遥感与GIS技术在山区铁路工程地质勘察中的应用研究
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摘要
铁路是国民经济的生命大动脉,为了有效实施西部大开发,国家加大了西部铁路网络建设,这些铁路主要分布在我国西部第一、二级地貌阶梯上,山高谷深,环境恶劣、交通不便,工程地质条件复杂,不良地质体类型繁多。在这些地区进行铁路选线采用常规地质勘察方法显得捉襟见肘,野外勘察范围有限,外业劳动强度大,工作进度缓慢,勘察质量难以保证;铁路工程地质勘察工作需要大量信息和资料的支持,同时也产生大量的成果数据,面对这些多源信息传统的文件管理模式也束手无策;目前我国铁路设计都是在二维地图上进行,缺乏立体感、不直观。在铁路工程地质勘察中采用遥感、GIS、三维可视化等新技术新方法,可以很好地克服以上局限,加快工作进度,并从整体上提高和保证工程地质勘察水平和质量。遥感技术为支持铁路勘察、规划和建设工作的数据采集和更新提供了必要的数据源;它的应用可以扩大地质勘察范围,克服地面调查的局限性,增强预见性,并可减少外业工作量,提高调查效率;通过遥感和三维可视化技术的应用可以对拟定线路穿越区的地形、地貌、地物、地质条件进行总体的认识和把握,准确直观地提取沿线工程地质条件和不良地质体等信息;而GIS技术为铁路地质勘查多源空间数据的存储、管理、分析和应用提供了强有力的技术支撑。
本文在详细分析铁路工程地质有关信息的基础上,综合运用RS、GIS、三维可视化技术,对西部山区丽江-香格里拉、大理-瑞丽和兰州-重庆广元至重庆段三条新建铁路进行了遥感信息提取和遥感三维可视化仿真,并研制了铁路工程地质多源信息管理系统。取得了以下主要成果和认识:
(1)针对中国西部山区恶劣的环境条件和复杂的地形、地质条件,提出了综合应用遥感、GIS和三维可视化技术进行铁路工程地质勘察信息提取和多源数据管理的技术方案,为山区铁路工程地质勘察和选线提供新思路。
(2)以往的铁路工程地质遥感调查中,多选择Landsat卫星影像或航空相片为数据源。前者分辨率低对断裂构造有好的解译效果而对不良地质现象解译效果较差;后者可以有较高的分辨率且可以进行立体观测,但单张相片覆盖的范围较小,几何校正和图像镶嵌处理困难,且为黑白相片,信息量有限。本文主要对SPOT5影像在铁路工程地质勘察中的数字处理和信息提取的关键技术进行了研究,同时在构造提取时辅以ETM+影像,在重点滑坡解译时将航片与SPOT5影像进行融合,获得了高质量的影像图和解译效果,证明了将多源遥感影像用于铁路工程地质勘察的优越性。
(3)利用高精度遥感影像可以直接勾绘出不良地质体的发育范围,并确定类型和性质,同时,还可以结合其他资料和不同时期的遥感图像分析其产生的原因、分布规律、危害程度和发展趋势。与传统的地面调查相比,速度快,成本低,准确率高,效果好,可以收到事半功倍的效果。遥感技术是西部山区铁路工程地质调查和选线不可或缺的手段之一。
(4)利用三维可视化技术将高精度DEM与正射遥感影像叠加建立三维遥感模型,提供可供反复使用的真实、直观地面景观影像和连续的漫游动画,辅助铁路工程地质三维信息提取和选线决策。遥感图像三维可视化及影像动态分析方法为铁路沿线地质调查工作开拓了新的工作思路,对加快铁路地质调查工作现代化进程具有重要意义和实用价值。
(5)针对铁路工程地质勘察信息数据量大、数据类型复杂等特点,采用LIBRARIAN分图幅数据管理技术进行铁路工程地质多源数据建库。LIBRARIAN通过对空间数据分块,并以建立空间索引的方式进行数据访问,可以方便快速地提取、查询、显示及维护空间数据,为铁路工程地质多源数据的管理提供了新思路。
(6)以ArcGIS软件为平台,在充分利用ArcGIS软件本身强大功能的基础上,采用VB+AO方式,开发出了铁路工程地质多源信息管理系统,实现数据库的管理、查询检索、空间分析、图形输出、三维虚拟行等功能,为铁路设计施工提供了数据源和决策平台。
本文研究表明在西部山区的铁路工程地质勘察与选线工作中,综合运用遥感技术、GIS技术和三维仿真技术可以扩大勘察范围、减少外业工作量、加快工作进度、提高地质勘察水平和质量,增强工程地质多源信息的有效管理与利用,为铁路建设的可视化、数字化、人工智能化管理提供技术支撑。
Railway is the artery of national economy. In order for the effective implementation of the policy of grand western development, our country increased the construction of western railway network. As the western railways are mainly built in the areas of first and second-order geomorphologic ladder, where there are steep mountains, bad environment, inconvenient traffic, complex engineering geological situation and numerous bad geological bodies, the general methods of geological survey seem to be inapplicable for the railway route selection of these areas, for they will result in many problems including limited field survey range, large outdoor work load, slow work progress and bad survey quality. Moreover, as the geological survey work of railway engineering needs numerous information and data and also produces numerous data, the tradition mode of file management is unable to deal with such multi-source information; and as the current railway design is carried out in the 2D map, the stereoscopic effect is lacked. The application of new technologies such as Remote-Sensing, GIS and 3D Visualization in the geological survey of railway engineering can solve the abovementioned problems. It also can speed up the working process, improve and guarantee the ability and quality of engineering geological survey. Remote-Sensing technology can provide the necessary data source for the data collection and updating required by the railway survey, planning and construction work; its application can expand the range of geological survey, overcome the limitation of ground investigation, reinforce the prediction, reduce the outdoor work load and improve the survey efficiency; by means of Remote-Sensing and 3D Visualization technologies, the general knowledge about the topography, geomorphology, ground objects and geological situation of the areas through which the planned railway passes can be obtained, and such information including the geological situation and bad geological bodies along the railway can be accurately and visually abstracted; and GIS technology can offer strong technical support to the storage , management , analysis and application of multi-source spatial data of geological survey of railway engineering.
