桥梁三维隔震分析与试验研究
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摘要
近断层地震动特性及其对工程结构影响是目前的研究热点之一。在高烈度区域或近断层区域竖向地震动比较显著,竖向地震动及其对工程结构影响逐渐受到学者关注。基于水平隔震的桥梁隔震技术对提高桥梁水平抗震性能提供了一种有效解决途径,但目前的水平隔震技术并不能有效解决竖向隔震问题,在高烈度区域及近断层区域对竖向地震比较敏感的工程结构实施竖向或三维隔震技术是未来的一个发展趋势,目前国内外对三维隔震装置和三维隔震技术的研究尚无实质性进展。本文针对近断层水平和竖向地震动特征和桥梁三维地震响应、三维隔震装置和隔震效果、分析设计方法等进行了理论和试验研究,主要研究内容如下:
1、搜集整理了多次地震中包括大量近断层地震动记录的强震记录,提出一种考虑震级和断层距的峰值加速度衰减关系模型,并与其他已有衰减关系模型进行比较分析;探讨了断层距、场地条件、震级和断层破裂机制对竖向与水平向加速度反应谱比值的影响,最后采用最新公布的汶川地震强震记录对峰值加速度衰减特征和反应谱特征进行了统计分析,探讨了地震动空间分布特征对都江堰市建筑震害的影响。研究结果显示本文提出的衰减关系模型能较好地体现地震动衰减特征,断层距、反应谱周期、场地条件和断层机制对竖向与水平加速度反应谱比值有显著影响。
2、首先分别对大跨度斜拉桥、刚构-连续梁桥和钢管混凝土拱桥进行了动力特性分析,然后采用几组特性不同的地震动记录进行几种桥型结构的动力反应时程分析,探讨了近断层三维地震动对几种桥型结构地震反应的影响。分析结果表明脉冲型近断层地震动对大跨度柔性桥梁结构具有显著影响。
3、创新性地提出一种新型三维隔震装置——铅芯橡胶-碟簧(碟形弹簧)软钢耗能三维隔震装置,提出了该装置的构造设计方法和力学参数设计方法;分别对三维隔震装置各组成部件以及装置整体进行了力学性能试验,最后采用集中质量单墩模型数值模拟分析验证了该三维隔震装置的水平和竖向隔震效果。结果表明本文提出的三维隔震装置构造比较合理,传力路径明确,具有适宜的三维隔震刚度和阻尼性能,简化模型分析结果显示该装置具有良好的水平和竖向隔震效果。
4、建立一座足尺三跨连续梁桥数值模拟有限元模型,根据该桥梁设计了本文提出的三维隔震装置水平和竖向力学性能参数,对三维隔震连续梁桥进行动力时程分析验证了三维隔震支座的水平和竖向隔震效果,并分别讨论了地震动激励特性、桥墩抗侧刚度、铅芯屈服强度、组合碟形弹簧刚度和菱形钢板阻尼器等参数对水平和竖向隔震效果的影响。分析结果显示了该三维隔震装置具有良好的水平和竖向隔震效果,菱形钢板阻尼器能够显著提高竖向隔震效果。
5、根据一座三跨连续梁桥原型结构按照相似条件设计了一座1/25比例的三维隔震三跨连续梁桥和水平隔震单跨简支梁桥缩尺模型结构,设计了振动台试验地震动输入、试验工况和测量仪器布置,对试验用普通叠层橡胶支座和铅芯橡胶支座进行了剪切性能试验,设计了试验用水平隔震装置和三维隔震装置,最后对桥梁模型结构分别进行了水平向和竖向振动台试验。试验结果表明本文设计的三维隔震装置具有良好的水平和竖向隔震效果,而普通叠层橡胶支座没有竖向隔震效果,甚至会放大桥梁上部结构的竖向地震反应。
6、以梁式桥结构为研究对象,总结和探讨了三维隔震装置和三维隔震桥梁的设计原则和设计方法,并以一座三跨连续梁桥为对象进行了三维隔震装置和三维隔震桥梁的概念设计和多自由度弹性反应谱分析设计。
Characteristics of near-fault earthquake different from far-filed seismic motions and its effects on engineering structures are present research focus. Vertical earthquake is prominent in high intensity and near-fault regions, so vertical seismic motions and its effects on engineering structures attract many scholars’attention. Bridge isolation based on horizontal isolation technology provides an effective approach to improve seismic performance of bridge, but present horizontal isolation technology is invalid for vertical isolation problem. Vertical or three-dimensional (3D) isolation technology will be a promising trend for the vertical vibration sensitive structures. But, substantial progress on development and implementation of 3D isolation technology was not achieved by now at home and abroad. Theory and experiment research are performed on characteristic of near-fault horizontal and vertical seismic motions, 3D seismic responses, 3D isolator and its isolation effect, analysis and design methodology of bridge engineering. the main research of this dissertation are as follows:
1. Abundant earthquake records including quite a number of near-fault seismic records are collected; an attenuation model of peak ground acceleration considering magnitude and distance-to-fault is proposed and compared with other models. The influence of distance-to-fault, site condition, magnitude and fault rupture mechanism on vertical-to-horizontal spectral ratio are investigated. Seismic records in Wenchuan earthquake released recently are adopted to analyze the peak ground acceleration attenuation character and response spectrum, the influence of spatial distribution of seismic motions on building damage in Dujiangyan city is discussed. Anlysis results indicate that the proposed model can reflect the attenuation relation of seismic motions, vertical-to-horizontal spectral ratio is remarkably affected by distance-to-fault, spectral period, site condition and fault rupture mechanism.
