of-Core Construction and Visualization of Multiresolution Surfaces [A].Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics[C],California:Monterey,2003:93-102.
[137]Hinker P,Hansen C.Grometric optimization[A]Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization [C].Los Alamitos:IEEE Computer Society Press,1993:189-195.
[138]阮秋琦.数字图象处理学[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2001:305-310.
[139]Torres E.Optimization of the BSP for the visualization of dynamic scenes[A].Proceedings of Eurographic[C],1990:507-518.
[140]Luebke D,Erikson C.View-dependent simplification of arbitrary polygonal environments[A].Proceedings of Computer Graphics,SIGGRAPH'97[C],1997:199-208.
[141]A Shamir.Multiresolution Dynamic Meshes with Arbitrary Deformations[A].Proceedings of IEEE Visualization[C],2000:423-430
[142]Schroeder William J,Jonathan A Zarge,William E Lorensen.Decimation of triangle meshes[J]Computer Graphics(SIGGRAPH Proceedings),1992,26(2):65-70.
[143]Cohen J,Varshney A,et al.Simplification envelopes[C].Proceedings of the SIGGRAPH'96[C].1996.http://www.cs.une.edu/geom/envelope.html[J/OL].
[144]Hussain M,et al.Efficient and Feature-Preserving Triangular Mesh Decimation[J].Journal of WSCG,2004,12(1):167-174.
[145]Kalvin A,Taylor R.Superfaces:Polygonal Mesh Simplification with Bounded Error[J].IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,1996,16(2):64-77.
[146]Evans W,Kirkpatrick D and Townsend G.Right-triangulated irregular networks[A].Proceedings of Algorithmica30[C],2001:264-286.
[147]Hebert DJ,Kim HJ.Image encoding with triangulation wavelets[A].Proceedings of the SPIE[C],1995,2569(1):381-392.
[148]Greene N,Kass M,Miller G.Hierarchical z-buffer visibility[A].Proceedings of the SIGGRAPH[C],1993:231-238.
[149]Yefei He.Real-Time Extendible-Resolution Display of On-Line Dynamic Terrain[A].Proceedings of Graphics Interface[C],2002.
[150]Turk G.Re-tiling Polygonal Surfaces[J].Computer Graphics,1992,26(2):55-64.
[151]Xia J C,Varshney A.Dynamic view-dependent simplification for polygonal models[A].Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization[C],1996:323-339.
[152]Garland M,Heckbert P.Surface simplification using quadric error metrics[A].Proceedings of the Computer Graphics,Annual Conference Series[C].Los Angeles:ACM Press,1997:209-216.
[153]周晓云,何大曾,刘慎权.一种层次化模型构造方法[J].中国图象图形学报,1997,2(8,9):555-561.
[154]陈礼民,秦爱红.三维图形简化新算法[J].中国图象图形学报,1997,2(2,3):157-160.
[155]潘志庚,马小虎,石教英.虚拟环境中多细节层次模型自动生成算法[J].软件学报,1996,7(9):526-531.
[156]Lindstrom P,Turk G.Image-driven Simplification[J].ACM Transactions on Graphics,2000,19(3):204-241.
[157]Sander,P.,Snyder,J.,Gortler,S.,Hoppe,H.Texture.Texture Mapping Progressive Meshes[A].In SIGGRAPH[C],2001:409-416.
[158]Cignoni P,Montani C,Rocchini C et al.Preserving attribute values on simplified meshes by resampling detail textures[J].The Visual Computer,1999,15(10):519-539.
[159]Cohen J,Olano M,et al.Appearance-Preserving Simplification[A].Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH,[C]Orlando:FL.1998:115-122.
[160]Erikson C,Manocha D.GAPS:General and Automatic Polygonal Simplification[A].Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics[C].Atlanta:ACM Press,1999:79-88.
[161]Garland M,Shaffer E.A Multiphase Approach to Efficient Surface Simplification[A].Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization[C],Boston:MA,2002:117-124.
[162]Rossignac R,Paul Borrel.Multi-resolution 3D approximations for rendering complex scenes[R].Technical Report RC 17697,IBM Research Division,Watson T J.Research Center,Yorktown Heights,NY10958,1993.
[163]Cohen J,Varshney A,et al.Simplification envelopes[J].Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH Proceedings),1996,30:119-128.
[164]Cohen J.Approaches to Polygonal Model Simplification[R].SIGGRAPH'00 course notes report,2000.