Based on a detailed analysis to the relevant information of railway engineering geology, this thesis carries out the Remote-Sensing information abstraction and Remote-Sensing 3D visualization simulation for the three newly built railways from Lijiang to Shangri-La, Dali to Ruili and Lanzhou to Chongqing( Guangyuan to Chongqing section) in western rural areas and developed the multi-source information management system of railway engineering geology by integrating RS,GIS and 3D Visualization technologies. The main results are shown as following:
(1) Aiming at the bad environment, complex topographic and geological situation of western areas in China, the technical scheme of integrating RS, GIS and 3D Visualization technologies to carry out the geological survey information abstraction and the multi-source information management is put forward. This provides a new thought for the geological survey and route selection work of railway engineering in rural areas.
(2) In current remote-sensing investigation of railway engineering geology, either Landsat satellite images or aerial photos is selected as the data source. The former has low resolution. Although it has good interpretation effect of fault structure, it has bad interpretation effect of bad geological phenomenon; the latter has high resolution and can be stereoscopically observed, but the coverage of each photo is quite small, so it's hard to conduct geometric correction and photo mosaic; and as the photos are black and white photos, the information is limited. This thesis mainly adopts the key technology of digital treatment and information abstraction of SPOT5 image in the geological survey of railway engineering. Besides, the ETM+image is also used to assist the abstraction of fault structure. The aerial photos and SPOT5image are employed together to interpret the important landslides, thus the image picture and interpretation effect of high quality are obtained, and the advantage of using multi-source remote-sensing image in the geological survey of railway engineering is demonstrated.
(3) High-accuracy Remote-Sensing image can be used to delineate the developmental range of bad geological bodies, and define their types and nature. Besides, it can be combined with other information and the Remote-Sensing image at different time to analyze the reasons, distribution rules, damage degree and development trends of bad geological bodies. Compared with the tradition ground investigation, it has higher speed, higher accuracy rate and better effect, but its cost is quite lower. Remote-Sensing technology is an indispensable means for the geological survey of railway engineering and railway route selection in western rural areas.
(4) The technology of 3D Visualization is adopted to superpose high-accuracy DEM with ortho Remote-Sensing image to build 3D remote-sensing model so as to provide real and visual images of ground landscape that can be used repeatedly and continuous animation, and assist the 3D information abstraction of geological survey of railway engineering and the decision-making of railway route selection. The technology of 3D visualization of Remote-Sensing image and the method of dynamic analysis open a new thought for the geological survey work along the railway. It is of great significance and of practical value to the acceleration of modernization process of railway geological work.
(5) As the geological survey of railway engineering is featured by a large amount of information and complex data type, the technology of LIBRARIAN mass data chart division management is adopted to establish the multi-source database of railway engineering geology. LIBRARIAN technology is to divide the spatial data into parts and access data by spatial index, thus it is fast and convenient to abstract, search for, display and maintain spatial data. It provides a new thought for the multi-source data management of railway engineering geology.