2. Dynamic characteristic analysis is carried out for large-span cable-stayed bridge, several group of strong earthquake records with different seismic property are adopted for dynamic time history analysis to investigate the influence of near-fault three-dimensional seismic motions on seismic responses of these bridges. Analysis results show that near-fault seismic motions will impose obvious effect on large-span flexible bridges.
3. An invention of three-dimensional isolation bearing is proposed, design method of constructional design and mechanics parameters are also introduced. Mechanics property experiments are carried out on every main part and holistic device of the 3D isolator. Numerical simulation analysis of lumped mass-single pier model is applied to validate horizontal and vertical isolation effectiveness of the 3D isolation bearing. Experimental and analytical results indicate that the proposed 3D isolator possess reasonable structure and explicit force-transmission mechanism and appropriate 3D isolation stiffness and damping, simplified model analysis reveal that it has favorable horizontal and vertical isolation effectiveness.
4. Finite element model of a full-scale three-span continuous girder bridge is established, horizontal and vertical mechanical property parameters of the proposed 3D isolation bearing are designed. horizontal and vertical isolation effectiveness for the continuous girder bridge are validated and the influence of seismic excitation property, lateral stiffness of pier, yield strength of lead-rubber bearing, stiffness of combined disc spring and rhombic steel plate damper on horizontal and vertical isolation effect. Analytical results reveal favorable horizontal and vertical isolation effectiveness and rhombic steel plate damper can evidently improve vertical isolation effectiveness.
5. A 1/25 scale three-span continuous girder beam and single span girder bridge are designed according to the prototype bridge, seismic excitation input, experimental case and disposal of measurement instrument are designed, shear performance experiment is carried out for the natural laminated rubber bearing and proposed 3D isolator. Horizontal and vertical shaking table test are performed to validate the isolation effectiveness of the 3D isolation bearing. Experimental results show that the 3D isolator is effective for horizontal and vertical isolation, but the laminated rubber bearing is invalid for vertical isolation, even adverse effect on vertical seismic responses.
6. Design principle and method of 3D isolation system and 3D isolated bridge are summarized and discussed for girder Bridges. Taking a three-span continuous girder bridge for an example, conceptual design and MDOF elastic response spectrum analysis and design are performed for the proposed 3D isolation bearing and 3D isolated bridge.
1、搜集整理了多次地震中包括大量近断层地震动记录的强震记录,提出一种考虑震级和断层距的峰值加速度衰减关系模型,并与其他已有衰减关系模型进行比较分析;探讨了断层距、场地条件、震级和断层破裂机制对竖向与水平向加速度反应谱比值的影响,最后采用最新公布的汶川地震强震记录对峰值加速度衰减特征和反应谱特征进行了统计分析,探讨了地震动空间分布特征对都江堰市建筑震害的影响。研究结果显示本文提出的衰减关系模型能较好地体现地震动衰减特征,断层距、反应谱周期、场地条件和断层机制对竖向与水平加速度反应谱比值有显著影响。
2、首先分别对大跨度斜拉桥、刚构-连续梁桥和钢管混凝土拱桥进行了动力特性分析,然后采用几组特性不同的地震动记录进行几种桥型结构的动力反应时程分析,探讨了近断层三维地震动对几种桥型结构地震反应的影响。分析结果表明脉冲型近断层地震动对大跨度柔性桥梁结构具有显著影响。
3、创新性地提出一种新型三维隔震装置——铅芯橡胶-碟簧(碟形弹簧)软钢耗能三维隔震装置,提出了该装置的构造设计方法和力学参数设计方法;分别对三维隔震装置各组成部件以及装置整体进行了力学性能试验,最后采用集中质量单墩模型数值模拟分析验证了该三维隔震装置的水平和竖向隔震效果。结果表明本文提出的三维隔震装置构造比较合理,传力路径明确,具有适宜的三维隔震刚度和阻尼性能,简化模型分析结果显示该装置具有良好的水平和竖向隔震效果。
4、建立一座足尺三跨连续梁桥数值模拟有限元模型,根据该桥梁设计了本文提出的三维隔震装置水平和竖向力学性能参数,对三维隔震连续梁桥进行动力时程分析验证了三维隔震支座的水平和竖向隔震效果,并分别讨论了地震动激励特性、桥墩抗侧刚度、铅芯屈服强度、组合碟形弹簧刚度和菱形钢板阻尼器等参数对水平和竖向隔震效果的影响。分析结果显示了该三维隔震装置具有良好的水平和竖向隔震效果,菱形钢板阻尼器能够显著提高竖向隔震效果。
5、根据一座三跨连续梁桥原型结构按照相似条件设计了一座1/25比例的三维隔震三跨连续梁桥和水平隔震单跨简支梁桥缩尺模型结构,设计了振动台试验地震动输入、试验工况和测量仪器布置,对试验用普通叠层橡胶支座和铅芯橡胶支座进行了剪切性能试验,设计了试验用水平隔震装置和三维隔震装置,最后对桥梁模型结构分别进行了水平向和竖向振动台试验。试验结果表明本文设计的三维隔震装置具有良好的水平和竖向隔震效果,而普通叠层橡胶支座没有竖向隔震效果,甚至会放大桥梁上部结构的竖向地震反应。
6、以梁式桥结构为研究对象,总结和探讨了三维隔震装置和三维隔震桥梁的设计原则和设计方法,并以一座三跨连续梁桥为对象进行了三维隔震装置和三维隔震桥梁的概念设计和多自由度弹性反应谱分析设计。