[165]Morgan Kaufmann.Level of Detail for 3D Graphics[M].UAS:Worx Press,2003:56-57.
[166]石教英.虚拟现实基础及实用算法[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:135-140.
[167]王健,何明一.可减少模型简化误差的边折叠简化算法及应用[J].计算机科学,2004,31(1):142-143.
[168]Schmalstieg D et al.Smooth of levels of detail[A].Proceedings of Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium[C],Los Alamitos:IEEE,1997:12-19.
[169]Kobbelt L,Campagna S,Seidel H.A General Framework for Mesh Decimation[A].Proceedings of the Graphics Interface[C],Canada:Vancouver,British Columbia,1998.43-50.
[170]Clifford A,Shaffer A.Practical Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis [M]Second Edition.北京:电子工业出版社,2002:101-109.
[171]鬃鬃鬃(?)登陆破障艇操作手册[Z].
[172]徐兆康.造船工艺学[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2000:110-206
[173]孙家广.计算机图形学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999.6
[174]MultiGen-Paradigm.Vega Prime Options Guide(version 2.0)[Z].MultiGen-Paradigm,Inc.2005:230-233.
[175]尹勇,任鸿翔,张秀风,等.航海仿真虚拟环境的海浪视景生成技术[J].系统仿真学报,2002,14(3):313-315.
[176]Hinsinger D,Neyret F,Cani Marie-Paule.Interactive animation of ocean waves[A].Proceedings of the Symposium on Computer Animation[C],Florida:ACM,2002:231-240.
[177]William T.Reeves.Particle Systems-A Technique for Modeling a Class of Fuzzy Objects[J].Computer Graphics,1983,17(3):359-376.
[178]马登武,叶文,李瑛.基于包围盒的碰撞检测算法综述[J].系统仿真学报,2006,18(4):1058-1064.
[179]丁伟利,郝颖明,朱枫,等.排爆机器人训练仿真系统中的碰撞检测技术[J].系统仿真学报,2006,18(3):675-679.
[180]任光,牛井超,颜德文,等.三种船舶运动控制反正系统[J].系统仿真学报,2001,13(6):785-788.
[181]杨伦标,高英仪.模糊数学原理及应用[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社,2000.
[2]黄柯棣,刘宝宏,黄健等.作战仿真技术综述[J].系统仿真学报,2004,16(9):1887-1895.
[3]王精业.军事转型中的仿真科学与技术[J].系统仿真学报,2005 17(6):1282-1284.
[4]孙柏林,靳大安.外军建模与仿真综述[J].计算机仿真,2002,19(1):4-8.
[5]孙柏林.美军建模与仿真网上信息概览[J].军事运筹与系统工程,2001(4):10-15.
[6]lattp://www.defenselink.mil//millennium-challenge-2002/[EB/OL].
[7]熊新平.”千年挑战2002”启示[J].现代防御技术,2002,30(5):22-24.
[8]胡晓峰.构建科学的战争模拟体系迎接新军事变革的挑战[J].系统仿真学报,2004,16(2):190-193.
[9]Thoennessen,U.Gross,H.Three-dimensional visualization of buildings for urban warfare[A].Proceedings of the SPIE,Volume 5101[C],2003.USA:SPIE,2003:224-232.
[10]E.Mert,E.W.Jilson:Modeling conventional land combat in a multi-agent system using generalizations of the different combat entities and combat operations[D].USA:Naval Postgraduate School,NSN 7540-01-280-5500,September 2001.
[11]Philip J.Rhodes,R.Daniel Bergeron,Ted M.Sparr.A data model for adaptive multiresolution scientific data[A].Proceedings of Data Visualization:The State of the Art 2003[C].Holland:Kluwer Academic Publisher,2003:257-272.
[12]赵沁平.分布式虚拟战场环境-现代战争的实验场[J].系统仿真学报,2001.13(Suppl):1-7.
[13]赵沁平.DVENET分布式虚拟环境[M].北京:科学出版社.2002.
[14]Chinese Association of System Simulation.Present and Future of Modeling and Simulation Technology in China[A].Proceedings of ICSC'2002[C],China:2002.
[15]赵沁平.DVENET分布式虚拟现实应用系统运行平台与开发工具[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[16]王维平等.Sim2000:一个柔性仿真开发环境[J].系统仿真学报,2000,12(1):61-64.
[17]军事科学院.中国人民解放军军语[M].北京,军事科学出版社,1997.
