玉北地区鹰山组岩溶型储层地质—地震综合预测技术及应用
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摘要
麦盖提斜坡玉北地区多口探井的中下奥陶统鹰山组岩溶型储层见到良好油气显示，展现出该区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层良好的油气勘探前景。但是由于工区经历多期构造运动，断裂体系发育，使得该区鹰山组岩溶型储层的缝洞发育规模、空间分布变化较大，储层非均质性很强。这也使得后续布置探井接二连三的失利，该区的勘探陷入举步维艰的境地。因此对玉北地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储层主控因素、储层纵横向展布规律及岩溶发育模式需要全面的分析研究。文中提出地质地震综合预测的思路，以地质模式与认识为宏观指导与约束，充分发挥地震资料的空间连续展布优势，开展多种技术方法的地质地震储层综合预测。
通过对玉北1井三维研究工区奥陶系鹰山组储层的地质特征研究分析，鹰山组岩溶储层储集空间多样化，以裂缝、溶孔及小型溶洞为主，发育储层类型主要包括裂缝-溶孔型、裂缝型及溶孔型三类。断裂体系、古地貌、构造运动、岩溶作用、不整合面共同控制着岩溶储层的发育，对储层有建设性改造作用。构造运动的破裂作用造成研究区断裂体系及区域性裂缝广泛发育，它们为岩溶储层发育所需要的流体提供了渗滤通道，进而控制了地表、地下径流方向，使得岩溶储层沿断裂带发育；构造运动控制地壳的隆升和沉降，决定了研究区的岩溶古地貌形态及地层暴露程度，古地貌控制岩溶发育的有利相带分布；不整合面控制岩溶发育期次。缝洞充填作用属于破坏性成岩作用的一种，降低了储层内部的油气储集空间。通过研究区储层发育控制因素的讨论及储层发育特征的对比分析，认为鹰山组储层最主要的控制因素是断裂体系和岩溶古地貌，因此裂缝检测与古地貌恢复是对研究区岩溶储层预测的核心。
古地貌岩溶斜坡上的岩溶高地残丘区是岩溶储层发育有利区带，岩溶发育范围与潜水面位置有关，古地貌恢复与分析为寻找储层发育区带指明了宏观方向；具体的储层展布特征需要利用包含丰富地质信息的地震资料，采用多种地震储层预测技术综合进行研究分析。频谱分解技术通过不同频率调谐振幅值反映缝洞储层的展布；倾角方位角属性可以识别规模较大的断裂系统，体曲率属性能反映地层因构造弯曲变形破裂产生的裂缝，精细相干体技术能够高精度地识别地层的不连续性，改进的蚂蚁追踪算法能有效检测因地层挤压而产生的构造剪破裂缝、扩张裂缝，综合四种方法研究结果，划分裂缝发育区带；鹰山组储层基质孔隙度低，溶蚀孔、洞对该段储层孔隙度的贡献最大，通过孔隙度反演，识别溶蚀孔洞发育区带；最后以古地貌及断裂带作为研究区储层预测参考因素之一，裂缝及溶蚀孔洞作为判定储层发育优劣的重要标准之一，测井储层评价的结果作为重要的评价参考，同时还结合已钻井油气显示的情况进行地震储层综合预测，确定有利勘探区域。
从地质角度考虑，对玉北地区鹰山组岩溶型储层地震综合预测结果进行讨论，并给予地质合理性解释，实现完整的地质-地震储层综合预测。储层预测技术方法在研究区应用的有效性也得到充分体现。在此基础上建立鹰山组岩溶储层发育模式，为玉北地区下一步勘探提供借鉴和参考。
不同类型的储集体受控于不同的主控因素，有不同的地质特征，对应着不同的地震响应特征。通过不同地区、不同主控因素在地震上的响应特征对比分析，认为地球物理信息可以辅助储层主控因素的分析，同时在地震响应特征与主控不能匹配及合理解释时，能帮助及时发现问题，指导地质-地震储层综合预测。
Karst reservoirs in Yingshan formation of Lower Ordovician have a good showof oil and gas on Markit slope in Yubei area, showing good prospects of oil and gasexploration of these Ordovician carbonate reservoirs. However, the fracture-cavedevelopment scale and spatial distribution of karst reservoir in Yingshan formationchanged severely, and reservoir heterogeneity is very strong because of the repeatedlytectonic movements and the development of the fracture system. This makes theexploration into a difficult situation in the area. Therefore, the main controllingfactors, the vertical and horizontal distribution patterns and development mode ofthese karst reservoirs need furture research. Comprehensive prediction of Geologicaland seismic information is presented in this paper, based on geological model andunderstanding macro guidance and constraint, the advantage of continuous spacedistribution of seismic data is given full play, and comprehensive prediction ofgeological and seismic reservoir are carry out with a variety of seismic technicalmethods
This paper studied the geological characteristics of Yingshan karst reservoir inlower Ordovician in the3D seismic research area of YuBei1Well, and point out thatthe reservoir space is multiplicity, which mainly consists of cracks, dissolved poresand holes. The reservoir types mainly contain cracks-dissolved hole reservoir, cracksreservoir and dissolved hole reservoir. These constructive transformations of fracturesystem, paleotopography, tectonic movement, karstification, unconformity surfacecontrolled the development of karst reservoirs together. The tectonic movementbrought about the fracture system and regional development of fractures, providingpercolation