(6) With ArcGIS software as the platform, based on full utilization of the strong functions of ArcGIS software itself, VB+AO method is adopted to develop the multi-source information management system of railway engineering geology, which can realize many functions of the multi-source information database such as management, search and retrieval , spatial analysis, graphics output, 3D virtual flight,etc, and provide the data-source and the decision-making platform for the construction of railway design.
The study of this thesis shows that in the geological survey and route selection work of railway engineering in western rural areas, the integrated use of remote-sensing, GIS AND 3D Visualization technologies can expand the range of geological survey, reduce the outdoor work load, speed up the working process, improve the ability and quality of geological survey, strengthen the effective management and utilization of multi-source information of engineering geology, and provide technical support for the visualization, digitalization, and artificial intelligence management of railway construction.
本文在详细分析铁路工程地质有关信息的基础上,综合运用RS、GIS、三维可视化技术,对西部山区丽江-香格里拉、大理-瑞丽和兰州-重庆广元至重庆段三条新建铁路进行了遥感信息提取和遥感三维可视化仿真,并研制了铁路工程地质多源信息管理系统。取得了以下主要成果和认识:
(1)针对中国西部山区恶劣的环境条件和复杂的地形、地质条件,提出了综合应用遥感、GIS和三维可视化技术进行铁路工程地质勘察信息提取和多源数据管理的技术方案,为山区铁路工程地质勘察和选线提供新思路。
(2)以往的铁路工程地质遥感调查中,多选择Landsat卫星影像或航空相片为数据源。前者分辨率低对断裂构造有好的解译效果而对不良地质现象解译效果较差;后者可以有较高的分辨率且可以进行立体观测,但单张相片覆盖的范围较小,几何校正和图像镶嵌处理困难,且为黑白相片,信息量有限。本文主要对SPOT5影像在铁路工程地质勘察中的数字处理和信息提取的关键技术进行了研究,同时在构造提取时辅以ETM+影像,在重点滑坡解译时将航片与SPOT5影像进行融合,获得了高质量的影像图和解译效果,证明了将多源遥感影像用于铁路工程地质勘察的优越性。
(3)利用高精度遥感影像可以直接勾绘出不良地质体的发育范围,并确定类型和性质,同时,还可以结合其他资料和不同时期的遥感图像分析其产生的原因、分布规律、危害程度和发展趋势。与传统的地面调查相比,速度快,成本低,准确率高,效果好,可以收到事半功倍的效果。遥感技术是西部山区铁路工程地质调查和选线不可或缺的手段之一。
(4)利用三维可视化技术将高精度DEM与正射遥感影像叠加建立三维遥感模型,提供可供反复使用的真实、直观地面景观影像和连续的漫游动画,辅助铁路工程地质三维信息提取和选线决策。遥感图像三维可视化及影像动态分析方法为铁路沿线地质调查工作开拓了新的工作思路,对加快铁路地质调查工作现代化进程具有重要意义和实用价值。
(5)针对铁路工程地质勘察信息数据量大、数据类型复杂等特点,采用LIBRARIAN分图幅数据管理技术进行铁路工程地质多源数据建库。LIBRARIAN通过对空间数据分块,并以建立空间索引的方式进行数据访问,可以方便快速地提取、查询、显示及维护空间数据,为铁路工程地质多源数据的管理提供了新思路。
(6)以ArcGIS软件为平台,在充分利用ArcGIS软件本身强大功能的基础上,采用VB+AO方式,开发出了铁路工程地质多源信息管理系统,实现数据库的管理、查询检索、空间分析、图形输出、三维虚拟行等功能,为铁路设计施工提供了数据源和决策平台。
本文研究表明在西部山区的铁路工程地质勘察与选线工作中,综合运用遥感技术、GIS技术和三维仿真技术可以扩大勘察范围、减少外业工作量、加快工作进度、提高地质勘察水平和质量,增强工程地质多源信息的有效管理与利用,为铁路建设的可视化、数字化、人工智能化管理提供技术支撑。
Railway is the artery of national economy. In order for the effective implementation of the policy of grand western development, our country increased the construction of western railway network. As the western railways are mainly built in the areas of first and second-order geomorphologic ladder, where there are steep mountains, bad environment, inconvenient traffic, complex engineering geological situation and numerous bad geological bodies, the general methods of geological survey seem to be inapplicable for the railway route selection of these areas, for they will result in many problems including limited field survey range, large outdoor work load, slow work progress and bad survey quality. Moreover, as the geological survey work of railway engineering needs numerous information and data and also produces numerous data, the tradition mode of file management is unable to deal with such multi-source information; and as the current railway design is carried out in the 2D map, the stereoscopic effect is lacked. The application of new technologies such as Remote-Sensing, GIS and 3D Visualization in the geological survey of railway engineering can solve the abovementioned problems. It also can speed up the working process, improve and guarantee the ability and quality of engineering geological survey. Remote-Sensing technology can provide the necessary data source for the data collection and updating required by the railway survey, planning and construction work; its application can expand the range of geological survey, overcome the limitation of ground investigation, reinforce the prediction, reduce the outdoor work load and improve the survey efficiency; by means of Remote-Sensing and 3D Visualization technologies, the general knowledge about the topography, geomorphology, ground objects and geological situation of the areas through which the planned railway passes can be obtained, and such information including the geological situation and bad geological bodies along the railway can be accurately and visually abstracted; and GIS technology can offer strong technical support to the storage , management , analysis and application of multi-source spatial data of geological survey of railway engineering.