[18]马亚平.作战行动模型的描述对象与建模方法[J].军事运筹与系统工程,2002(3):14-16.
[19]陈雷鸣,沈寿林.训练模拟系统建模理论与方法的创新[J].军事运筹与系统工程,2003(3):6-9。
[20]程旺迟,许瑞明,张最良.多分辨率建模理论方法研究的现状与发展[J].军事运筹与系统工程,2003(3):58-61.
[21]何晶,王刚.李为民.C3I系统仿真模型库系统研究[J].计算机工程.2003,29(4):54-57.
[22]Wright Gordon P,Chaturved Alok K,MookerJee Radha V,et al.Intergrated Modeling environments in organizations:An empirical study[J].Information System Research,1998,9(1):64-85.
[23]陈富赞,范贻昌,纪世光,等.面向对象的模型管理方法的研究与应用[J].系统工程理论与实践,1999(6):9-16.
[24]杨育彬,林珲,朱庆.基于内容的三维模型检索综述[J].计算机学报,2004,27(10):1297-1310.
[25]Min P.Halderman A.,Kazhdan M.Funkhouser A..Early experiences with a 3d model search engine[A].Proceedings of Web3D Symposium,2003[C].France:Saint Malo,2003:7-8.
[26]Novotni,Klein R.3dzernike descriptors for content based shape retrieval[A].Proceedings of ACM Symposium on Soild Modeling and Application,2003[C].USA:Seattle,Washington,2003:216-255.
[27]Yamada A.,et al.MPEG-7 visual part of experimetation model version 9.0.MPEG Video Group[R].Pisa,Italy:Technical Report ISO/MPEG N3914,2001.
[28]Corney J.,et al.Coarse Filters for shape matching[J].IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,2002,22(3):65-74.
[29]Funkhouser T.,et al.A search engine for 3d models[J].ACM Transactions on Graphics,2003,22(1):83-105.
[30]王波兴,王波,张云清等.复杂机械系统仿真平台模型管理研究与实现[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2004,16(6):819-825.
[31]周晓云,何大曾,刘慎权.一种层次化模型构造方法[J].中国图象图形学报,1997,2(8,9):555-561.
[32]Zhiqiang Gao.Designing Interactive Multi-agent Systems with Semantic 3D Environments[M].Nara,Japan:SWFAT,2003.
[33]杨峰,李群,王维平等.体系对抗仿真跨层次建模方法论[J].系统仿真学报,2005,17(5):270-274.
[34]Meyer M,Desbrun M,Schroder P,et al.Discrete differential geometry operators for triangulated 2-manifolds[A].Hege HC,Polthier K,eds Visualization and Mathematics Ⅲ[C].2003:35-57.
[35]Kim S.J.,Jeong W.K.,Kim C.H.LOD generation with discrete curvature error metric[A].Proceedings of the 2nd Korea Israel Bi-National Conference on Geometrical Modeling and Computer Graphics[C],Korea:1999:97-104.
[36]R Pajarola.Large Scale Terrain Visualization Using the Restricted Quadtree Triangulation [A].Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'98[C],1998:19-26.
[37]Immersion Corporation,http://www.immersion.com/products/3d/[EB/OL].
[38]3D Scanners Ltd,http://www.3dscanners.com/[EB/OL].
[39]Cyberware Inc.,http://www.cyberware.com/products/index.html[EB/OL].
[40]3rdTech,Inc.,http://www.3rdtech.com/DeltaSphere.htm[EB/OL].
[41]汪成为,高文,王行仁.灵境(虚拟现实)技术的理论、实现及应用[M].南宁:广西科学技术出版社,1996.
[42]Borghese N A,Ferrari S.A portable modular system for automatic acquisition of 3D objects[J].IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement,2000,49(5):1128-1136.
[43]Attene,M.,Spagnuolo,M.Automatic surface reconstruction from point sets in space[J].Computer Graphics Forum,2000,19(3):457-465
[44]Varady T.,Martin R.R.,Cox J.Reverse engineering of geometric models-an introduction[J].Computer-Aided Design,1997,29(4):255-268.
[45]许智钦,孙长库.3D逆向工程技术[M].中国计量出版社,2002.
[46]Jin Gu.3D reconstruction of sculptured objects[D].Hong Kong:The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,1998.
[47]蔺宏伟.离散几何信息处理-从点到面[D].杭州:浙江大学,2003.