channel for karst reservoir development, and then controlled the flowdirection of surface and ground water, so as to the karst reservoir development along the fault zone; Tectonic movements control the uplift and subside of the crustal, anddetermine the paleotopography and the degree of stratigraphic exposure. Thepaleotopography regulate the distribution of favorable karst development zones;Unconformity surface controls the period of karst development. Crake-hole filling is adestructive diagenesis, and reduces the reservoir space within the oil and gas. Basedon the discussion of the controlling factors of reservoir development and comparativeanalysis of the characteristics of reservoir development, fracture system and karstpaleotopography are the most important main factors in Yingshan reservoirs, andfracture detection and paleotopography restoration should be the core of karstreservoir prediction.
The highlands unaka area on paleo-geomorphic karst slope is the favorable zonesof karst reservoir development, and the range of karst development is related to theground water table, Paleo-morphologic restoration and analysis define our researchdirections to find the favorable reservoir development area. Seismic data with awealth of geological information and a series of seismic reservoir predictiontechnology are required to make comprehensive research and analysis for thedistribution characteristics of reservoirs. Spectral decomposition is adopted to reflectthe distribution of the fracture-cavity reservoir based on the different frequency tuningamplitude value; dip azimuth attribute can identify large-scale fault system; curvatureattribute reflects rupture cracks caused by stratum structure bending deformation;structure cube technology can accurately identify the discontinuities of formation; theimproved ant tracking algorithm can effectively detect tectonic shear cracks andexpansion cracks caused by the effect of formation extrusion; the comprehensiveresearch and analysis results of four methods can define the fracture developmentzone. The matrix porosity of the reservoir of Yingshan formation is low, anddissolution pores and caves make great contribution to the formation porosity, andporosity inversion can be used to identify the development zone of dissolution poresand caves. Finally, paleotopography and fault zone as one reference factor of reservoirprediction in study area; cracks and dissolved pores as one important criterion todetermine the pros and cons of reservoir development; logging reservoir evaluationresults as one important evaluation reference, and also combined with drilling oil andgas shows, seismic reservoir prediction is made to find the favorable exploration area.
In the geological point of view, seismic prediction results of karst reservoir ofYingshan formation in Yubei area are discussed, and a reasonable interpretation ofgeology is given, and the completed geological-seismic reservoir prediction is realized. The effectiveness of reservoir prediction methods applied in the study areahas also been fully reflected. On this basis, karst reservoir development mode ofYingshan formation is established, which provides reference for the furtherexploration of the research area.
