直驱永磁风力发电机组数学模型及并网运行特性研究
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摘要
直驱永磁风力发电机组由于具备较强的并网运行能力,已大规模应用到风电场中。并网稳定性已经成为直驱永磁风力发电机组安全并网运行的关键因素,引起了广大风力发电研究人员的高度重视。直驱永磁风力发电机组并网运行特性主要受到风速突变和电网故障的影响,涉及到空气动力学、结构动力学、电机学、电力电子学、自动化控制等学科,具有较为复杂的学科综合性。因此,深入开展直驱永磁风力发电机组并网运行特性研究具有重要的理论意义。
目前,综合考虑风轮侧风速突变和电网故障因素,在这两方面进行研究正是本文研究目的所在。本文的创新性研究内容归纳为以下几个方面：
以直驱永磁风力发电机组为研究对象,建立了直驱永磁风力发电机组的结构动力学方程；利用涡流理论建立了直驱永磁风力机风动力数学模型；在此基础上,应用计算流体动力学理论建立了描述三维风电场的基本方程,进而构建了风电场结构与空气动力特性联合求解环境,应用德洛奈法完成了求解环境的非结构网格划分,应用梯度垂线法绘制了风电场三维地形；通过建立完整的风力机三维仿真模型、定义边界条件、定义风电场动态风速和风向,完成了三维风力机的结构与气动性能求解,得到了风力机结构和气动性能曲线,仿真结果证明了理论研究的正确性。
在完成风力机气动性能仿真的基础上,本文建立直驱永磁风力发电机的数学模型,推导了直驱永磁风力发电机功率平衡方程和转矩平衡方程。完成了变流器的三相坐标系和两相坐标系下的坐标转换,建立了电机侧整流器数学模型和与网侧逆变器数学模型；最终将风动力数学模型、风力发电机数学模型、变流器数学模型合成为直驱永磁风力发电机组的数学模型,进而建立了直驱永磁风力发电机组功率双侧跟踪闭环控制策略。
在建立的风动力数学模型及直驱永磁风力发电机组数学模型的基础上,在结构与空气动力联合求解环境中完成直驱永磁风力发电机组的三维气动仿真,在机组数学模型求解环境中建立直驱永磁风力发电机组数学模块,并在电力系统求解环境中实现控制策略及电网电压跌落调节,通过三个求解环境的互联,进行渐变风情况、风轮侧风速突变与电网电压跌落故障三种工况下的直驱永磁风力发电机组并网运行控制策略联合仿真研究,研究不同扰动对机组电流分量、转子转速、转矩、功率、电压、直流电压的影响。
为对本文建立的直驱永磁风力发电机组数学模型和仿真结果做进一步的试验验证,本文分别设置了单相故障与三相故障两种工况开展并网运行试验测试。并设置大功率输出和小功率输出两种功率输出方式用于模拟机组低风速和高风速情况。研究电网故障对机组电流分量、机组功率的影响。结果表明在本文控制策略下的仿真结果是准确的,本文的仿真模型能够应用于直驱永磁风力发电机组的并网运行测试。
The direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system has been used extensively in wind farms due to its superior integration performances. The integration stability has become a vital factor of the operating safety of the integrated wind turbine generator system, in fact it has aroused high attention of the majority wind power researchers. The integration performances of the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system are mainly influenced by sudden changes of the wind speed and grid failures, relating to a complex set of subjects including aerodynamics, structural dynamics, electromechanics, power electronics, automation and control. As a result, intense researches on the integration performances of the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system have theoretical significance.