[48]Pulli K.,Duchamp T.,Hoppe H.,McDonald J.,Shapiro L.,and Stuetzle W.Robust meshes from multiple range maps[A].International Conference on Recent Advances in 3D Digital Imaging and Modeling[C],IEEE CS Press,1997:205-211.
[49]Bernardini F.and Rushmeier H.The 3D model acquisition pipeline[J].Computer Graphics Forum,2002,21(2):149-172.
[50]Mencl E.,M(u|¨)ller H.Interpolation and approximation of surfaces from three-dimensional scattered data points[A].State of the Art Reports,Eurographics'98[C],1998:51-67.
[51]Bernardini F.,Bajaj C.,Chen J.,and Schikore D.Automatic Reconstruction of 3D CAD Models from Digital Scans[J].Computational Geometry and Applications,1999,9(4&5):327-370.
[52]Petitjean S.,and Boyer E.Regular and non-regular point sets:Properties and reconstruction[J].Computational Geometry.2001,19(1):101-126.
[53]Adamy U.,Giesen J.,and John M.Surface reconstruction using umbrella filters[J].Computational Geometry,2002,21(1):63-86.
[54]Dyn N,Hormann K,Kim S-J,and Levin D.Optimizing 3D triangulations using discrete curvature analysis[A].Mathematical Methods for Curves and Surface[C],2001:135-146.
[55]Zigelman G.,Kimmel R.,Kiryati N.Texture mapping using surface flattening via multidimensional scaling[J].IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,2002,8(2):198-207.
[56]Page D.,Koschan A.,and Abidi M.A.Perception-based 3D Triangle Mesh Segmentation Using Fast Marching Watersheds[A].Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition CVPR03[C],USA:Madison,WI,Vol.(Ⅱ),2003:27-32.
[57]贾瑞玉,汪炳权,含病变肝脏CT图像三角形表面重构的实现[J],微机发展,1999,23(3):325-327.
[58]Hugues Hoppe.Surface reconstruction from unorganized points[A].In Proceedings of Siggraph 92[C],Chicago:1992:26-31.
[59]Muraki,S.,1991.Volumetric shape description of range data using "Blobby Model"[J].Computer Graphics 1991,25(4):227-235.
[60]Curless,B.,and Levoy,M.,1996.A volumetric method for building complex models from range images[A].Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 96[C](August),1996:303-312.
[61]Alexa,M.,Behr,J.,Cohen-Or,D.,Fleishman,S.,Levin,D.,Silva,C.T.Computing and rendering point set surfaces[J].IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,2003,9(1):3-15.
[62]Y.Ohtake,A.Belyaev,M.Alexa,G.Turk,H.Seidel.Multi-level Partition of Unity Implicits[A].Proceedings of Siggraph 2003[C],2003:463-470.
[63]G.M.Nielson.Radial Hermite Operators for Scattered Point Cloud Data with Normal Vectors and Applications to Implicitizing Polygon Mesh Surfaces for Generalized CSG Operations and Smoothing[A].Proceedings of IEEE Visualization 2004[C].
[64]苗兰芳.点模型的表面几何建模和绘制[D].杭州:浙江大学,2005.
[65]Gerald E.Farin.Curves and surface for computer aided design,a practical guide[M].Holland:Kluwer Academic Publisher,1990.
[66]Maria-Elena Algorri.Surface reconstruction from unstructured 3d data[J].Computer Graphics forum,1996,15(1):47-60.
[67]R.Pfeifle,H-P.Seidel.Spherical triangular B-splines with application to data fitting[J].Computer Graphc s Forum.1995:14(3):89-96.
[68]William E.Lorensen.Marching cubes,a high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm[J].Computer Graphics,1987,21(4):356-360.
[69]Eric Bittar.Automatic reconstruction of unstructured 3D data:combining a medial axis and implicit surface[J].EUROGRAPHICS '95.1995,14(3)799-803.
[70]Robert Mencl.A Graph-based approach to surface reconstruction[J].Eurographcs,1995,14(3):222-225.
[71]卞学海.具有纹理真实感的曲面重构算法及其系统实现技术的研究[D].北京:清华大学,2002.
[72]MultiGen-Paradigm,Inc.T he MultiGen Creator Desktop Tutor/Creator Help.http://www.multigen-paradigm.com,2005[EB/OL].
[73]Amenta,N.,Bern,M.Surface reconstruction by Voronoi filtering[J].Discrete Comput.Geo.1999:22(4):481-504.