Different types of reservoir, which have different geological characteristics, arecontrolled by different main factors, corresponding to different seismic responsecharacteristics. Through comparative analysis of the seismic response characteristicsof reservoirs with different main factors in different regions, geophysical informationcan assist the analysis of the main factors in reservoirs, and once the seismic responsecharacteristics are not matched with the main factors, problems are detected timely,which guide the geological-seismic reservoir comprehensive prediction.
通过对玉北1井三维研究工区奥陶系鹰山组储层的地质特征研究分析，鹰山组岩溶储层储集空间多样化，以裂缝、溶孔及小型溶洞为主，发育储层类型主要包括裂缝-溶孔型、裂缝型及溶孔型三类。断裂体系、古地貌、构造运动、岩溶作用、不整合面共同控制着岩溶储层的发育，对储层有建设性改造作用。构造运动的破裂作用造成研究区断裂体系及区域性裂缝广泛发育，它们为岩溶储层发育所需要的流体提供了渗滤通道，进而控制了地表、地下径流方向，使得岩溶储层沿断裂带发育；构造运动控制地壳的隆升和沉降，决定了研究区的岩溶古地貌形态及地层暴露程度，古地貌控制岩溶发育的有利相带分布；不整合面控制岩溶发育期次。缝洞充填作用属于破坏性成岩作用的一种，降低了储层内部的油气储集空间。通过研究区储层发育控制因素的讨论及储层发育特征的对比分析，认为鹰山组储层最主要的控制因素是断裂体系和岩溶古地貌，因此裂缝检测与古地貌恢复是对研究区岩溶储层预测的核心。
古地貌岩溶斜坡上的岩溶高地残丘区是岩溶储层发育有利区带，岩溶发育范围与潜水面位置有关，古地貌恢复与分析为寻找储层发育区带指明了宏观方向；具体的储层展布特征需要利用包含丰富地质信息的地震资料，采用多种地震储层预测技术综合进行研究分析。频谱分解技术通过不同频率调谐振幅值反映缝洞储层的展布；倾角方位角属性可以识别规模较大的断裂系统，体曲率属性能反映地层因构造弯曲变形破裂产生的裂缝，精细相干体技术能够高精度地识别地层的不连续性，改进的蚂蚁追踪算法能有效检测因地层挤压而产生的构造剪破裂缝、扩张裂缝，综合四种方法研究结果，划分裂缝发育区带；鹰山组储层基质孔隙度低，溶蚀孔、洞对该段储层孔隙度的贡献最大，通过孔隙度反演，识别溶蚀孔洞发育区带；最后以古地貌及断裂带作为研究区储层预测参考因素之一，裂缝及溶蚀孔洞作为判定储层发育优劣的重要标准之一，测井储层评价的结果作为重要的评价参考，同时还结合已钻井油气显示的情况进行地震储层综合预测，确定有利勘探区域。
从地质角度考虑，对玉北地区鹰山组岩溶型储层地震综合预测结果进行讨论，并给予地质合理性解释，实现完整的地质-地震储层综合预测。储层预测技术方法在研究区应用的有效性也得到充分体现。在此基础上建立鹰山组岩溶储层发育模式，为玉北地区下一步勘探提供借鉴和参考。
不同类型的储集体受控于不同的主控因素，有不同的地质特征，对应着不同的地震响应特征。通过不同地区、不同主控因素在地震上的响应特征对比分析，认为地球物理信息可以辅助储层主控因素的分析，同时在地震响应特征与主控不能匹配及合理解释时，能帮助及时发现问题，指导地质-地震储层综合预测。
Karst reservoirs in Yingshan formation of Lower Ordovician have a good showof oil and gas on Markit slope in Yubei area, showing good prospects of oil and gasexploration of these Ordovician carbonate reservoirs. However, the fracture-cavedevelopment scale and spatial distribution of karst reservoir in Yingshan formationchanged severely, and reservoir heterogeneity is very strong because of the repeatedlytectonic movements and the development of the fracture system. This makes theexploration into a difficult situation in the area. Therefore, the main controllingfactors, the vertical and horizontal distribution patterns and development mode ofthese karst reservoirs need furture research. Comprehensive prediction of Geologicaland seismic information is presented in this paper, based on geological model andunderstanding macro guidance and constraint, the advantage of continuous spacedistribution of seismic data is given full play, and comprehensive prediction ofgeological and seismic reservoir are carry out with a variety of seismic technicalmethods
This paper studied the geological characteristics of Yingshan karst reservoir inlower Ordovician in the3D seismic research area of YuBei1Well, and point out thatthe reservoir space is multiplicity, which mainly consists of cracks, dissolved poresand holes. The reservoir types mainly contain cracks-dissolved hole reservoir, cracksreservoir and dissolved hole reservoir. These constructive transformations of fracturesystem, paleotopography, tectonic movement, karstification, unconformity surfacecontrolled the development of karst reservoirs together. The tectonic movementbrought about the fracture system and regional development of fractures, providingpercolation channel for karst reservoir development, and then controlled the flowdirection of surface and ground water, so as to the karst reservoir development along the fault zone; Tectonic movements control the uplift and subside of the crustal, anddetermine