Based on a detailed analysis to the relevant information of railway engineering geology, this thesis carries out the Remote-Sensing information abstraction and Remote-Sensing 3D visualization simulation for the three newly built railways from Lijiang to Shangri-La, Dali to Ruili and Lanzhou to Chongqing( Guangyuan to Chongqing section) in western rural areas and developed the multi-source information management system of railway engineering geology by integrating RS,GIS and 3D Visualization technologies. The main results are shown as following:
(1) Aiming at the bad environment, complex topographic and geological situation of western areas in China, the technical scheme of integrating RS, GIS and 3D Visualization technologies to carry out the geological survey information abstraction and the multi-source information management is put forward. This provides a new thought for the geological survey and route selection work of railway engineering in rural areas.
(2) In current remote-sensing investigation of railway engineering geology, either Landsat satellite images or aerial photos is selected as the data source. The former has low resolution. Although it has good interpretation effect of fault structure, it has bad interpretation effect of bad geological phenomenon; the latter has high resolution and can be stereoscopically observed, but the coverage of each photo is quite small, so it's hard to conduct geometric correction and photo mosaic; and as the photos are black and white photos, the information is limited. This thesis mainly adopts the key technology of digital treatment and information abstraction of SPOT5 image in the geological survey of railway engineering. Besides, the ETM+image is also used to assist the abstraction of fault structure. The aerial photos and SPOT5image are employed together to interpret the important landslides, thus the image picture and interpretation effect of high quality are obtained, and the advantage of using multi-source remote-sensing image in the geological survey of railway engineering is demonstrated.
(3) High-accuracy Remote-Sensing image can be used to delineate the developmental range of bad geological bodies, and define their types and nature. Besides, it can be combined with other information and the Remote-Sensing image at different time to analyze the reasons, distribution rules, damage degree and development trends of bad geological bodies. Compared with the tradition ground investigation, it has higher speed, higher accuracy rate and better effect, but its cost is quite lower. Remote-Sensing technology is an indispensable means for the geological survey of railway engineering and railway route selection in western rural areas.
(4) The technology of 3D Visualization is adopted to superpose high-accuracy DEM with ortho Remote-Sensing image to build 3D remote-sensing model so as to provide real and visual images of ground landscape that can be used repeatedly and continuous animation, and assist the 3D information abstraction of geological survey of railway engineering and the decision-making of railway route selection. The technology of 3D visualization of Remote-Sensing image and the method of dynamic analysis open a new thought for the geological survey work along the railway. It is of great significance and of practical value to the acceleration of modernization process of railway geological work.
(5) As the geological survey of railway engineering is featured by a large amount of information and complex data type, the technology of LIBRARIAN mass data chart division management is adopted to establish the multi-source database of railway engineering geology. LIBRARIAN technology is to divide the spatial data into parts and access data by spatial index, thus it is fast and convenient to abstract, search for, display and maintain spatial data. It provides a new thought for the multi-source data management of railway engineering geology.
(6) With ArcGIS software as the platform, based on full utilization of the strong functions of ArcGIS software itself, VB+AO method is adopted to develop the multi-source information management system of railway engineering geology, which can realize many functions of the multi-source information database such as management, search and retrieval , spatial analysis, graphics output, 3D virtual flight,etc, and provide the data-source and the decision-making platform for the construction of railway design.
The study of this thesis shows that in the geological survey and route selection work of railway engineering in western rural areas, the integrated use of remote-sensing, GIS AND 3D Visualization technologies can expand the range of geological survey, reduce the outdoor work load, speed up the working process, improve the ability and quality of geological survey, strengthen the effective management and utilization of multi-source information of engineering geology, and provide technical support for the visualization, digitalization, and artificial intelligence management of railway construction.
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