[74]崔汉国,张星,刘晓成.图像和建模相结合的虚拟场景绘制技术研究[J].系统仿真学报,2005,17(5):1168-1171.
[75]Stoter J E,van Oosterom P J M.De Integratie van 2D en 3D Geo-object-en in een DBMS[A].Proceedings GIN 2002[C],Geoinformatiedag Nederland,2002-02.
[76]Abdul-Rahman,A.,Zlatanova,S.,and Shi,W.Topology for 3D spatial objects[A].Proceedings of International Symposium and Exhibition on Geoinformation 2002[C],Kuala Lumpur:2002.
[77]刘伟.赵德鹏.王德强.基于隐实体建模模式的分布式约束数据库系统[J].计算机工程,2005,31(17):87-89.
[78]赵定海,黄玺瑛.三维造型库在作战仿真中的应用初探[A].2005全国仿真技术学术会议论文集[C],2005:197-199。
[79]Cai Xingquan.Research of Dynamic Terrain in Complex Battlefield Environments[A].Proceedings of Edutainment[C],2006.
[80]陆艳青.海量地形数据实时绘制的技术研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2003
[81]Yan,J K.Advances in Computer Generated Imagery for Flight Simulation[J].IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.1985,5(1):37-51.
[82]Vince,J.Virtual Reality Techniques in Flight Simulation[A].In:R A Earnshaw,M A Gigante,and H Jones,eds.Virtual Reality Systems[C].Holland:Kluwer Academic Publisher,1993.
[83]Fowler,R J and J J Little.Automatic Extraction of Irregular Network Digital Terrain Models[A].Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 79[C],1979:199-207.
[84]DeFloriani,L,B Falcidieno,and C Pien-Ovi.A Delaunay-Based Method for Surface Approximation[A].Proceedings of Eurographics' 83[C],1983:333-350.
[85]Scarlatos,L and T Pavlidis.Hierarchical Triangulation Using Cartographic Coherence[J].CVGIP:Graphical Models and Image Processing.1992,54(2):147-161.
[86]Heckbert,P and M Garland.Survey of Polygonal Simplification Algorithms[A].Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 97 Course Notes[C],1997.
[87]Cohen,J,A Varshney,D Manocha,G Turk,H Weber,P Agarwal,F Brooks,and W Wright.Simplification Envelopes[A].Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 96[C].1996:119-128.
[88]DeFloriani,L,L Marzano,and E Puppo.Multiresolution Models for Topographic Surface Description[J].The Visual Computer.1996,12(7):317-345.
[89]Youbing,Z,Z Ji,S Jiaoying,and P Zhigeng.A Fast Algorithm for Large-Scale Terrain Walkthrough[A].Proceedings of CAD/Graphics 2001[C].2001:103-106.
[90]John S.Falby,Michael J.Zyda,Daud R.Pratt and Randy L.Mackey,NPSNET:Hierarchical Data Structures for Real-Time Three-Dimensional Visual Simulation[J].Computers & Graphics,1993,17(1):65-69.
[91]Xia,J C,J El-Sana,and A Varshney.Adaptive Real-Time Level-of-Detail-Based Rendering for Polygonal Models[J].IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics.1997,3(2):171-183.
[92]Hugues Hoppe.Progressive meshes[A].Proceedings of Computer Graphics Annual Conference Series[C],New Orleans:ACM Press,1996:99-108.
[93]Hugues Hoppe,View-Dependent Refinement of Progressive Meshes[A].Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 97[C],1997:189-198.
[94]D.Luebke and Erickson,E.,View-Dependent Simplification of Arbitrary Polygonal Environments[A].Computer Graphics Proceedings,Annual Conference Series,SIGGRAPH 1997[C],1997:199-208.
[95]Herzen,B and A Barr.Accurate Triangulations of Deformed[A].Intersecting Surfaces. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 87[C].1987:103-110.
[96]E Wu and G Fei.A Real Time Generation Algorithm of Progressive Mesh for Changing Environments[J].International Journal of Virtual Reality,2000,4(3):49-54.
[97]Samet,H and R Sivan.Algorithms for Constructing Quadtree Surface Maps[A].5th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling(1992)[C],1992:361-370.
[98]Duchaineau,M,M Wolinsky,D E Sigeti,M C Miller,C Aldrich,and M B Mineev-Weinstein.ROAMing Terrain:Real-Time Optimally Adapting Meshes[A].Proceedings of IEEE Visualization '97[C],1997:81-88.