the paleotopography and the degree of stratigraphic exposure. Thepaleotopography regulate the distribution of favorable karst development zones;Unconformity surface controls the period of karst development. Crake-hole filling is adestructive diagenesis, and reduces the reservoir space within the oil and gas. Basedon the discussion of the controlling factors of reservoir development and comparativeanalysis of the characteristics of reservoir development, fracture system and karstpaleotopography are the most important main factors in Yingshan reservoirs, andfracture detection and paleotopography restoration should be the core of karstreservoir prediction.
The highlands unaka area on paleo-geomorphic karst slope is the favorable zonesof karst reservoir development, and the range of karst development is related to theground water table, Paleo-morphologic restoration and analysis define our researchdirections to find the favorable reservoir development area. Seismic data with awealth of geological information and a series of seismic reservoir predictiontechnology are required to make comprehensive research and analysis for thedistribution characteristics of reservoirs. Spectral decomposition is adopted to reflectthe distribution of the fracture-cavity reservoir based on the different frequency tuningamplitude value; dip azimuth attribute can identify large-scale fault system; curvatureattribute reflects rupture cracks caused by stratum structure bending deformation;structure cube technology can accurately identify the discontinuities of formation; theimproved ant tracking algorithm can effectively detect tectonic shear cracks andexpansion cracks caused by the effect of formation extrusion; the comprehensiveresearch and analysis results of four methods can define the fracture developmentzone. The matrix porosity of the reservoir of Yingshan formation is low, anddissolution pores and caves make great contribution to the formation porosity, andporosity inversion can be used to identify the development zone of dissolution poresand caves. Finally, paleotopography and fault zone as one reference factor of reservoirprediction in study area; cracks and dissolved pores as one important criterion todetermine the pros and cons of reservoir development; logging reservoir evaluationresults as one important evaluation reference, and also combined with drilling oil andgas shows, seismic reservoir prediction is made to find the favorable exploration area.
In the geological point of view, seismic prediction results of karst reservoir ofYingshan formation in Yubei area are discussed, and a reasonable interpretation ofgeology is given, and the completed geological-seismic reservoir prediction is realized. The effectiveness of reservoir prediction methods applied in the study areahas also been fully reflected. On this basis, karst reservoir development mode ofYingshan formation is established, which provides reference for the furtherexploration of the research area.
Different types of reservoir, which have different geological characteristics, arecontrolled by different main factors, corresponding to different seismic responsecharacteristics. Through comparative analysis of the seismic response characteristicsof reservoirs with different main factors in different regions, geophysical informationcan assist the analysis of the main factors in reservoirs, and once the seismic responsecharacteristics are not matched with the main factors, problems are detected timely,which guide the geological-seismic reservoir comprehensive prediction.
引文
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