So far, rarely has any mathematical model of the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system been reported in the literature that has an overall consideration on the sudden changes of wind speed and grid failures including the wind speed, the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system, the rectifier and the inverter; neither does researches on the spot performance tests of the wind turbine generator system. Filling the blank in these two areas is the aim of this dissertation. Innovative contents of this paper can be summarized as follows:
In this dissertation the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system was taken as the study object and its structural dynamics equations were established; the vortex theory was used to establish the dynamic mathematical model of the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system. These were the foundations on which the basic equations describing the three-dimensional wind farm were established with the computational fluid dynamics theory, and then the computing space of the three-dimensional wind farm was built, the Delaunay method and gradient perpendicular method were used to achieve the non-structural mesh of the computing space and draw the three-dimensional terrain of the wind farm, respectively; the structural and aerodynamic performances of the three-dimensional wind turbine generator system were solved by establishing the three-dimensional simulation model of the wind turbine generator system completely, defining the boundary conditions and the dynamic wind speed and wind direction of the wind farm. The structural and aerodynamic performance curves were obtained and the results had shown the correctness of the theory.
On the basis of the accomplished simulation on the aerodynamic performances of the wind turbine generator system, this paper had deduced the balance equations of the power and torque. The coordinate transformation of the converter between the three-phase coordinate system and two-phase coordinate system was achieved to build the mathematical models of the turbine-side rectifier and the grid-side inverter; finally the mathematical model of the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system was accomplished by combining mathematical models of the wind dynamic, the wind turbine generator system and the converters; the bilateral power feed-forward control strategy was found based on the power balance theory of the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system.On the foundations of the established mathematical models of the wind dynamic and direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system, the there-dimensional aerodynamic simulation environment of the latter was built in Structure and air power link solving environment, the mathematical model of the latter was built in Unit mathematical model environment and the control strategy and the grid voltage drop regulation was achieved in Power system solve the environment. Simulation researches on the operating control strategies of the integrated direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system under three modes including normal condition, sudden changes of wind speed on the wind wheel side and grid voltage drop faults were accomplished by the combination use of the three software, the influences of different disturbances on the current components, rotor speed, torque, power, voltage, DC voltage were studied. The simulation results had verified the mathematical models of the wind dynamic and the wind turbine generator system.
Further experimental verifications on the established mathematical model and research results of the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system had been achieved. Two modes including the single-phase fault and three-phase fault were used to verify the integration operation. The influences of grid faults on the current component and power of the wind turbine generator system were tested. Research results had shown the validity of the mathematical model of the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system established as well as the satisfiability of the control strategy for the operation of the integrated wind turbine generator system in this paper.
目前,综合考虑风轮侧风速突变和电网故障因素,在这两方面进行研究正是本文研究目的所在。本文的创新性研究内容归纳为以下几个方面：
以直驱永磁风力发电机组为研究对象,建立了直驱永磁风力发电机组的结构动力学方程；利用涡流理论建立了直驱永磁风力机风动力数学模型；在此基础上,应用计算流体动力学理论建立了描述三维风电场的基本方程,进而构建了风电场结构与空气动力特性联合求解环境,应用德洛奈法完成了求解环境的非结构网格划分,应用梯度垂线法绘制了风电场三维地形；通过建立完整的风力机三维仿真模型、定义边界条件、定义风电场动态风速和风向,完成了三维风力机的结构与气动性能求解,得到了风力机结构和气动性能曲线,仿真结果证明了理论研究的正确性。
在完成风力机气动性能仿真的基础上,本文建立直驱永磁风力发电机的数学模型,推导了直驱永磁风力发电机功率平衡方程和转矩平衡方程。完成了变流器的三相坐标系和两相坐标系下的坐标转换,建立了电机侧整流器数学模型和与网侧逆变器数学模型；最终将风动力数学模型、风力发电机数学模型、变流器数学模型合成为直驱永磁风力发电机组的数学模型,进而建立了直驱永磁风力发电机组功率双侧跟踪闭环控制策略。
在建立的风动力数学模型及直驱永磁风力发电机组数学模型的基础上,在结构与空气动力联合求解环境中完成直驱永磁风力发电机组的三维气动仿真,在机组数学模型求解环境中建立直驱永磁风力发电机组数学模块,并在电力系统求解环境中实现控制策略及电网电压跌落调节,通过三个求解环境的互联,进行渐变风情况、风轮侧风速突变与电网电压跌落故障三种工况下的直驱永磁风力发电机组并网运行控制策略联合仿真研究,研究不同扰动对机组电流分量、转子转速、转矩、功率、电压、直流电压的影响。
为对本文建立的直驱永磁风力发电机组数学模型和仿真结果做进一步的试验验证,本文分别设置了单相故障与三相故障两种工况开展并网运行试验测试。并设置大功率输出和小功率输出两种功率输出方式用于模拟机组低风速和高风速情况。研究电网故障对机组电流分量、机组功率的影响。结果表明在本文控制策略下的仿真结果是准确的,本文的仿真模型能够应用于直驱永磁风力发电机组的并网运行测试。
The direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system has been used extensively in wind farms due to its superior integration performances. The integration stability has become a vital factor of the operating safety of the integrated wind turbine generator system, in fact it has aroused high attention of the majority wind power researchers. The integration performances of the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system are mainly influenced by sudden changes of the wind speed and grid failures, relating to a complex set of subjects including aerodynamics, structural dynamics, electromechanics, power electronics, automation and control. As a result, intense researches on the integration performances of the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system have theoretical significance.
So far, rarely has any mathematical model of the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system been reported in the literature that has an overall consideration on the sudden changes of wind speed and grid failures including the wind speed, the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system, the rectifier and the inverter; neither does researches on the spot performance tests of the wind turbine generator system. Filling the blank in these two areas is the aim of this dissertation. Innovative contents of this paper can be summarized as follows:
In this dissertation the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system was taken as the study object and its structural dynamics equations were established; the vortex theory was used to establish the dynamic mathematical model of the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system. These were the foundations on which the basic equations describing the three-dimensional wind farm were established with the computational fluid dynamics theory, and then the computing space of the three-dimensional wind farm was built, the Delaunay method and gradient perpendicular method were used to achieve the non-structural mesh of the computing space and draw the three-dimensional terrain of the wind farm, respectively; the structural and aerodynamic performances of the three-dimensional wind turbine generator system were solved by establishing the three-dimensional simulation model of the wind turbine generator system completely, defining the boundary conditions and the dynamic wind speed and wind direction of the wind farm. The structural and aerodynamic performance curves were obtained and the results had shown the correctness of the theory.
On the basis of the accomplished simulation on the aerodynamic performances of the wind turbine generator system, this paper had deduced the balance equations of the power and torque. The coordinate transformation of the converter between the three-phase coordinate system and two-phase coordinate system was achieved to build the mathematical models of the turbine-side rectifier and the grid-side inverter; finally the mathematical model of the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system was accomplished by combining mathematical models of the wind dynamic, the wind turbine generator system and the converters; the bilateral power feed-forward control strategy was found based on the power balance theory of the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system.On the foundations of the established mathematical models of the wind dynamic and direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system, the there-dimensional aerodynamic simulation environment of the latter was built in Structure and air power link solving environment, the mathematical model of the latter was built in Unit mathematical model environment and the control strategy and the grid voltage drop regulation was achieved in Power system solve the environment. Simulation researches on the operating control strategies of the integrated direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system under three modes including normal condition, sudden changes of wind speed on the wind wheel side and grid voltage drop faults were accomplished by the combination use of the three software, the influences of different disturbances on the current components, rotor speed, torque, power, voltage, DC voltage were studied. The simulation results had verified the mathematical models of the wind dynamic and the wind turbine generator system.
Further experimental verifications on the established mathematical model and research results of the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system had been achieved. Two modes including the single-phase fault and three-phase fault were used to verify the integration operation. The influences of grid faults on the current component and power of the wind turbine generator system were tested. Research results had shown the validity of the mathematical model of the direct-drive permanent magnet wind turbine generator system established as well as the satisfiability of the control strategy for the operation of the integrated wind turbine generator system in this paper.
引文
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