[99]Pajarola,R.Large Scale Terrain Visualization Using the Restricted Quadtree Triangulation[A].Proceedings of IEEE Visualization '98[C],1998:19-26.
[100]Gerstner,T.Multiresolution Visualization and Compression of Global Topographic Data[R].to be published in GeoInformatica.2002.
[101]P.Lindstrom,D.Koller,W.Ribarsky,L.F.Hodges,N.Faust,and G.A.Turner.Real-time,continuous level of detail rendering of height fields[A].In Proceedings SIGGRAPH 96,ACM SIGGRAPH[C],1996:109-118.
[102]Mark Duchaineauy,Murray Wolinsky,et al.ROAMing Terrain:Real-time Optimally Adapting Meshes[A].Proceedings IEEE Visualization 97[C],1997:81-88.
[103]R.Pajarola,M.Antonijuan,R.Lario.QuadTIN:Quadtree based Triangulated Irregular Networks[A].Proceedings IEEE Visualization[C],2002:395-402.
[104]Stefan R鰐ger Wolfgang Heidrich,Philipp Slasallek,Hans-Peter Seidel,Real-Time Generation of Continuous Levels of Detail for Height Fields[A].Winter School in Computer Graphics(WSCG Proceedings)'98[C],1998.
[105]W.Evans,D.Kirkpatrick,and G.Townsend.Right-triangulated irregular networks[A].Algorithmica 30.[C]2001:264-286.
[106]Lindstrom P.Visualization of Large Terrains Made Easy[A].Proceedings of IEEE Visualization'2001[C].2001:363-370.
[107]Blow J.Terrain Rendering at High Levels of Detail.Proceedings of Game Developers'[R].Conference 2000,2000:1-6.
[108]Xiaohong Bao,Renato Pajarola.LOD-based Clustering Techniques for Efficient Large-scale Terrain Storage and Visualization[A].Proceedings of Conference on Visualization and Data Analysis[C].USA:SPIE,2003:225-235.
[109]Turner B.Real-Time Dynamic Level of Detail Terrain Rendering with ROAM.http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20000403/Tumer_01.htm.2006[DB/OL].
[110]Losasso F. Terrain Rendering Using Nested Regular Grids [A]. Proceeding of ACM SIGGRAPH'04[C], 2004.
[111]Pajarola R. Reasarch: efficient view-denpend meshing [A]. Proceeding of Computer Graphics and Application'01 [C]. Tokyo: 2001: 22-30.
[112]Luebke, D and C Erikson. View-Dependent Simplification of Arbitrary Polygonal Environments [A]. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 97[C], 1997:199-208.
[113] Cohen J. Measuring Simplification Error[R]. SIGGRAPH'02 course notes report, 2002.
[114]Kalvin Alan D, Russell H Taylor. Superfaces: polygonal mesh simplification with bounded error [J]. IEEE Computer Graphics and Application, 1996,15(3).
[115] El-Sana, J, N Sokolovsky, C Silva. Integrating Occlusion Culling with View- Dependent Rendering [A]. Proceedings IEEE Visualization 2001 [C]. 2001:371-378.
[116] El-Sana J, O Hadar. Motion-Based View-Dependent Rendering [J]. To be published in Computer and Graphics (June). 2002.
[117] P. Lindstrom, D. Koller, W. Ribarsky, L. F. Hodges, N. Faust, and G. A. Turner. Real-time, continuous level of detail rendering of height fields[C]. Proceedings SIGGRAPH 96, ACM SIGGRAPH[C], 1996:109-118.
[118] Thomas Gerstner. Top-Down View-Dependent Terrain Triangulation using the Octagon Metric [A]. Processing of Eurographics Symposium on Geometry[C], 2003:1-11.
[119] Johnson, D and E Cohen. Spatialized Normal Cone Hierarchies [A]. Processing of Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics[C], 2001:129-134.
[120]Zhang, H and K E Hoff III. Fast Backface Culling Using Normal Masks [A]. Proceedings of ACM Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics[C], 1997:103-106.
[121]Luebke, D and B Hallen. Perceptually Driven Simplification for Interactive Rendering [A]. Proceedings of Eurographics Rendering Workshop[C], 2001:223-234.
[122]David Luebke, Martin Reddy, Jonathan D. Cohen, et al. Level of Detail for 3D Graphics (M). (ISBN: 1-55860-838-9), USA: Elsevier Science, 2003.