Characteristics of near-fault earthquake different from far-filed seismic motions and its effects on engineering structures are present research focus. Vertical earthquake is prominent in high intensity and near-fault regions, so vertical seismic motions and its effects on engineering structures attract many scholars’attention. Bridge isolation based on horizontal isolation technology provides an effective approach to improve seismic performance of bridge, but present horizontal isolation technology is invalid for vertical isolation problem. Vertical or three-dimensional (3D) isolation technology will be a promising trend for the vertical vibration sensitive structures. But, substantial progress on development and implementation of 3D isolation technology was not achieved by now at home and abroad. Theory and experiment research are performed on characteristic of near-fault horizontal and vertical seismic motions, 3D seismic responses, 3D isolator and its isolation effect, analysis and design methodology of bridge engineering. the main research of this dissertation are as follows:
1. Abundant earthquake records including quite a number of near-fault seismic records are collected; an attenuation model of peak ground acceleration considering magnitude and distance-to-fault is proposed and compared with other models. The influence of distance-to-fault, site condition, magnitude and fault rupture mechanism on vertical-to-horizontal spectral ratio are investigated. Seismic records in Wenchuan earthquake released recently are adopted to analyze the peak ground acceleration attenuation character and response spectrum, the influence of spatial distribution of seismic motions on building damage in Dujiangyan city is discussed. Anlysis results indicate that the proposed model can reflect the attenuation relation of seismic motions, vertical-to-horizontal spectral ratio is remarkably affected by distance-to-fault, spectral period, site condition and fault rupture mechanism.
2. Dynamic characteristic analysis is carried out for large-span cable-stayed bridge, several group of strong earthquake records with different seismic property are adopted for dynamic time history analysis to investigate the influence of near-fault three-dimensional seismic motions on seismic responses of these bridges. Analysis results show that near-fault seismic motions will impose obvious effect on large-span flexible bridges.
3. An invention of three-dimensional isolation bearing is proposed, design method of constructional design and mechanics parameters are also introduced. Mechanics property experiments are carried out on every main part and holistic device of the 3D isolator. Numerical simulation analysis of lumped mass-single pier model is applied to validate horizontal and vertical isolation effectiveness of the 3D isolation bearing. Experimental and analytical results indicate that the proposed 3D isolator possess reasonable structure and explicit force-transmission mechanism and appropriate 3D isolation stiffness and damping, simplified model analysis reveal that it has favorable horizontal and vertical isolation effectiveness.
4. Finite element model of a full-scale three-span continuous girder bridge is established, horizontal and vertical mechanical property parameters of the proposed 3D isolation bearing are designed. horizontal and vertical isolation effectiveness for the continuous girder bridge are validated and the influence of seismic excitation property, lateral stiffness of pier, yield strength of lead-rubber bearing, stiffness of combined disc spring and rhombic steel plate damper on horizontal and vertical isolation effect. Analytical results reveal favorable horizontal and vertical isolation effectiveness and rhombic steel plate damper can evidently improve vertical isolation effectiveness.
5. A 1/25 scale three-span continuous girder beam and single span girder bridge are designed according to the prototype bridge, seismic excitation input, experimental case and disposal of measurement instrument are designed, shear performance experiment is carried out for the natural laminated rubber bearing and proposed 3D isolator. Horizontal and vertical shaking table test are performed to validate the isolation effectiveness of the 3D isolation bearing. Experimental results show that the 3D isolator is effective for horizontal and vertical isolation, but the laminated rubber bearing is invalid for vertical isolation, even adverse effect on vertical seismic responses.
6. Design principle and method of 3D isolation system and 3D isolated bridge are summarized and discussed for girder Bridges. Taking a three-span continuous girder bridge for an example, conceptual design and MDOF elastic response spectrum analysis and design are performed for the proposed 3D isolation bearing and 3D isolated bridge.
引文
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