[123]Brodersen A. Real-Time Visualization of Large Textured Terrains [A]. Proceedings of GRAPHITE 2005[C]. 2005.
[124]Xiaohong Bao, Renato Pajarola. LOD-based Clustering Techniques for Efficient Large-scale Terrain Storage and Visualization [A]. Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Visualization and Data Analysis[C], USA: SPIE, 2003:225-235.
[125] Pajarola R. Fastmesh: efficient view-dependent meshing [A]. Proceedings of Computer Graphics and Applications 01 [C], Tokyo: 2001:22-30.
[126]Bier E A,Sloan K R.Two part texture mappings[J].IEEE Computer Graphics Applications 1986,6(9):12-21.
[127]刘学慧.虚拟现实中三维复杂几何形体的层次细节模型的研究[D].北京:中国科学院软件研究所,1998.
[128]Bernd Hamann,A Data Reduction Scheme for Triangulate Surfaces[J],Computer Aided Geometric Design,1994,11:197-214.
[129]Mark Duchaineauy.Real-Time Optimally Adapting Meshing[A].Proceedings of IEEE Visualization[C],1997.
[130]De Floriant L.Hierarchical Triangulation for Multiresolution Surface Description[J].ACM Transactions on Graphics.1995,14:31-36.
[131]Garland M,Heckbert P.Simplifying surface with color and texture using quadric error metrics[A].Proceedings of IEEE Visualization Conference[C],USA:Research Triangle Park,NC,1998:263-269.
[132]Hoppe H,DeRose,Duchamp T et al.Mesh optimization[A].Proceedings of the Computer Graphics,Annual Conference Series[C].Anaheim:ACM Press,1993.19-26.
[133]MuhammadHussain,Yoshihiro Okasa.Efficient and feature-preserving triangular rmesh decimation[J].Journal of WSCG,2004,12(1):167-174.
[134]Rossignac J,Borrel P.Multi-Resolution 3D approximation for rendering complex scenes [A].Proceedings of Geometric Modeling in Computer Graphics[C],Berlin:Springer-Verlag,Falcidieno B,Kunii TL,eds.1993.445-465.
[135]Low KL,Tan TS.Model simplification using vertex clustering[A].Proceedings of the 1997 Symposium on ACM Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics[C].1997:5-81.
[136]Lindstrom P.Out-of-Core Construction and Visualization of Multiresolution Surfaces [A].Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics[C],California:Monterey,2003:93-102.
[137]Hinker P,Hansen C.Grometric optimization[A]Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization [C].Los Alamitos:IEEE Computer Society Press,1993:189-195.
[138]阮秋琦.数字图象处理学[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2001:305-310.
[139]Torres E.Optimization of the BSP for the visualization of dynamic scenes[A].Proceedings of Eurographic[C],1990:507-518.
[140]Luebke D,Erikson C.View-dependent simplification of arbitrary polygonal environments[A].Proceedings of Computer Graphics,SIGGRAPH'97[C],1997:199-208.
[141]A Shamir.Multiresolution Dynamic Meshes with Arbitrary Deformations[A].Proceedings of IEEE Visualization[C],2000:423-430
[142]Schroeder William J,Jonathan A Zarge,William E Lorensen.Decimation of triangle meshes[J]Computer Graphics(SIGGRAPH Proceedings),1992,26(2):65-70.
[143]Cohen J,Varshney A,et al.Simplification envelopes[C].Proceedings of the SIGGRAPH'96[C].1996.http://www.cs.une.edu/geom/envelope.html[J/OL].
[144]Hussain M,et al.Efficient and Feature-Preserving Triangular Mesh Decimation[J].Journal of WSCG,2004,12(1):167-174.
[145]Kalvin A,Taylor R.Superfaces:Polygonal Mesh Simplification with Bounded Error[J].IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,1996,16(2):64-77.
[146]Evans W,Kirkpatrick D and Townsend G.Right-triangulated irregular networks[A].Proceedings of Algorithmica30[C],2001:264-286.
[147]Hebert DJ,Kim HJ.Image encoding with triangulation wavelets[A].Proceedings of the SPIE[C],1995,2569(1):381-392.
[148]Greene N,Kass M,Miller G.Hierarchical z-buffer visibility[A].Proceedings of the SIGGRAPH[C],1993:231-238.
[149]Yefei He.Real-Time Extendible-Resolution Display of On-Line Dynamic Terrain[A].Proceedings of Graphics Interface[C],2002.
[150]Turk G.Re-tiling Polygonal Surfaces[J].Computer Graphics,1992,26(2):55-64.
[151]Xia J C,Varshney A.Dynamic view-dependent simplification for polygonal models[A].Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization[C],1996:323-339.
[152]Garland M,Heckbert P.Surface simplification using quadric error metrics[A].Proceedings of the Computer Graphics,Annual Conference Series[C].Los Angeles:ACM Press,1997:209-216.
[153]周晓云,何大曾,刘慎权.一种层次化模型构造方法[J].中国图象图形学报,1997,2(8,9):555-561.
[154]陈礼民,秦爱红.三维图形简化新算法[J].中国图象图形学报,1997,2(2,3):157-160.
[155]潘志庚,马小虎,石教英.虚拟环境中多细节层次模型自动生成算法[J].软件学报,1996,7(9):526-531.
[156]Lindstrom P,Turk G.Image-driven Simplification[J].ACM Transactions on Graphics,2000,19(3):204-241.
[157]Sander,P.,Snyder,J.,Gortler,S.,Hoppe,H.Texture.Texture Mapping Progressive Meshes[A].In SIGGRAPH[C],2001:409-416.
[158]Cignoni P,Montani C,Rocchini C et al.Preserving attribute values on simplified meshes by resampling detail textures[J].The Visual Computer,1999,15(10):519-539.
[159]Cohen J,Olano M,et al.Appearance-Preserving Simplification[A].Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH,[C]Orlando:FL.1998:115-122.
[160]Erikson C,Manocha D.GAPS:General and Automatic Polygonal Simplification[A].Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics[C].Atlanta:ACM Press,1999:79-88.
[161]Garland M,Shaffer E.A Multiphase Approach to Efficient Surface Simplification[A].Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization[C],Boston:MA,2002:117-124.
[162]Rossignac R,Paul Borrel.Multi-resolution 3D approximations for rendering complex scenes[R].Technical Report RC 17697,IBM Research Division,Watson T J.Research Center,Yorktown Heights,NY10958,1993.
[163]Cohen J,Varshney A,et al.Simplification envelopes[J].Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH Proceedings),1996,30:119-128.
[164]Cohen J.Approaches to Polygonal Model Simplification[R].SIGGRAPH'00 course notes report,2000.
[165]Morgan Kaufmann.Level of Detail for 3D Graphics[M].UAS:Worx Press,2003:56-57.
[166]石教英.虚拟现实基础及实用算法[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:135-140.
[167]王健,何明一.可减少模型简化误差的边折叠简化算法及应用[J].计算机科学,2004,31(1):142-143.
[168]Schmalstieg D et al.Smooth of levels of detail[A].Proceedings of Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium[C],Los Alamitos:IEEE,1997:12-19.
[169]Kobbelt L,Campagna S,Seidel H.A General Framework for Mesh Decimation[A].Proceedings of the Graphics Interface[C],Canada:Vancouver,British Columbia,1998.43-50.
[170]Clifford A,Shaffer A.Practical Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis [M]Second Edition.北京:电子工业出版社,2002:101-109.
[171]鬃鬃鬃(?)登陆破障艇操作手册[Z].
[172]徐兆康.造船工艺学[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2000:110-206
[173]孙家广.计算机图形学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999.6
[174]MultiGen-Paradigm.Vega Prime Options Guide(version 2.0)[Z].MultiGen-Paradigm,Inc.2005:230-233.
[175]尹勇,任鸿翔,张秀风,等.航海仿真虚拟环境的海浪视景生成技术[J].系统仿真学报,2002,14(3):313-315.
[176]Hinsinger D,Neyret F,Cani Marie-Paule.Interactive animation of ocean waves[A].Proceedings of the Symposium on Computer Animation[C],Florida:ACM,2002:231-240.
[177]William T.Reeves.Particle Systems-A Technique for Modeling a Class of Fuzzy Objects[J].Computer Graphics,1983,17(3):359-376.
[178]马登武,叶文,李瑛.基于包围盒的碰撞检测算法综述[J].系统仿真学报,2006,18(4):1058-1064.
[179]丁伟利,郝颖明,朱枫,等.排爆机器人训练仿真系统中的碰撞检测技术[J].系统仿真学报,2006,18(3):675-679.
[180]任光,牛井超,颜德文,等.三种船舶运动控制反正系统[J].系统仿真学报,2001,13(6):785-788.
[181]杨伦标,高英仪.模糊数学原理及应用[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社,2000.